云南西双版纳地区傣医的现状及其发展前景

目的:云南省西双版纳傣族自治州是国内傣族医药发展的主要地区,为探索其发展前景,为发展壮大傣医药提供支持开展本研究。方法:采用定性研究与定量研究相结合的方法,在西双版纳州深入了解了傣医的现状。结果:目前西双版纳有着较全面的傣医存在形式,但当地民众对傣医认可度不高、资金投入不足、社会效益不显著。结论:傣族医学文化还需要政府保护性地发展,注重宣传;同时傣医应结合自身特点寻求傣医药新模式,提高民众认可度,才能更好的传承和发展傣族医学。     

傣药剂型初探

祖国传统医药包括中医中药和民族医民族药。在民族医药中,藏医药、蒙医药、维医药及傣医药又是发掘整理得较好的。 诊病靠医、治病靠药。为了用药方便有效,就必须把各类药材加工成各种剂型。中医有很多种剂型和成药,傣医也有不少种剂型和成药,只不过由于地理、历史和技术上的原因,傣医药的很多剂型没有得到应有的发展和提高罢了。但在傣族医药著作(都是手抄本,称“档哈雅”)和民间,这些剂型都有记载并得到广泛应用。 现在,根据笔者几年来考查和搜集到的资料对西双版纳的傣药剂型作一个简单的介绍,以达到抛砖引玉之目的。     

傣医哦案（胆汁病）100例临床分析报告

本文主要根据“十一五”国家科技支撑计划“民族医药发展关键技术示范研究”——“傣医胆汁病特色诊法规范化研究”课题要求,在傣族传统医药理论指导下,完成了100例胆汁病（黄痘病、白疸病）两种病五个证型的傣医临床资料、实验室检测指标等相关资料的对比、统计、分析研究,并得出傣医胆汁病特色诊法的相关标准,为傣医胆汁病的诊断提供科学依据。     

坚持继承与创新加快傣医药事业发展

傣医药是我国的四大民族医(藏、蒙、维、傣)之一,有其丰富的理论体系和独特的传统治疗方法。近几年,在州委、州政府和省卫生厅的高度重视下,我们在傣医药的挖掘、继承、整理、研究和傣医专科专病建设,傣药院内制剂,傣医药人才培养,傣医执业医师考试等方面做了大量工作。发展傣医药,为保障边疆各族人民的身体健康,构建和谐社会具有重要意义。1傣医药历史及发展现状傣族传统医药学,具有2000多年的悠久历史,她是祖国医学文化和傣族贝叶文化不可分割的重要组成部分,既有祖国医学防病治病的特征,又有傣族医学的特点,已经形成了以傣医“四塔、五蕴…     

西双版纳州傣医药学会简介

傣族传统医学具有2500多年的悠久历史,是祖国医学的重要组成部分。2000多年来,傣族人民在长期的防治疾病和生活实践中,摸索总结出了丰富多彩的诊疗经验和方药,不断发展成为以傣医“四塔、五蕴”理论、“风病论”、“解药理论”为核心的一门学科,傣医药为边疆各族人民的健康事业作出了重大贡献。为了抢救、继承、发展傣族传统医药,弘扬民族文化,促进傣医药的学术交流和发展。经相关部门审查和批准,西双版纳州傣医药学会于2005年7月1日正式成立,学会由100多名傣、中、西医药专家以及关心、支持傣医药事业发展的社会各界人士组成。学会的宗旨:…     

西双版纳傣医治疗风湿病常用药介绍

傣医药具有独特的医药学体系，是我国四大民族医药之一，据（贝叶经）记载至今已有2500多年的历史。西双版纳是傣医药发祥地之一，拥有丰富的傣药资源。通过西双版纳傣医药资源项目调查，我们发现风湿病是当地少数民族常见病种之一。而傣族人民在长期的防病治病和生活实践中。发掘了不少治疗风湿病的傣药，并积累了丰富的临床资料。笔者通过整理，现将傣族民间最常用的一些治疗风湿病的傣药介绍如下。     

谈傣医的用药特点

本文主要介绍傣族医学在临床上的独特用药法,总结归纳了傣医治病用药特点。     

傣药扁少火(粗叶木)的应用和研究概况

正西双版纳傣医药扁少火(粗叶木)因其治疗"拢匹勒"产后病和妇科杂病疗效好,而被西双版纳各大名傣医广泛用于临床。但因粗叶木生长周期长,加之近年来气候变化,空气污染,居民用地扩建,大批量开发种植经济作物,植被被破坏等多因素影响下,破坏粗叶木的生长环境。现已被我州列入傣药濒危植物之一,基于上述原因需对粗叶木做粗略研究,以适应今后傣医药的可持续发展。1药物来源为茜草科植物睫毛粗叶木Lasianthus hookeri、锡金粗     

傣药牙竹麻内服止血的临床观察

傣药牙竹麻,傣族民间又叫牙竹吗量(音liang)。植物名叫朱蕉,为龙舌兰科朱蕉属植物朱蕉(Cordyline fruit-cosd(Linn.))。广植于庭园或盆栽观赏。药用花、叶、根,但多以叶入药,四季可采。本药收载于《西双版纳药用植物名录》、《西双版纳傣药志》。     

傣医膏摩的形成与发展

本文通过对傣医膏摩历史演变的调查研究，系统阐述了傣医膏摩的形成与发展，表现了傣族膏摩独特的民族性和地域性。     

Medicinal plant use in two Andean communities located at different altitudes in the Bolívar Province,Peru

Ethnopharmacological relevance

The study documents current medicinal plant knowledge and use in two Andean communities and depicts the dynamic nature of ethnobotanical relationships by illustrating cultural integration of biomedicine and local plant medicine into a complementary system.

Aim of the study

In order to elucidate the importance of medicinal plants, the following research questions were addressed: Which position do medicinal plants have in the local health care system? Which plants are used medicinally, and do they differ between the communities? Is their use supported pharmacologically?

Materials and methods

Fieldwork was done for seven months in 2010. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 120 informants in Uchumarca and Pusac/San Vicente de Paúl, and the medicinal plant species mentioned by the informants were vouchered.

Results

In total, 2776 plant remedy use reports were recorded. Most people in both communities know at least some medicinal plants, usually from their parents, grandparents, sometimes from books. There are different types of local plant specialists, who are consulted above all for the treatment of diseases thought to have a magical origin or for recommendations of plants to treat minor diseases. Overall, 140 medicinal plants were documented, with a conformity of over 90% between the communities. The effective use of the most frequently cited medicinal plants is supported by scientific literature. Most uses were reported for the treatment of gastrointestinal (17%), nervous (14%), respiratory (14%), urological (13%) and dermatological diseases (8%); nervous diseases were more prevalent in the mountain community, while dermatological and urological diseases were more common in the valley.

Conclusions

People combine medicinal plant use and biomedicine depending on the kind of disease, their beliefs, and their economic situation. The local use of different available medical resources is reflected by the combination of related epistemologies to explain disease causes. Medicinal plant use and biomedicine complement each other to form the local health care system.     

Ethnomedicinal practices in the highlands of central Nepal: A case study of Syaphru and Langtang village in Rasuwa district

Ethnopharmacological relevance

The present paper documents the utilization of medicinal plants for the treatment of various human ailments in two village development committees in the Rasuwa district of central Nepal. It also evaluates the ethnopharmacological significance of the documented reports and identifies species of high indigenous priority in local therapeutics.

Materials and methods

The ethnobotanical information was collected by interviews and group discussions using standard ethnobotanical procedures. The homogeneity of informant?s knowledge was validated by Informant consensus factor (F_IC) and the relative importance of a plant species used as medicine in the study area was calculated with the help of use value (UV).

Results

The present study identified a total of 46 medicinal plants belonging to 26 families used for the treatment of 38 human ailments. Besides medicinal uses, the study has also documented the culinary and cultural use of 13 species of medicinal plants. The most commonly used part was root constituting about 42% of the total utilized plants. The most commonly used form of preparation was paste (31.91%). We found new usage reports for 9 medicinal plants. The F_IC value in the present study ranged from 0.66 to 1 with 84.6% values greater than 0.8 indicating high consensus among the informants. The most preferred species was Neopicrorhiza scrophulariflora (UV=0.96) and the lowest used value was found for Lyonia ovalifolia (UV=0.32).

Conclusions

People of Rasuwa possess rich traditional knowledge in medicinal plants utilization with strong consensus among local people on the utilization of species evident by higher F_IC values in different ailment categories. Strong pharmacological evidence for a majority of species being currently used as medicines shows that the plants used in local therapeutics are likely to be more effective in treating different medical ailments. The bioactive compounds extracted from these medicinal plants could subsequently be used in the creation of novel drugs to treat life threatening human diseases. The species with high use values are the ones likely to be more vulnerable because of high demand and high collection pressure. Therefore, it is imperative to prioritize such species for cultivation and sustainable management in order to ensure their long term availability.     

Ethnobotanical study in the Madonie Regional Park (Central Sicily,Italy)—Medicinal use of wild shrub and herbaceous plant species

Ethnopharmacological relevance

This paper illustrates the results of an ethnobotanical study carried out in the Madonie Regional Park (Central Sicily, Italy). It specifies the medicinal uses of plants in the study area and contains the results of a quantitative analysis carried out for the first time in an area noted for its high degree of biodiversity. It also introduces 28 species not previously accounted for in the area of study for their medicinal uses, highlighting Silene flos-cuculi L. Greuter & Burdet, little known as medicinal in the Mediterranean area.

Aim of the study

To understand to what extent current knowledge on medicinal-use plants is still an element of the culture within the elderly population of the Madonie Regional Park.

Methodology

The information was obtained using a semi-structured interview format performed on 150 informants over the age of 60 who were considered experts in plants and rural traditions. The taxa were identified and the results were analysed also using a range of quantitative ethnobotanical indices.

Results

A census was made of 174 wild plant species, 100 of which with medicinal and veterinary uses, belonging to 49 botanical families. Of the 170 endemic species found in the Madonie Regional Park, only 2 species were cited in this study for medicinal purposes. Most of the species were used against dermatological diseases, general health and metabolic disorders. The leaves were the most-used parts of the plant and the most common preparation methods were decoction and infusion. The level of knowledge on medicinal uses of the plants was not found to be high within the elderly population, demonstrating an ongoing process of cultural erosion.

Conclusions

Only very few medicinal uses are widely known by all the informants and, on many occasions, a specific medicinal use was cited by only very few people. Further study is required in order to find out to what extent knowledge on the medicinal use of plants is still present in the younger generations in this area of Sicily, and what methods might be adopted in order to halt this gradual loss in knowledge.     

Medicinal plants and their uses by the people in the Region of Randa,Djibouti

Ethnopharmacological relevance

The article presents the local knowledge on medicinal plants and their relevance in managing health problems. Important ethnobotanical leads are given with priority species and disease categories, casting insight on future phytochemical and pharmacological studies.

Aim of the study

The use of traditional medicinal plants has been an integral part of the traditional healthcare systems in Djibouti. However, scientific studies on the traditional herbal healing systems of the various cultural groups have never been undertaken. This study has, therefore, aimed at assessing plant-related ethnomedicinal knowledge of the people in Randa Region; prioritising the plants with respect to common disease categories and inferring about prospects of new pharmacological products.

Materials and methods

Interview-based ethnobotanical field study was carried out to document the plant-based ethnomedicinal knowledge handed down to the present by the oral tradition of people living in 24 villages in Tadjourah District of Randa Region (north Djibouti). Informant Consensus Factors (ICF) and Fidelity Level (FL) values of the medicinal plants were calculated to check the level of informant agreement and the healing potentials of the species.

Results

A total of 91 plant species that belong to 72 genera and 40 families were documented. Most of these species (92%) were collected from non-cultivated areas. Their local names and traditional uses in medicine were also studied. The plant family Fabaceae was represented by the highest number of taxa (17 species). Strong informant agreements hinted at good healing potentials of some species as shown by high values of consensus factors for eye diseases (0.98), mouth diseases (0.93), kidney problems (0.89) and microbial infections (0.84). Dodonea angustifolia, Solanum cordatum, Grewia erythraea, Acalypha indica, Acacia etbaica, Fagonia schweinfurthii, Solanum coagulans, Senna alexandrina and Grewia tembensis scored high FL values emerging as promising priority species for future pharmacological screening against microbial infections.

Conclusion

The results of this study may inspire further ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological research and investigations toward drug discovery in Djibouti and beyond.     

Traditional use of the native medicinal plant resource of Mt. Rtanj (Eastern Serbia): Ethnobotanical evaluation and comparison

Ethnopharmacological relevance

This study reports on the uses of medicinal plants and ethnobotanical significance of Mt. Rtanj, Eastern Serbia. The aim of the study was collecting information on plant utilization and creating the list of medicinal plants collected by local community in the region of Rtanj Mt. in Serbia.

Methodology

A group of generally elderly people from the region were interviewed, asked to identify a certain number of plant taxa used against various human ailments. A quantitative ethnobotanical comparison has been performed in relation to other studies concerning the central Balkan Peninsula.

Results

There is an inventory of 45 plant species recorded. At the family level, the most common in traditional usage were species of Labiatae (22%), Rosaceae (20%) and Compositae (13%). The results of the survey suggested that Hypericum perforatum was the most popular medicinal plant. Among the 7 different recorded types of preparation, the aerial parts of plants were the most popular (47.3%). The most frequently reported medicinal uses of herbal drugs include remedies for immune system (22.97%), respiratory system (15.77%) and digestive system disorders (15.32%). However, a comparatively small number of available plant species was used for medicinal purposes while the level of ethnobotanical diversity was lower when compared to adjacent regions.

Conclusions

Ethnobotanical knowledge in this area is decreasing due to high emigration rates during the last period. The historically developed ethnobotanical heritage should be preserved and promoted on the larger level, getting the special position in the future management plans for this area.     

An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Edremit Gulf (Balıkesir-Turkey)

Ethnopharmacological relevance

This paper provides significant ethnobotanical information on medical plants in the Western Region of Turkey. There is urgency in recording such data. This is the first ethnobotanical study in which statistical calculations about plants are done by FIC method in western part of Turkey.

Aim of study

This study aimed to identify plants collected for medical purposes by the local people of Edremit Gulf, located in the Western Region of Turkey, and to document the uses and local names of these plants.

Materials and methods

This study, conducted between 2007 and 2010, gathered information on the medicinal plant species traditionally used in Edremit Bay, Turkey and the local names of these plants. In the scope of the study, medicinals plant species and related information were collected; herbarium materials were prepared; and the specimens were entitled. Field research was conducted by collecting ethnobotanical information during structured and semi-structured interviews with native knowledgeable people in territory. In addition, the relative importance value of species was determined and informant consensus factor (FIC) was calculated for the medicinal plants included in the study.

Results

A total of 118 medical plants belonging to 50 families were identified in the region. Among them, 99 species are wild and 19 species are cultivated plant. The most common medicinal plant families were Lamiaceae (>18%), Asteraceae (>11%), Rosaceae (>7%); the most common preparations were infusion and decoction. It was found that Hypericum perforatum, Lavandula stoechas, Salviatomentosa, Origanum onites, Origanum vulgare, and Teucrium polium were the most commonly used species. A total of 218 medicinal uses (remedies) were recorded. The traditional medicinal plants have been mostly used for the treatment of abdominal and stomach pain (17%), cough and cold (12%), diabetes (6%), kidney ailments (5%), wounds (4%).

Conclusion

The use of traditional medicine was still widespread among the people interviewed during this study. Due to the increasing health service facilities in the area, herbal medicine, seemed to be more related to health care and disease prevention than cure.     

Ethnobotany of medicinal plants used in Eastern Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Mediterranean Sea)

Ethnopharmacological relevance

This paper represents the first large-scale ethnobotanical study in the island of Mallorca, and provides significant information on pharmaceutical plant uses, built up from interviews with native people from this touristic hotspot, demonstrating its ethnopharmacological importance.

Aim of the study

To collect, analyse and evaluate the ethnobotanical knowledge concerning medicinal plants in a north-eastern Mallorcan area (municipalities of Artà, Capdepera and Son Servera; 298 km², 31,764 inhabitants).

Materials and methods

We performed semi-structured interviews with 42 informants (mean age 77; 40% women, 60% men), identified the plant taxa reported and analysed the results, comparing them with those found in the current Mallorcan ethnobotanical information and in other territories.

Results

The informants reported data on 121 human medicinal plants representing 64 botanical families. Around 45 medicinal uses reported, concerning 37 species, have not or have very rarely been cited as medicinal. An index of medicinal importance is proposed.

Conclusions

All efforts addressed to compiling ethnobotanical information in industrialised or touristised areas such as Eastern Mallorca are still valuable. New possibilities can be explored to give practical value to Mallorcan ethnobotanical data in the frame of considering traditional plant knowledge as part of the islanders’ lifestyle and healthy habits.     

An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the local people of Alaşehir (Manisa) in Turkey

Ethnopharmacological relevance

This paper represents the first large-scale ethnobotanical study in the Ala?ehir and its surrounding (Manisa/Turkey). There are scarcely any studies for using plants. There is urgency in recording such data. This is the first ethnobotanical study in which statistical calculations about plants are done by ICF (Informant Consensus Factor) method. This study aimed to identify plants collected for medicinal purposes by the local people of Ala?ehir, located in the Aegean Region of Turkey, and to document the traditional names, preparation and uses of these plants.

Materials and methods

Field study was carried out over a period of approximately 2 years (2010–2012) in Ala?ehir. During this period, 137 vascular plant specimens were collected. Demographic characteristics of participants, local plant names, utilized parts and preparation methods of the plants were investigated and recorded. In the scope of the study, medicinal plant species and related information were collected; herbarium materials were prepared; and the specimens were entitled. Field research was conducted by collecting ethnobotanical information during structured and semi-structured interviews with native knowledgeable people in territory. In addition, the relative importance value of species was determined and ICF was calculated for the medicinal plants included in the study.

Results

A total of 137 medicinal plants belonging to 58 families were identified in the region. Among them, 105 species are wild and 32 species are cultivated plant. The most dominant medicinal plant families were Asteraceae (>13%), Lamiaceae (>11%), Rosaceae (>7%), and Fabaceae (>4%), again; the most common preparations were infusion and decoction. It was found that Origanum onites L., Urtica urens, Thymus zygioides Griseb., Matricaria chamomilla L., Salvia tomentosa Mill., Cerasus avium (L.), Tilia argentea Desf. ex DC., Hyoscyamus niger L., Urtica pilulifera L., Anethum graveolens L., Euphorbia rigida Bieb., Hypericum perforatum L., Paliurus spina-christi Mill., Rosa canina L., Viscum album L. subsp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollman, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Elymus repens (L.) Gould and Juglans regia L. were the most commonly used species. The traditional medicinal plants have been mostly used for the treatment respiratory tract diseases (14.1%), gastro-intestinal diseases (10%), kidney problems (7.3%), diabetes (7.1%), cholesterol (5%), rheumatism (4%), cancer various (4%), cardiovascular problems (3.1%) and burn (3%).

Conclusion

Gathering, processing and consuming wild edible plants are still practiced in all the studied Ala?ehir areas. These plants, used in the treatment of many different diseases, are freely harvested in this region at abundant amounts. Due to the increasing health service facilities in the area, herbal medicine, seemed to be more related to health care and disease prevention than cure.     

Herbal medicines used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in Arunachal Himalaya, northeast, India

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Medicinal plants have played an important role in treating and preventing a variety of diseases throughout the world. Khampti tribal people living in the far-flung Lohit district of the Eastern Arunachal Himalaya, India still depend on medicinal plants and most of them have a general knowledge of medicinal plants which are used for treating a variety of ailments. This survey was undertaken in Lohit district in order to inventory the medicinal plants used in folk medicine to treat diabetes mellitus.

Materials and methods

Field investigations were conducted in seventeen remote villages of Lohit district starting from April 2002 to May 2004 through interviews among 251 key informants who were selected randomly during our household survey. To elucidate community domains and determine differences in indigenous traditional knowledge of medicinal plants with anti-diabetic efficacy, we repeated our field survey starting from April 2008 to May 2010 with one hundred traditional healers locally called as “Chau ya” in Khampti of Lohit district. “Chau ya” traditional healers who know and use medicinal plants for treating diabetes mellitus were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire.

Results

This study reports an ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh reputed for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Forty-six plant species were identified in the study area to treat diabetes mellitus by the Khamptis “Chau ya” traditional healers. Comparative published literature survey analysis of this study with other ethnobotanical surveys of plants used traditionally in treating diabetes mellitus suggests that eleven plant species make claims of new reports on antidiabetic efficacy. These plant species are Begonia roxburghii, Calamus tenuis, Callicarpa arborea, Cuscuta reflexa, Dillenia indica, Diplazium esculentum, Lectuca gracilis, Millingtonia hortensis, Oxalis griffithii, Saccharum spontaneum, and Solanum viarum. Some of the plants reported in this study have an antidiabetic effect on rodent models but none have sufficient clinical evidence of effectiveness.

Conclusions

The wide variety of medicinal plants that are used to treat diabetes mellitus in this area supports the importance of plants in the primary healthcare system of the rural people of Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh. The finding of new plant uses in the current study reveals the importance of the documentation of such ethnobotanical knowledge.     

Mao's heritage: Medicinal plant knowledge among the Bai in Shaxi,China, at a crossroads between distinct local and common widespread practice

Ethnopharmacological relevance

The study focuses on medicinal plant knowledge among the Bai in the Shaxi Valley, Northwest Yunnan, where no ethnobotanical study has been conducted so far. In an area of high biodiversity, distinct medicinal plant knowledge is documented and the influence of herbals on local knowledge is revealed.

Aim of the study

To analyse current medicinal plant knowledge among the Bai in the context of the influence of the Han culture and mainstream Chinese herbal medicine.

Materials and methods

During fieldwork in summer 2005, semistructured interviews were conducted with 68 stakeholders, and voucher specimens of all plants mentioned were prepared.

Results

A total of 176 medicinal plant species were documented and 1133 use-reports have been collected. Overall, 91.5% of the documented plants are already established as known drugs, and are mentioned in books on medicinal plants in Yunnan and China. Furthermore, the way in which they are used largely coincides. Fourteen plant species represent novel recordings, 9 of which were independently mentioned by three or more informants.

Conclusions

The medicinal plant knowledge of the Bai is strongly influenced by mainstream Chinese herbal medicine and especially by medicinal plant books from the 1970s, which were distributed under Mao Zedong's directive to improve rural health care. We conclude that these herbals have exerted, and continue to exert, a strong influence on the standardisation of plant knowledge among rural populations in China. However, distinct local use of plants also exists, indicating that plant knowledge specific to the Bai people is alive and practiced.