高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱法鉴定头孢他啶原料药的有关物质

目的:采用高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱法(HPLC-Q-TOF-MS)对头孢他啶原料药中有关物质进行分离和结构鉴定.方法:色谱条件:采用Agilent ZORBAX RX-C18色谱柱(150 mm×2.1mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.1％甲酸水为流动相,流速0.2 mL· min-1,紫外检测波长254 nm;质谱...     

非达霉素原料药中有关物质的检查方法研究

目的:建立非达霉素原料药中有关物质的检查方法。方法:分别考察正相-紫外检测器色谱系统、反相-蒸发光散射检测器色谱系统、反相-紫外检测器色谱系统对非达霉素原料药中有关物质的检出能力,优选出最佳色谱系统。建立有关物质检查的高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Agilent Eclipse XDB C₁₈,流动相A为0.2%三乙胺缓冲液(pH 3.8)-乙腈(55∶45,V/V)、流动相B为0.2%三乙胺缓冲液(pH 3.8)-乙腈(20∶80,V/V)(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为230 nm,柱温为35℃,进样量为10μL;以不加校正因子的主成分自身对照法计算有关物质含量。结果:非达霉素在正相-紫外检测器色谱系统下不能有效分离杂质C、F,在反相-蒸发光散射检测器色谱系统下仅能检出杂质C、D、E、F 4个杂质;在反相-紫外检测器色谱系统下可检出11个杂质,故以此系统进行有关物质检查。在方法学考察中,非达霉素检测质量浓度线性范围为0.5～20.0μg/mL(R²=0.999 9);检测限为0.05 ng,定量限为0.15 ng;重复性、中...     

不同HPLC检查瑞格列奈片有关物质的对比研究

目的 寻找合适的HPLC检查中国药典2010年版(Ch.P 2010)二部收载的瑞格列奈片的有关物质。方法 分别试验了Ch.P 2010、美国药典37版(USP 37)和欧洲药典2014版(EP 2014)所载瑞格列奈原料药及片剂有关物质检查的4种HPLC,考察了这4种方法的流动相稳定性、色谱柱耐用性和有关物质检出灵敏度。结果 Ch.P 2010所载方法的流动相B析出大量结晶。EP 2014方法的色谱柱耐用性较差,在试验的3种色谱柱中,只有1种色谱柱能达到分离度要求。USP 37所载的瑞格列奈片剂方法分析耗时较长,使主要杂质峰型变宽,检出灵敏度降低。只有USP 37所载的瑞格列奈原料药有关物质检查方法同时具备流动相稳定、对主要杂质有很好的检出灵敏度和优秀的色谱柱耐用性等优点。结论 Ch.P 2010所载瑞格列奈有关物质检查方法应作修改。USP 37所载瑞格列奈原料药有关物质检查方法可以大幅提高检测效率,是最适合Ch.P 2010收载的瑞格列奈片有关物质检查的方法。     

高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定盐酸雷尼替丁和尼扎替丁中N-亚硝基二甲胺

目的:建立高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法分别测定盐酸雷尼替丁和尼扎替丁原料药中N-亚硝基二甲胺.方法:采用 Phenomenex ACE Excel 3 C18-AR 色谱柱(4.6 mm×100 mm,3 mm),以0.1％甲酸水-0.1％甲酸甲醇为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速0.5 mL·min-1,柱温40℃,紫外检测...     

HPLC法测定叶酸原料中光学异构体的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定叶酸原料药中光学异构体(D-叶酸)的检测方法.方法 采用QN-AX手性色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),甲醇-乙腈-乙酸-三乙胺(50:50:2:3)为流动相,流速0.6 mL·min-1,检测波长280 nm,柱温35℃.结果 D-叶酸与叶酸之间的分离度良好,D-叶...     

HPLC-UV法测定丁苯那嗪原料药中的有关物质

首次建立高效液相色谱-紫外检测(HPLC-UV)双波长法测定丁苯那嗪原料药中7 个有关物质.采用Welch Ultimate XB-C18 色谱柱,以0.005 mol/L 磷酸氢二钾和0.005 mol/L 磷酸二氢钾溶液(pH 7.0)为流动相A,乙腈为流动相B,梯度洗脱,检测波长为284nm、220 nm.结果表...     

中国药典“盐酸美他环素”原料药及其制剂有关物质测定方法的修改建议

目的改善盐酸美他环素原料药及其制剂中有关物质的药典标准规定.方法色谱柱Alltech Alltima C18(250×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相0.05 mol/L草酸铵溶液-二甲基甲酰胺-0.2 mol/L磷酸氢二铵溶液(65277);流速1 ml·min-1;柱温35℃;检测波长为280 nm,进样量20 μl.结果除土霉素杂质外盐酸美他环素原料药及其制剂中尚含较多其他杂质.结论建议对盐酸美他环素原料药及其制剂药典方法中有关物质的标准规定予以修改.     

高效液相色谱法与紫外光谱法测定索拉非尼原料药含量的比较

目的 分别采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法与紫外分光光度(UV)法对相同批号的索拉非尼原料药进行含量测定并进行比较.方法 高效液相色谱法中,色谱柱为Inertsil ODS-3柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为乙酸铵缓冲液(50 mmol/L)-乙腈(28:72),检测波长为265 nm,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温为40℃,进样量为50μL.紫外分光光度法中,索拉非尼原料药样品溶液用甲醇配制,在265 mm波长处进行测定.结果 高效液相色谱法测得索拉非尼进样质量浓度在0.5～40 μg/mL(r=0.99999)范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为102.92%,RSD=1.30%(n=9).紫外分光光度法测得索拉非尼进样质量浓度线性范围是0.1～20 μg/mL(r=0.999 9).紫外分光光度法含量测定结果比高效液相色谱法平均高出1.067倍.结论 紫外分光光度法不适用于准确测定索拉非尼原料药的含量.高效液相色谱法的专属性好、稳定性、精密度以及加样回收率都较好,适用于索拉非尼原料药含量的准确测定.     

NP-HPLC法测定二氯二茂钛原料药的含量及有关物质

目的:建立正相高效液相色谱法测定有机金属抗癌原料药二氯二茂钛的含量及有关物质。方法:采用 Shimadzu LC-10A 液相色谱系统,色谱条件:以氰基 Lichrosorb—CN(4 mm×250 mm,5 μm)为色谱柱,以正己烷-二氯甲烷(50:50)为流动相,流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1),紫外检测波长:254 nm,柱温:25℃。以ω-溴代苯乙酮为内标测定二氯二茂钛原料药的含量;以自身对照法测定有关物质。结果:样品中待测组分与内标物分离良好,线性范围为2.5～50μg·mL~(-1),回归方程为 Y=0.0710X 0.0562,r=0.9999(n=7);日内和日间精密度 RSD 均小于1.0%,最低检测限为2 ng;方法的平均回收率(n=9)为99.9%。结论:方法简便、快速,结果准确,专属性强,灵敏度高,可同时测定有机金属类抗癌原料药二氯二茂钛的含量及有关物质。     

UPLC法测定度鲁特韦有关物质含量

目的:建立测定度鲁特韦原料药有关物质含量的超高效液相色谱方法.方法:色谱柱为Waters BEH C18(2.1 mm×150 mm×1.7μm),流动相:10 mmol·L-1甲酸铵溶液(pH=2.5)为流动相A,乙腈为流动相B,梯度洗脱:0～15 min,流动相B 20％ ～80％,柱温30℃,流速0.28 mL·...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.