唐氏综合征产前筛查1198例分析

目的探讨唐氏综合征产前筛查的方法以及影响其风险值的主要因素. 方法用全自动时间荧光免疫分辨仪对1198例怀孕9～20周妇女进行血清妊娠相关血浆蛋白A(PAPP-A)、甲胎蛋白(AFP )、游离绒毛膜促性腺激素Β亚基(FREEβ-HCG)检测. 结果风险率1:250以上的孕妇122例,其中44例抽羊水或脐血进行染色体检测,有2例确诊为阳性,而暂无1例假阴性. 结论血清PAPP-A、AFP、FREEβ-HCG的检测可作为唐氏筛查的优选生化项目,其血清水平以及母亲年龄、孕周、体重等是影响其风险值的主要因素.     

8341例孕妇产前筛查唐氏综合征的回顾性分析

目的 通过较大样本的人群血清学筛查,建立各孕周AFP、F-β-HCG的中位数,并探讨高危人群范围.方法对8341例孕14-21 6周孕妇,采用时间分辨荧光免疫系统进行血清标志物检测,通过特殊软件进行风险计算,得出高危孕妇,并对其进行产前诊断.并利用非线性加权回归模型计算并建立各孕周的AFP、F-β-HCG的中住数.结果筛查出唐氏综合征高危485例,筛查阳性率5.81%(485/8341),确诊唐氏患儿8例,假阴性病例1例.建立的各孕周AFP、F-β-HCG的中位数与原始筛查软件内嵌参考值比铰均有显著性差异.经修正后的中位数重新分析,9例唐氏患儿全部检出.结论建立适合各地区人群的唐氏综合征血清学筛查AFP、F-β-HCG的中位数值,对提高了筛查效率很有必要.     

早中孕整合筛查染色体疾病的方案临床价值

目的比较孕中期筛查方案与早中孕整合筛查方案的临床效果,探讨早中孕整合筛查方案的实用价值。方法孕早期应用超声测量胎儿颈项半透明层厚度（nuchal translucency,NT）,应用时间分辨荧光免疫方法（DELFIA）检测孕早期母血清标志物PAPP-A、Freeβ-HCG、孕中期母血清标志物AFP、Freeβ-HCG和uE3,分别采用孕中期三联筛查方案（AFP、Freeβ-HCG和uE3）和早中孕整合筛查方案（孕早期NT、PAPP-A和Freeβ-HCG,孕中期AFP、Freeβ-HCG和uE3）,利用Lifecycle3.0风险分析统计软件计算胎儿发生唐氏综合征（Down＇s syndrome,DS）和18三体综合征（Edwards syndrome,ES）的危险概率,并进行产前诊断及随访妊娠结局,筛查效果比对分析。结果 1437例孕妇采用孕中期筛查方案筛查阳性率为4.73%（68/1437）;采用早中孕整合筛查方案筛查阳性率为1.81%（26/1437）;孕中期筛查与早中孕整合筛查两种方案用配对资料χ2检验,χ2=26.7,P〈0.05,两种方法之间差异有显著意义;确诊4例胎儿核型异常,早中孕整合筛查全部检出,而孕中期筛查只检出2例,1例DS和1例ES的孕妇为中孕期筛查低风险而早中孕整合筛查高风险。结论早中孕整合筛查方案的临床效果优于孕中期筛查,筛查方案的改进能提高唐氏综合征和18三体综合征的检出率,降低假阳性率,从而有效干预出生缺陷。     

孕妇血清PAPP-A、AFP、freeβ-HCG检测在爱德华氏综合征筛查中的应用价值研究

目的研究爱德华氏综合征筛查中孕妇血清妊娠相关蛋白A(PregnancyAssociatedPlasmaProtein A,PAPP-A)、甲胎蛋白(AlphaFetoprotein,AFP)、游离人促绒毛膜性腺激素β(Free-β-HumanChorionic Gonadotropin,freeβ-HCG)检测的应用价值。方法选取我院2017年6月～2018年12月羊水穿刺确诊的55例爱德华氏综合征孕妇为观察组,另选同期产检的55例健康孕妇作为对照组,对两组血清PAPP-A、AFP、freeβ-HCG检测结果进行对比并研究血清PAPP-A、AFP、freeβ-HCG及三者联合检测在爱德华氏综合征筛查中的应用价值。结果观察组血清PAPP-A低于对照组,AFP、freeβ-HCG高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);以羊水穿刺结果为参照,血清PAPP-A、AFP、freeβ-HCG联合检测敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值两两指标联合检测单一指标检测,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论爱德华氏综合征筛查中孕妇血清PAPP-A异常降低,而AFP、freeβ-HCG均呈升高态势,三者联合检测能够取得更为理想的筛查结果,值得加以推广使用。     

妊娠中期产前筛查唐氏综合征的结果分析

目的 探讨妊娠中期人绒毛膜促性腺激素（β-HCG）联合甲胎蛋白（AFP）产前筛查唐氏综合征（DS）的临床应用.方法 用电化学发光免疫分析法检测5058例15 ～ 18＋6周孕妇血清β-HCG和AFP含量,用相应软件计算胎儿患DS、开放性神经管缺陷（NTD）、18-三体综合症（Tisomyl8）的风险.结果 接受筛查的5058例孕妇DS阳性为141例,阳性率为2.79％;NTD阳性为153例,阳性率为3.02％;18-三体阳性为3例,阳性率为0.06％.35岁以上孕妇妊娠中期产前筛查的阳性率明显高于35岁以下者（P＜0.01）.结论 妊娠中期产前血清β-HCG联合AFP筛查DS经济、有效、操作简便,值得临床推广应用.     

唐氏综合征孕中期产前筛查与产前诊断结果分析

目的检测孕妇血清甲胎蛋白（AFP）,游离-β-绒毛膜促性腺激素（Free-β-HCG）,进行孕中期胎儿唐氏综合征的无创伤性筛查。方法采用金标定量系统对孕中期（14-22w）妇女进行AFP、Free-β-HCG检测,结合母龄、孕周、体重等因素,经专用软件进行分析校正,计算风险率,对高风险孕妇在知情的情况下,自愿选择羊膜腔穿刺,进行羊水细胞染色体核型分析。结果接受筛查的1568名孕妇中筛查出唐氏综合征高风险104例,占筛查总数的6.63%。其中62例接受羊水细胞染色体检查,占高危孕妇的59.62%。检出染色体异常核型14例,占高危孕妇接受羊水细胞培养染色体检查的22.58%。结论利用孕妇血清AFP、Free-β-HCG进行孕中期胎儿无创伤性产前筛查,结合产前诊断,对减少出生缺陷儿的出生,具有重要意义。     

孕中期胎儿染色体异常产前筛查分析

目的：建立一套产前筛查程序，探讨影响其风险值的主要因素。方法：采用化学发光法对1048例孕（14～21）周孕妇血清中的AFP、游离β-HCG和非耦合雌三醇（uE3）进行检测，通过“筛查软件”计算风险率，对高危孕妇取羊水或脐血行染色体核型分析。结果：共筛查出Down’s综合征、开放性脊柱裂OSB、18-三体综合征高风险孕妇77例，阳性率7．3％。其中31例经胎儿染色体检查，发现3例异常妊娠，1例假阴性，暂无有缺陷的胎儿出生。有5例初筛阳性的孕妇进行二次抽血检测，但风险值相差较大。结论：不建议对初筛阳性的结果进行二次抽血检测；在筛查软件中应对诸多影响因素予以校正，而孕周的准确与否至关重要。     

兰州地区孕中期产前筛查血清指标MoM值分析

目的分析兰州地区孕中期唐氏综合征（Down syndrome,Ds）筛查人群中位数分布并探讨其临床应用价值。方法采用时间分辨荧光分析法检测7172例妊娠14—20“周妊娠女性血清甲胎蛋白（alpha fetoprotein,AFP）和游离绒毛促性腺激素（free—beta human chorionic gonadotropin,Freeβ—HCG）的浓度。利用DS筛查风险评估软件（LifeCycle3．0,LC3．0）的MediansTool统计不同孕用AFP和Freeβ-HCG的人群中位数、体质量,对LC3．0的中位数方程、体质量校正方程系数进行修正。结果各孕周血清AFP中位数平均水平均比软件内嵌值低,而Freeβ-HCG中位数水平在孕17周前中位数高于软件内嵌值而孕17周后中位数则低于软件内嵌值。各体重血清AFP与软件内嵌值几乎吻合,而Freeβ-HCG中位数平均水平比软件内嵌值低。结论不同地区血清中位数的筛查切割值制定标准可能存在差异,有必要进一步建立本地区孕中期产前筛查人群中位数系统。     

荆州地区孕妇产前筛查唐氏综合征780例分析

目的检测孕妇血清甲胎蛋白（AFP）,游离-β-绒毛膜促性腺激素（Free-β-HCG）,进行孕中期胎儿唐氏综合症的无创伤性筛查。方法应用时间分辨免疫荧光分析法（DELFIA）,对孕14～20w孕妇血清AFP、Free-β-HCG、的浓度进行检测,结合母龄、孕周、体重等因素计算风险率,对高风险孕妇在知情的情况下,自愿选择进行父母做染色体检查及胎儿羊膜腔穿刺,羊水细胞染色体核型分析。结果接受筛查的780名孕妇中,唐氏综合征高风险孕妇为49例,筛查阳性率为6.28%,其中29例接受羊水细胞培养染色体检查,占高危孕妇的59.18%,检出染色体异常核型8例,占高危孕妇接受羊水细胞培养染色体检查的27.58%。结论利用孕妇血清AFP、Free-β-HCG进行孕中期胎儿无创伤性产前筛查,结合产前诊断,及时终止妊娠,预防和减少缺陷儿的出生,提高人口素质具有一定的意义。     

孕期血清学筛查唐氏综合征

目的通过较大样本的人群血清学筛查,确立各孕周的血清AFP、β-HCG的中位数;比较各年龄组的筛查唐氏综合征高危比例,探讨高危人群范围。方法:对孕14-22w之间的孕妇,应用全自动酶放大化学发光免疫检测系统检测血清中AFP、β-HCG值,并通过风险计算软件进行风险计算。结果对1825例孕妇进行产前筛查,共筛查出唐氏征高危101例,其中41例行羊水穿刺,39例染色体核型分析正常,1例证实为21三体,1例为47,XYY。其余60例追踪新生儿无染色体疾病。唐氏征高危的检出率为5．5％,假阳性率5．4％。未发现假阴性病例。通过统计学分析建立各孕周的β- HCG,AFP的中位数,建立的β-HCG中位数通过体重的校正与原始提供参考值比较差异有显著性(t=2．562,P= 0．034),建立的AFP中位数通过体重校正与原始提供参考值比较差异有极显著性(t=3．754,P=0．005)。筛查人群呈正态分布,而年龄小于25岁组无一例唐氏征筛查高危者,高危人群随着年龄增加,检出率随之增加。结论血清学唐氏征筛查是简单元创的筛查手段之一。随着年龄增加惠染色体疾病风险率增加,对于年龄大于35岁的孕妇应积极进行筛查。目前仍需要多中心大样本的研究以建立适合国人的唐氏征血清学筛查的AFP,β-HCG的中位数值。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.