海水浸泡胸部开放伤早期救治效果的影响因素分析

目的对胸部开放伤后海水浸泡的实验动物进行早期紧急救治,探讨影响救治效果的因素.方法实验动物分为两组.单纯浸泡组(n=20)为胸外伤后海水浸泡不进行救治,治疗组(n=20)为胸外伤后海水浸泡25分钟进行救治.观察生存时间、血液动力学改变、血浆渗透压、血钠、血氯、动脉血气分析、胸腔进水量.并对治疗组中生存时间>24小时和<24小时的各项参数予以对比分析.结果电解质紊乱(高钠血症、高氯血症)、高渗血症、低氧血症和高碳酸血症、代谢性酸中毒以及肺动脉楔压对生存时间有重要影响,其它因素包括胸腔进水量、心率、呼吸频率、平均动脉压等对生存时间的影响无统计学意义.结论在海水浸泡胸部开放伤的早期紧急救治过程中,重点治疗高渗性脱水、低氧血症、高碳酸血症、代谢性酸中毒及改善心功能状况将对预后有重要影响.     

超声引导下微创置管治疗创伤性胸腔积液的临床体会

目的 分析经超声引导下应用中心静脉导管微创置管治疗胸部创伤后迟发性胸腔积液的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2018年4月—2021年5月株洲市中医伤科医院创伤外科收治的122例单侧或双侧胸部创伤后1～14d经胸部CT检查发现中等量以上的迟发性胸腔积液且伤后无胸腔手术史的患者,男性65例,女性57例;年龄17～78岁,平均51.9岁;道路交通伤57例,高处坠落伤23例,砸伤42例.经床旁超声引导应用中心静脉导管微创置管治疗.治疗后复查胸部CT采用游离胸腔积液体积估算公式计算胸腔积液量评定疗效.结果 首日抽液引流量370～760mL,后期每日抽液引流量0～280mL,留管时间0～13d;经治疗87例有效,30例显效,总有效率为95.90％.有4例堵管,经相关处理无法再通予拔管,改常规置粗管引流治愈,彻底堵管发生率为3.27％.3例颅脑损伤伴意识障碍患者治疗后留置导管意外脱落,其中2例治疗后复查胸部CT胸腔积液减少>80％,有效,1例复查胸部CT积液减少<50％,无效,改传统胸腔闭式引流术后治愈,导管脱落发生率为2.45％.1例穿刺点周围疼痛后自行缓解,1例置管抽液600mL留管感胸部疼痛不适而拔管,复查胸部CT示治疗有效,1例穿刺时不适考虑胸膜反应,反应较轻,经暂停操作、安抚患者情绪、吸氧、输液好转,后仍行此法穿刺置管成功,复查胸部CT示治疗有效.穿刺点疼痛、胸膜反应及置管后留管胸部疼痛等并发症发生率为2.45％,未发生胸腔积液增多、气胸、感染、穿刺点周围血肿等医源性损伤.结论 经超声引导下应用中心静脉导管微创置管抽液治疗胸部创伤后迟发性胸腔积液方法安全、有效,并发症少,堵管发生率低,患者对置管后留管耐受性好,合并颅脑损伤意识障碍患者使用时有导管意外脱落风险,需加强管道护理.     

战伤救治：手术与复苏协调发展才能行快致远

手术与复苏是战伤救治的两大核心能力,早期救治应在伤后3 h内实施,包括紧急救治及外科复苏两类职能,因此应强调复苏与手术能力的建设。本文重点阐述早期救治能级的能力要求,并根据国内外平时创伤救治和战时战伤救治的进展,梳理战伤早期救治能级中“手术”与“复苏”的相互关系及其关键技术,提出只有手术和复苏能力协调发展,相互支撑,才能为严重战伤伤员提供安全、规范、高效的救治,降低严重战伤伤员的伤死率。     

移动监护与急救手术前移在严重胸部创伤急救中的应用

目的 探讨将确定性急救与手术处理前移至基层医院的可行性,以进一步提高危重胸部创伤的救治成功率. 方法 对1998年4月-2008年8月应"120"急救邀请,赴我市基层医院进行院前院内紧急救治的72例严重胸部创伤(AIS≥3)患者的资料进行回顾性分析.分为院前组(院前紧急确定性急救或手术后转回我院)36例和院内组(经院前确定性急救后转回我院手术)36例. 结果 (1)伤后到基层医院时间两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),获确切手术时间院前组显著短于院内组[(3.9±4.1)h比(9.6±8.2)h](P<0.05).(2)院前组失血量、输血量均大于院内组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).(3)ISS值两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),RTS值院前组显著低于院内组(P<0.05);院前组总休克发生率显著多于院内组(86.1%比41.7%)(P<0.05).(4)术式:单纯胸腔闭式引流院前组多于院内组(16.7%比5.6%),"胸腔闭式引流+剖胸术"、"胸腔闭式引流+剖腹术"、"胸腔闭式引流+其他"两组间差异无统计学意义,院前组穿透伤"胸腔闭式引流+剖胸术"率是钝性伤的4.8倍,院内组为1.9倍;院前组钝性伤"胸腔闭式引流+剖腹术"率是穿透伤的5倍,院内组为4.5倍.(5)总治愈率95.8%(69/72),院前组中濒死患者8例,生存5例,13.9%(5/36)的院前创伤死亡得以避免. 结论 在伤后"黄金时刻"迅速携带移动监护手术设备,将救命性外科处理前伸至基层医院实施急救或确定性手术后,再安全转送到高级急救中心(医院)进一步救治是安全、有效、可行的,可显著降低严重胸部创伤的院前死亡率.     

互助型急诊模式对胸部创伤的救治

目的 探讨互助型创伤急救模式下胸部创伤的急救规律和存在问题.方法 回顾性总结分析2001年1月～2006年12月胸部创伤病例的救治.急诊科以"白金10分钟"为理念,采用链式流程复苏,由胸外专科实行确定性救命手术的互助型创伤救治.结果 本组共有972例,依据ISS评分: 轻度757例、中度103例、重度72例、极重度40例.死亡28例,死亡率7.9%.闭合性与开放性胸部损伤分别为805、167例.手术操作总项次为107次,胸部22.4%(24项次),其他科室手术操作77.6%(83项次).在确定性手术中,其它非开胸手术同时伴有胸腔闭式引流术85.5%(71/83).急救部单独完成抢救165例、急救部 胸科50例、急救部 SICU完成50例.在探查手术指征上,急诊部与专科存在认识分歧.结论 互助型创伤急救模式在当前胸部创伤救治中仍具有重要作用,加强急诊科与胸心外科等专科的密切协作、共同发展是这一模式的方向.     

1162例严重胸部创伤的院前急救分析

目的：总结严重胸部创伤院前救治经验,提高院前救治水平。方法收集2009年1月～2014年12月经院前“120”现场救治后转入我院的严重胸部创伤（ AIS）≥3分患者病例资料1162例,其中男性827例,女性335例;年龄13～98岁,平均（45．3±10．8）岁。分析胸部损伤情况,院前、院内救治方法和救治结果等。结果1162例中,院前平均急救反应时间（46．52±17．33）min,平均急救时间（16．73±7．32） min。清除呼吸道异物31例,气管插管机械通气42例,紧急气管切开23例,张力性气胸减压25例,呼吸机正压通气纠正反常呼吸运动43例,纱垫填塞或包扎胸壁开放性伤口151例,呼吸心跳停止者现场进行徒手心肺复苏16例,胸部伤情未进行特殊处理者735例。本组死亡29例。结论院前快速准确判断,熟练正确急救为严重胸部创伤院内进一步救治创造机会和争取时间。     

濒死创伤病人急诊手术92例分析

危重创伤在急救的黄金时间段，把诊断、治疗、抗休克、复苏和紧急手术有机结合起来的救治形式，能明显缩短术准备时间和提高濒死创伤病人的抢救成功率。     

机械通气在胸部开放伤后海水灌入胸腔致急性肺损伤救治中的应用

目的探讨机械通气在胸部开放伤后海水灌入胸腔致急性肺损伤（ALI）救治中的应用。方法锐器致胸部开放伤后胸腔内灌注海水（35ml／kg）制备ALI成年杂交犬动物模型，随机分为未救治组、普通救治组、机械通气组，每组6只。未救治组在ALI出现后不实施任何救治措施，普通救治组给以鼻导管吸氧、胸腔闭式引流、静脉输入5％葡萄糖液等，机械通气组将普通救治组鼻导管吸氧改为机械通气。动态观察血气分析、血流动力学变化，检测外周血中炎症介质的变化。结果胸部开放伤后海水灌入胸腔可导致ALI，普通救治组PaO2虽有所升高但仍显著低于正常，机械通气能快速纠正低氧血症，两组在纠正高渗、高钠、高氯血症和改善血流动力学方面无显著差异。结论胸部开放伤后海水灌入胸腔引起严重ALI，机械通气具有良好的治疗效果。     

金属异物横穿双侧胸腔和纵膈2例报告

本文报告2例金属异物横穿双侧胸腔和纵隔的救治经过。胸部X线检查和 诊断性胸腔穿刺是重要的辅助诊查手段,尽早手术是挽救生命的关键措施。     

钝性胸部伤早期救治中64排螺旋CT的应用

目的 探讨64排螺旋CT在钝性胸部伤早期救治中的作用.方法 回顾性分析2006年1月以来收治的170例钝性胸部伤,单纯胸部伤74例,多发伤96例,胸部伤AIS 2～4分,平均3.2分;多发伤 ISS 11～34分,平均24.6分.其中到院后3小时内64排螺旋CT检查160例,平均8分钟.结果 诊断肺挫伤117例,肺挫裂伤及肺内血肿19例,肺不张24例,血胸67例,气胸45例,血气胸52例,纵隔血肿7例,纵隔积气8例,皮下气肿25例,膈疝17例,肋骨骨折103 例,连枷胸34例.143例(84.1%)经非手术处理,其中43例行胸腔闭式引流术,22例行机械呼吸支持.紧急剖胸手术27例(15.9%).治愈161例,死亡9例(5.3%).结论 胸部钝性伤初次评价在有条件时应首选采用64排螺旋CT扫描.     

X-ray computed tomography of thoracic injuries. Apropos of 40 cases]

On chest radiographs, the precise assessment of thoracic injuries consecutive to blunt trauma is often compromised by the nonspecific appearance of many lesions. Furthermore, significant injuries are frequently overlooked. However, the management of the patients with chest trauma is still often based primarily upon clinical and radiographic findings and Computed Tomography (CT) is often performed secondarily on the basis of unexplained clinical signs or suspected radiographic abnormality. Some authors have reported that CT was a highly sensitive method for detecting thoracic lesions frequently not seen or underestimated on conventional supine chest radiographs. However, the value that these new CT findings could have in the therapeutic management of these patients, have not been systematically investigated to our knowledge, except in a limited series suggesting that the course of critically ill patients could be substantially altered after thoracic CT. In order to estimate the role of early CT in the management of patient care, we report the therapeutic consequences of CT findings in forty patients who we report the therapeutic consequences of CT findings in forty patients who had a thoracic CT within few hours following a chest injury. We showed that early thoracic CT scan in patients with blunt trauma detected significantly more lesions than did chest X-Ray and appreciably modified the treatment modalities in 70% of our patients. We then recommend that all the patients admitted in ICU after chest trauma undergo a thoracic CT scan as soon as possible in order to optimize their treatment modalities.     

Esophageal entrapment with blunt thoracic spinal trauma

Esophageal injury due to blunt trauma rarely occurs. However, prompt diagnosis and treatment of such injury is essential to improve patient survival. We report an extremely rare case of esophageal entrapment within a hyperextension fracture dislocation of the thoracic spine, which was diagnosed by reviewing an esophagram and CT image simultaneously. Esophageal injury should be considered with thoracic spine trauma, especially if the T3/4 level is involved.     

Initial imaging strategies in spinal trauma patients

A review is presented of the radiographs that should be taken of the spine of a severely injured spinal trauma patient within the first 24 h. The patient will probably present to a small local hospital or health care centre; the capacities and skills of such a small radiological unit are discussed. Consideration is then given to the radiological procedures which a specialized trauma centre should undertake after transfer of the patients. The main emphasis of the review is on plain films.     

合并胸腹闭合性损伤的胸椎创伤112例

目的 探讨合并胸腹闭合性损伤的胸椎创伤的临床特点。方法 对1996年1月至2001年6月急诊收治的259例胸椎创伤患者进行回顾性分析，总结其中合并胸腹闭合性损伤的胸椎创伤患者的临床特点。结果 112例胸椎创伤合并不同程度的胸腹闭合性损伤，占胸椎创伤总数的43.2％（112／259）。交通伤为首位致伤原因。与下胸椎创伤相比，上胸椎创伤遭受的致伤暴力大，更易合并胸腹闭合性损伤。肺部并发症是死亡的主要原因，上胸椎创伤全瘫患者经手术治疗未能改善自主运动功能。结论 上胸椎创伤容易合并胸腹闭合性损伤的原因与其独特的解剖学特征有关。胸椎创伤患者应常规急诊行腹部超声检查，以避免因脊髓损伤而隐匿的腹部闭合性损伤的漏诊。在决定是否早期手术减时，应充分考虑是否合并胸腹闭合性损伤，并评估其损伤程度。     

MEBT/MEBO治疗手外伤康复护理的临床研究

目的 总结湿性医疗技术（MEBT/MEBO）治疗手外伤患者康复过程中优质护理及护理注意事项的经验体会.方法 对1993年以来应用MEBT/MEBO治疗手外伤患者时护理方法进行总结[1],特别是对心理护理、局部护理、全身护理、出院后护理等主要护理环节进行总结.结果 医疗和护理工作紧密结合,护理工作保证和促进了MEBT/MEBO对手外伤患者创面的治疗效果和康复效果.结论 应用MEBT/MEBO配以优质护理服务治疗手外伤创面疗效满意,值得临床广为推广.     

胸腔镜在胸部创伤中的应用进展

胸腔镜技术的进步促使其在胸部创伤急救中的应用越来越普遍,优点和缺点也非常明确。胸腔镜手术收费高,并且在使用胸腔镜行胸部创伤急救时,常常需要中转开胸治疗,反而增加手术创伤。胸部创伤急救中是否有必要广泛应用胸腔镜技术,究竟应该进行传统的开胸手术还是应用胸腔镜技术,许多胸外科医生难以快速做出判断。为此,本文从胸腔镜技术的优点、缺点,在胸部创伤中的应用范围、应用现状以及未来展望等方面对这一技术救治胸部创伤的进展进行总结,为胸外科医师提供理论参考和指导。     

Incidental finding of lung hernia in a patient with a remote history of empyema status post video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery

Lung hernia, the protrusion of pulmonary tissue outside of the thoracic cage, is a rare radiologic finding. The exact incidence of this condition is not well documented. The etiology is either secondary to underlying congenital conditions which weaken the supporting structures of the thoracic wall or more commonly, post-surgical changes. In this report, we describe the case of a 58-year-old male trauma patient who was involved in a motor vehicle collision. Computed tomography of the head, neck, body, and upper extremities was negative for acute injury, but an incidental left-sided herniation of the lingula between the fifth and sixth intercostal spaces was identified. Computed tomography is superior for identifying imaging lung herniations as chest radiographs may not visualize the defect. Upon further investigation, the patient had a remote history of pneumonia complicated by empyema treated by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). This history, coupled with the absence of traumatic injury to the thorax as well as the presence of pulmonary scarring suggests that the lung herniation was likely chronic and secondary to the VATS procedure. The patient was discharged home without surgical intervention. Asymptomatic lung herniations are typically managed conservatively, but patients and physicians should be aware of the risk of lung hernia after VATS as well as associated complications including strangulation or pulmonary infarct.     

Role of contrast-enhanced helical CT in the evaluation of acute thoracic aortic injuries after blunt chest trauma

The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the value of contrast-enhanced helical CT for detecting and managing acute thoracic aortic injury (ATAI). Between June 1995 and February 2000, 1419 consecutive chest CT examinations were performed in the setting of major blunt trauma. The following CT findings were considered indicative of ATAI: intimal flap; pseudoaneurysm; contour irregularity; lumen abnormality; and extravasation of contrast material. On the basis of these direct findings no further diagnostic investigations were performed. Isolated mediastinal hematoma on CT scans was considered an indirect sign of ATAI: In these cases, thoracic aortography was performed even if CT indicated normal aorta. Seventy-seven patients had abnormal CT scans: Among the 23 patients with direct CT signs, acute thoracic aortic injuries was confirmed at thoracotomy in 21. Two false-positive cases were observed. The 54 remaining patients had isolated mediastinal hematoma without aortic injuries at CT and corresponding negative angiograms. The 1342 patients with negative CT scans were included in the 8-month follow-up program and did not show any adverse sequela based on clinical and radiographic criteria. Contrast-enhanced helical CT has a critical role in the exclusion of thoracic aortic injuries in patient with major blunt chest trauma and prevents unnecessary thoracic aortography. Direct CT signs of ATAI do not require further diagnostic investigations to confirm the diagnosis: Isolated aortic bands or contour vessel abnormalities should be first considered as possible artifacts or related to non-traumatic etiologies especially when mediastinal hematoma is absent. In cases of isolated mediastinal hematoma other possible sources of bleeding should be considered before directing patients to thoracic aortography.     

老年创伤救治与康复不容忽视

伴随社会的老龄化,创伤人群也呈现老龄化的趋势,老年创伤患者发病率和比例逐渐增加,老年创伤正在形成对公众健康的潜在危机。伤情评估、分类、早期救治对高危老年创伤患者的预后有极大影响,正确认识理解年龄相关生理变化有助于指导治疗。本文着重回顾国外老年创伤医学的发展,强调建立中国老年创伤患者的流行病学数据和国家创伤数据库的重要性。探讨老年创伤后分类、评估系统建立以及创伤并发症的预防对预后的影响,建议重症监护、营养护理、后期康复及随访管理不可或缺。同时,应注重老年医学为特点的创伤后疾病发生转归机制的基础研究,并加强向临床应用的转化。     

Can chest and abdominal trauma CT eliminate the need for plain films of the spine? – Experience with 329 multiple trauma patients

Purpose: To compare the accuracy of spine plain films with chest and abdominal trauma CT in detection of spine fractures. Methods: The study prospectively enrolled 329 multiple trauma patients. Of these, 38 patients had both chest CT for trauma and thoracic spine plain films, and 87 patients had both abdominal CT for trauma and lumbar spine plain films. Results: Of the fractures visible at either chest trauma CT or thoracic spine plain film examination, all were diagnosed on CT and 62 % on plain films. Of fractures visible at either abdominal trauma CT or lumbar spine plain films, 94 % were diagnosed on CT and 67 % on plain films. The one false negative CT involved an articular process fracture, which was visible but not mentioned, in a patient with a sacral fracture. Conclusion: Evaluation of the digital scout images and bone windows when a patient has chest and abdominal trauma CT appears to be as accurate as thoracic and lumbar spine plain films in the evaluation of spinal trauma.