产褥期颅内静脉系统血栓形成临床分析

目的 探讨产褥期颅内静脉血栓形成的发病机制、临床表现及治疗对策。方法 回顾性分析2000年1月～2011年12月收治的46例产后颅内静脉血栓形成患者的临床资料,并进行归纳总结。结果 产后颅内静脉血栓形成患者以高颅内压及局灶性脑损伤为主要临床表现,经低分子肝素抗凝及对症治疗,患者症状均有改善。结论 对于存在静脉血栓形成风险的产褥期女性,应尽快完成相关检查,早诊断、早治疗,以期改善患者预后。     

低颅压综合征合并孤立皮质静脉血栓形成1例

低颅压综合征和脑静脉系统血栓形成均是发病率较低的神经系统疾病,而孤立皮质静脉血栓形成发病率仅占全部脑静脉系统血栓形成的5％左右,低颅压综合征合并孤立皮质静脉血栓形成的病例在临床十分罕见.现报道1例确诊为低颅压综合征的患者,并发孤立皮质静脉血栓形成及癫痫发作,予补液、抗凝、抗癫痫治疗后症状好转.同时结合相关文献进行复习、...     

甲状腺功能亢进症合并脑静脉窦血栓1例并文献复习

目的探讨甲状腺功能亢进症(简称甲亢)合并脑静脉窦血栓的发病机制及临床特点。方法报道1例我院诊治的甲亢合并脑静脉窦血栓的临床资料,结合文献对甲亢合并脑静脉窦血栓的临床表现及发病机制予以分析总结。结果甲亢合并脑静脉窦血栓以青年女性多见,常与甲亢的发生及其控制不佳有关;甲亢患者血液高凝状态及甲状腺肿压迫引起血流动力学异常与脑静脉窦血栓形成有关。甲亢合并脑静脉窦血栓患者中有77.42%表现为重症静脉窦血栓,其治愈率为87.1%,死亡率为3.2%。结论甲亢是脑静脉窦血栓形成的少见病因,其临床症状重,积极治疗后大多数预后较好。     

改良溶栓方案治疗脑静脉窦合并颈内静脉血栓形成

目的探讨改良溶栓方案【静脉窦内微量持续泵点尿激酶(100,000u/24h)】治疗脑静脉窦合并颈内静脉血栓形成的疗效。方法对11例患者进行机械性破栓、静脉窦内留置微导管行最低量尿激酶100,000u/24h静脉窦直接泵点滴48～96h治疗。术后积极治疗原发病,抗凝治疗6个月。术后随访6～12个月,平均10个月。结果 11例脑静脉窦合并颈内静脉血栓形成患者,脑静脉窦均获得再通(其中8例患者应用尿激酶100,000u/24h效果良好,3例患者在应用尿激酶100,000u/24h,48h复查后增量至250,000u/24h),1例颈内静脉未通,预后良好。结论改良溶栓方案可有效治疗脑静脉窦合并颈内静脉血栓形成,有待大宗病例进一步证实。     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成合并脑出血的临床分析

目的探讨Solitaire AB支架取栓联合局部溶栓治疗颅内静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)合并脑出血的临床疗效。方法回顾性研究29例CVST合并脑出血病人病例资料,血管内介入治疗(抗凝+Solitaire AB支架取栓+局部溶栓) 14例,单纯抗凝治疗15例,对比两组病人的临床疗效及预后。结果介入治疗组病人的临床疗效、血管再通情况、预后良好情况均优于单纯抗凝治疗组,存在统计学差异(均P 0.05)。结论应用Solitaire AB支架取栓联合局部溶栓治疗CVST合并脑出血能有效缓解病人临床症状,改善预后结果。     

脑静脉血栓形成的诊断与治疗分析

目的本文探讨脑静脉血栓的临床及影像学诊断与治疗方法。方法回顾26例脑静脉血栓的临床症状及各种影像学表现，并分析其病因，总结各种治疗方法。结果26例患者主要临床表现头痛、视盘水肿、偏瘫、癫痫发作等。10例CT显示3例上矢状窦血栓；16例MRI（SE序列）显示8例脑静脉血栓；12例MRV显示10例脑静脉血栓；26例均做DSA检查予以确诊。确诊后给予抗凝药物治疗或溶栓治疗，病情显著缓解，最后均达到临床治愈标准。结论结合脑静脉血栓的临床症状及各种影像学表现，并辅以病因分析能对本病作出准确的诊断；治疗原则应采取抗凝溶栓、病因和对症等多种方法治疗。     

单纯大脑皮层静脉血栓形成2例及文献回顾分析

目的总结分析单纯大脑皮层静脉血栓形成(isolated cortical vein thrombosis,ICoVT)的病例特点。方法报道2例ICoVT病例,并回顾文献报道的47例同类病例,分析其病因、临床影像学特征以及治疗预后。结果 49例患者多为中青年,女性多见;多为急性或亚急性起病;临床表现主要为癫痫发作33例(67.3%)、局灶性神经功能缺损症状22例(44.8%)、头痛19例(38.8%),首发症状以癫痫发作最多(21例,42.8%),大多数不伴有意识障碍和颅内高压症状;影像学检查可有不同程度地显示皮层静脉血栓的直接征象和间接征象;大多数患者经抗凝治疗后预后良好。结论 ICoVT临床和影像表现变异较大,仔细分析影像资料以及多种影像检查手段相结合可以提高诊断的准确率,临床上充分重视并给予抗凝治疗。     

口服抗凝药相关性脑内出血的治疗探讨

目的探讨口服抗凝药相关性脑出血的临床特点和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析36例口服抗凝药相关性脑出血患者的临床资料,所有患者入院后均常规纠正凝血功能障碍,包括静脉输注维生素K和新鲜冷冻血浆。16例行开颅血肿清除,13例行定向血肿穿刺引流,5例仅行脑室外引流,2例保守治疗。结果出院时按GOS评分评定预后,预后良好4例,中残3例,重残6例,植物生存4例,死亡19例。结论口服抗凝药相关性脑出血病情进展快,再出血率和死亡率高。早期纠正凝血功能障碍及清除血肿,防止再出血是治疗的关键。     

脑静脉血栓的治疗方法探讨

目的 探讨脑静脉血栓的治疗方法。方法对133例脑静脉血栓单独或联合采用经颈动脉溶栓、静脉窦内留置微导管连续溶栓、静脉窦成形（支架置入或球囊扩张）等方法进行治疗，同时辅以全身抗凝治疗。结果治疗后颅内压均明显下降，除１例ICP降至350mmH2O者失明，1例行静脉窦球囊扩张成形者（拒绝接受静脉窦支架置入）由术前760mmH2O降至450mmH2O外．其余病人ICP基本稳定在200-260mmH2O。颅内出血严重致脑疝死亡2例。溶栓后发生脑出血3例．均经手术治愈。结论同时应用血管内溶栓和全身抗凝是治疗脑静脉血栓较为可靠和安全的方法；血栓部位不同者治疗方案应个性化。     

抗凝联合血管内介入治疗重症脑静脉窦血栓形成

目的 探讨抗凝联合血管内介入治疗重症脑静脉窦血栓形成（CVST）的安全性和有效性。方法 回顾性分析2014年7月至2018年7月使用抗凝联合Solitaire支架取栓术治疗的13例重症CVST的临床资料。结果 13例均先抗凝治疗,症状无改善,再行Solitaire支架取栓术治疗。术后3 d,1例因脑水肿加重致脑疝死亡。术后7 d,12例临床症状改善,未见再出血及脑梗死情况;术后90 d,预后良好（mRS评分0~2分）10例,预后不良（mRS评分3~5分）2例;术后90 d,复查CTA、MRA、MRV或DSA示静脉窦通畅11例。结论 抗凝联合血管内介入治疗重症CVST是安全、有效的。     

Simultaneous thrombosis of cerebral artery and venous sinus

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is infrequent among cerebrovascular diseases. The simultaneous thrombosis involving both cerebral artery and venous sinus is even extremely rare. We reported a 41-year-old woman who presented with acute headache and left hemiparesis due to concomitant arterial ischemic stroke and recurrent CVT. Extensive investigation disclosed acquired protein C and protein S deficiency, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and cryoglobulinemia. She was treated with intravenous injection of heparin followed by oral anticoagulant therapy. The headache rapidly subsided; however, left hemiparesis persisted over five months. The rare condition of simultaneous thrombosis of cerebral artery and venous sinus may be caused by the synergistic effect of coagulation disorders, IDA and cryoglobulinemia.     

Isolated Lateral Sinus Thrombosis Presenting as Cerebellar Infarction in a Patient with Iron Deficiency Anemia

As a rare cerebrovascular disease, cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is caused by various conditions including trauma, infection, oral contraceptive, cancer and hematologic disorders. However, iron deficiency anemia is not a common cause for CVT in adult. Posterior fossa infarction following CVT is not well demonstrated because posterior fossa has abundant collateral vessels. Here, we report a case of a 55-year-old man who was admitted with complaints of headache, nausea, and mild dizziness. The patient was diagnosed with isolated lateral sinus thrombosis presenting as cerebellar infarction. Laboratory findings revealed normocytic normochromic anemia due to iron deficiency, and the patient''s symptoms were improved after iron supplementation.     

硬脑膜静脉窦血栓形成的血管内介入治疗

目的 探讨硬脑膜静脉窦血栓形成(DVST)的血管内介入治疗。方法 11例由CT、MRI、DSA确诊的硬脑膜静脉窦血栓形成患者经皮股动、静脉穿刺给予介入治疗；围手术期规范抗凝、抗血小板聚集等综合治疗。结果 2例患者临床症状戏剧性改善，10例患者临床症状消失或好转，1例无变化；术后影像学均有不同程度的改善；1例机械辅助溶栓患者介入治疗时发生导丝断裂；1例机械辅助溶栓后置人支架未成功；术中、术后无其它相关并发症发生。出院时临床痊愈5例，显效3例，好转2例，无效1例。随访9例患者3～6月无复发。结论 多种介入方法联合治疗DVST的方法是可行的且安全有效。是值得在临床推广的治疗DVST的方法，其远期效果尚需观察。     

Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in children: another reason to treat iron deficiency anemia

Iron deficiency anemia is a rare cause of cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in children. We report three cases of cerebral sinovenous thrombosis and iron deficiency anemia treated at Primary Children's Medical Center in Salt Lake City, Utah, between 1998 and 2001. The children were 9, 19, and 27 months old at the time of admission. Hemoglobin levels ranged from 6.6 to 7.0 g/dL, mean corpuscular volume levels from 45 to 56 fL, and platelet counts from 248,000 to 586,000/microL. Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance venography revealed thrombosis of the straight sinus and internal cerebral veins in all three children, with the addition of the vein of Galen, left transverse and sigmoid sinuses, and upper left internal jugular vein in one child. Recovery ranged from excellent to poor in 3 months to 3 years of follow-up. Four additional cases, ages 6 to 22 months, were found in the English-language literature. Evaluation for prothrombotic disorders was negative in all children, including the current cases. Treatments have included thrombectomy, corticosteroids, mannitol, heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, warfarin, aspirin, blood transfusion, and iron supplementation, but there is no consensus regarding therapy, other than to correct the anemia and treat iron deficiency. Iron deficiency anemia, a preventable cause of cerebral sinovenous thrombosis, deserves consideration when cerebral sinovenous thrombosis is detected in young children.     

脑静脉窦血栓形成的诊断与血管内治疗

目的 探讨脑静脉窦血栓形成的诊断和血管内溶栓治疗。方法 对8例以顽固性头痛、呕吐伴或不伴局灶性神经功能缺损或癫发作为主要表现的患者，采用颅脑MRI和脑血管造影检查确定诊断，并施行经颈内动脉、静脉窦内接触性溶栓或静脉窦内支架成形术协同抗凝治疗。结果 MRI显示相应脑静脉窦区出现长T2WI，短T1WI信号，DSA显示脑静脉窦闭塞、静脉侧支循环建立和脑动静脉循环时间延长。治疗后静脉窦完全或部分再通，脑循环时间接近正常，临床病情显著缓解。结论 血管内介入治疗可能是脑静脉窦血栓形成最有效的治疗方法之一，有待大样本研究证实。     

脑静脉(窦)血栓的影像学特点与血管内治疗

目的探讨脑静脉(窦)血栓的影像学特点和经血管内治疗的疗效。方法对139例以顽固性头痛、头闷和颅内出血为主要症状的患者,采用头部MR和脑血管造影检查确立诊断,并施行经颈内动脉、静脉窦内接触性溶栓或静脉窦内支架血管成形术并协同长期抗凝治疗。结果治疗前MR检查显示颅内出血和静脉(窦)内血栓形成;脑血管造影检查可见脑静脉明显扩张、瘀滞,脑动脉至静脉窦间的血液循环时间显著延长(>11s),尤其静脉期(>5s)。治疗后130例患者临床症状迅速改善,治疗有效率达93.5%(130/139);并发症发生率0.7%(1/139);病死率2.2%(3/139)。对92例患者随访3个月～7年,1例死亡,91例疗效稳定,无明显复发。结论脑静脉(窦)血栓形成的主要病理表现为静脉回流障碍和血流动力学改变,通过脑血管造影检查可确定诊断;连续应用纤溶药物和长期抗凝治疗可获显著效果。     

Recanalisation and outcome cerebral venous thrombosis

Little is known of the natural history and rate of sinus recanalisation after cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). Although acute anticoagulation is effective, the duration of therapy remains speculative. We aimed to determine the relationship between sinus recanalisation and clinical outcome. We studied 12 consecutive patients with aseptic CVT with evidence of sinus thrombosis on initial magnetic resonance imaging, followed up 5-68 months after onset, using 15 repeat magnetic resonance scans in 9 of the patients to assess recanalisation. All patients initially had one or more thrombosed sinuses and were treated with anticoagulants for at least 6 months, including 3 with haemorrhagic infarction. Residual neurological deficits were present in only one patient. No patient had a recurrent thrombosis. Recanalisations was incomplete in 6 of the 9 cases. Sinus recanalisation after cerebral venous thrombosis does not correlate with clinical outcome. Although empirical, the general recommendation of 6 months anticoagulant therapy is appropriate.     

Cerebral Venous Thrombosis after Red Blood Cell Transfusion for the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia

A 57-year-old male presented with generalized seizure who received red blood cell (RBC) transfusion for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Neuroradiological findings revealed cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) on the left frontal vein. He received anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, and iron supplements. He discharged without any neurological deficit. It should be noted that RBC transfusion might increase the risk of CVT in patients with IDA.