猫抓病2例报告

猫抓病（CSD）又名良性淋巴网织细胞增多症,由海赛利巴尔通体（简称巴尔通体）感染引起,以皮肤原发病变和局部淋巴结肿大为特征。本院曾收治2例。现报告如下。     

巴尔通体致病机理研究进展

巴尔通体属（Bartonella）中有许多重要的人类病原体,能引起猫抓病、战壕热、卡里翁氏病、菌血症、杆菌性血管瘤、杆菌性紫癜、心内膜炎及视神经视网膜炎。特对巴尔通体的生理及致病机理的研究综述之。     

巴尔通体感染与实验室诊断

巴尔通体 (Bartonella)是一属新发现的能引起动物及人类不同疾病的微生物 ,上个世纪初 ,人们对巴尔通体的了解仅限于 B.bacilliformis。 2 0世纪 90年代以后 ,随着对巴尔通体的了解逐渐加深 ,越来越多的疾病与临床症状均被证实为与巴尔通体的感染有关 ,由于巴尔通体的广泛致病性 ,引起了医学界的关注及重视。1　巴尔通体种类及其特性由于巴尔通体为细胞内生长 ,一度将其归属立克次体目 ,系统发育及所知事实表明 ,巴尔通体不属于专性的细胞内病原体 [1 ] ,故将其从立克次体目分出。基于与 B.bacilliformis DNA-DNA杂交数据及 16 Sr RNA…     

江西省部分地区鼠形动物中巴尔通体分布及基因组序列研究

目的 了解江西省鼠形动物中巴尔通体的携带状况和基因型特征,为巴尔通体感染的疾病预防控制提供科学依据.方法 2018-2019年在南城县、广信区、横峰县、广丰区、铜鼓县5个鼠传疾病监测项目点,采集130只鼠形动物的肝、脾组织标本进行巴尔通体分离培养,挑取形态疑似巴尔通体的菌落纯培养后提取核酸,PCR检测巴尔通体属特异性基...     

以急性胆管炎为首发症状的肝脏猫抓病1例报告

正巴尔通体感染是一种呈现全球分布性的感染性疾病,汉赛巴尔通体(Bartonella henselae)是巴尔通体的一个亚种,被认为是猫抓病(cat scratch disease,CSD)的病原体~([1])。据报道~([2])全球每年猫爪病的发病人数超过4万例。随着家养宠物猫的增多,发病率有上升的趋势。该病原体经猫抓咬人体后侵入人体,临床表现多变,但以局部皮损及引流区域淋巴结肿大为主     

湖北孝感某地蜱虫及人感染蜱媒病原体现状调查

目的了解驻湖北孝感某部营区蜱虫及蜱媒病原体感染现状,为防治蜱媒病对人群健康危害提供科学依据。方法 2012年对某营区的仓库及训练场开展蜱虫调查,采集营区警犬饲养员及离营区20 km医院发热待查患者血样、警卫犬体表及营区草地上的蜱虫,分别提取其基因组DNA,PCR方法检测分析测定病原体基因分型。结果累计收集患者血110份,将血样混合分组,共7组;警犬饲养员血1份。患者血样检出巴尔通体和肺炎军团菌分别为3组和1组,最大似然估计(maximum likelihood estinate,MLE)感染率分别为27.77%(4/110),8.52‰(1/110);警犬饲养员血液检测到巴尔通体。从警犬身上、营区草地上分别采集蜱虫6只、20只。警卫犬体表蜱虫和营区草地蜱虫均检测到巴尔通体和立克次体。营区警犬饲养员及医院发热待查患者血样与营区警犬体表蜱虫检测到的巴尔通体基因型不同,分别为牛巴尔通体(B.bovis USAMRIID-000002),杆菌巴尔通体(B.birtlesii USAMRIID-000020),伊莉萨白巴尔通体(B.elizabethae USAMRIID-000008 or B.grahamii USAMRIID-000026),巴尔通体变形菌(B.grahamii USAMRIID-000026);而警犬体表蜱虫携带的为巴尔通伯格霍夫亚种(Bartonella vinsonii subsp.berkhoffii)基因型Ⅲ。不同来源的样本检测的巴尔通体基因型不同。结论该调查点蜱虫易见,蜱媒病原体感染率高,应采取蜱虫防制措施。     

巴尔通体宿主及传播媒介的研究进展

巴尔通体是通过吸血昆虫传播、可引起人兽共患疾病的病原体,人类感染巴尔通体可以引起发热,心肌炎等疾患。巴尔通体在动物中不仅感染率高而且动物宿主非常广泛。因此,巴尔通体被认为是全世界新发现的重要的人兽共患病病原体。本文系统地介绍近年来巴尔通体在传播媒介和宿主动物等方面的相关研究等。     

浙江省鼠形动物巴尔通体的遗传进化分析

目的分析浙江省鼠形动物中巴尔通体分子遗传进化关系,为巴尔通体人群感染的预防控制提供科学依据。方法用夹夜法在浙江省不同地区、不同季节捕获鼠形动物,无菌操作取鼠肝和脾,用PCR和分离培养检测巴尔通体,对部分阳性产物测序,提交到GenBank,用CLUSTAL W进行匹配,然后用PAUP4.0beta10软件构建系统关系,分析其遗传进化关系。结果我们分别从黑线姬鼠、黄毛鼠、褐家鼠、黑腹绒鼠、社鼠、臭鼩鼱、东方田鼠、黄胸鼠和大林姬鼠中检测到巴尔通体特异DNA片段,浙江首次从黑线姬鼠脾中分离出一株巴尔通体。遗传进化分析显示我们检测到的巴尔通体与Bartonellaratti massiliensis以及对人类有致病性的B.grahamii的遗传关系最近。结论浙江省鼠类中广泛存在巴尔通体感染,而且携带人类致病性巴尔通体,存在人群感染风险。     

巴尔通体在厦门市鼠形动物间及各区域间的分布

目的掌握厦门地区鼠形动物巴尔通体流行情况,证实厦门市鼠形动物感染巴尔通体菌属,为控制人巴尔通体流行提供参考依据。方法根据厦门市行政区划和地理状况划片,随机抽取3个不同区作为调查点。在不同生境采用笼日法捕鼠,取血,用细胞培养法分离巴尔通体;PCR扩增细菌gltA基因片段（376 bp）,并进行序列分析,寻查本地巴尔通体属种。结果厦门市以褐家鼠为巴尔通体主要宿主动物（51.21%）,其次为臭鼩鼱（29.09%）、黄胸鼠（16.36%）及小家鼠、黑家鼠和黄毛鼠等（3.33%）。3个区共采集鼠形动物血样330份,培养分离出巴尔通体84株,感染率25.45%,其中以臭鼩鼱感染率最高,为32.29%,黄胸鼠为24.07%、褐家鼠为23.08%;各调查点鼠形动物巴尔通体感染率分别为：湖里22.64%,海沧28.68%,同安24.51%,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。查出的巴尔通体分别为B.elizabethae、B.queenslandensis和B.tribocorum,其中B.tribocorum分为A、B两群,B群仅感染臭鼩鼱。结论厦门市鼠形动物巴尔通体感染普遍,且存在宿主多样性和菌株对宿主的选择性。     

蚤、蜱中巴尔通体的分离培养及检测鉴定

目的了解蚤、蜱在我国作为巴尔通体传播媒介的可能性，获得其自然状态下存在于吸血节肢动物中的证据。方法采集家猫、狗、牛及鼠类动物体表寄生蚤、蜱，采用含5％去纤维兔血脑心浸液（brain heart infusion，BHI）培养基置于35℃含5％ CO2培养箱中从蚤、蜱中分离巴尔通体，疑似菌落应用聚合酶链反应技术（Polymerase Chain Reaction，PCR）扩增巴尔通体特异基因片段，阳性产物测序并用同源性比较及系统发育分析等方法分析确定巴尔通体的亲缘关系。结果分别从猫栉首蚤、微小牛蜱中各分离出1株巴尔通体，用5对巴尔通体属特异性引物进行PCR反应，扩增产物均产生阳性目标带，证实为巴尔通体属微生物。序列同源性比较发现蚤、蜱分离株之间同源性较小，tRNA^Ile-tRNA^Ala地基因间隔区序列为58．2％、ftsZ基因序列为72．8％；这两株菌分别与云南鼠类宿主血液中分离的巴尔通体菌株RT222SM、RT221SM同源性最大，与其它已知巴尔通体同源性均较小。蚤培养物与RT222SM的tRNA^Ile-tRNA^Ala基因间隔区的同源性是77．9％、与ftsZ是96．2％；蜱培养物与RT221SM的tRNA^Ile-tRNA^Ala基因间隔区的同源性是99．4％，与云南鼠血中分离的Rf1561yn的gltA基因338bp核酸序列同源性为99．1％，基于gltA种系发育分析提示与Rfl561yn亲缘关系最近。结论从猫栉首蚤、微小牛蜱中分离培养出巴尔通体，为蚤、蜱作为巴尔通体传播媒介提供了线索，同时为在我国进一步开展媒介生物中巴尔通体感染情况调查提供了实验方法的参考依据。同源性搜索、比较及系统发育分析支持这2株巴尔通体与中国云南分离的巴尔通体基因型相似，而与国外的巴尔通体分离株亲缘关系较远。     

Ecological diversity of Bartonella species infection among dogs and their owner in Virginia

Bartonella species comprise a genus of gram-negative, fastidious, intracellular bacteria that have been implicated in association with an increasing spectrum of disease manifestations in dogs and human patients. In this study, chronic canine and human disease, for which causation was not diagnostically defined, were reported by the breeder of a kennel of Doberman pinschers. In addition to other diagnostic tests, serology, polymerase chain reaction, and enrichment blood culture were used to assess the prevalence of Bartonella sp. infection in the dogs and their owner. From five dogs, Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii genotype I, multiple Bartonella henselae strains, and a species most similar to Candidatus B. volans, a rodent-associated Bartonella sp., were amplified and sequenced from biopsy tissues, cerebrospinal fluid, or blood enrichment cultures. The owner was bacteremic with B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii genotype I, the same subsp. and genotype detected in one of her dogs. These results further emphasize the ecological complexity of Bartonella sp. transmission in nature.     

Identification of Diverse Bartonella Genotypes among Small Mammals from Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania

Abstract. Small mammals from the Democratic Republic (DR) of the Congo and Tanzania were tested to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of Bartonella species. The presence of Bartonella DNA was assessed in spleen samples of the animals by rpoB- and gltA-polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). By rpoB-PCR, Bartonella was detected in 8 of 59 animals of DR Congo and in 16 of 39 Tanzanian animals. By gltA-PCR, Bartonella was detected in 5 and 15 animals of DR Congo and Tanzania, respectively. The gene sequences from Arvicanthis neumanni were closely related to Bartonella elizabethae. The genotypes from Lophuromys spp. and from Praomys delectorum were close to Bartonella tribocorum. Five genogroups were not genetically related to any known Bartonella species. These results suggest the need to conduct further studies to establish the zoonotic risks linked with those Bartonella species and, in particular, to verify whether these agents might be responsible for human cases of febrile illness of unknown etiology in Africa.     

Bartonella strains in small mammals from Dhaka, Bangladesh, related to Bartonella in America and Europe

Ecological and bacteriologic observations of small mammals captured in Dhaka, Bangladesh, indicated that Bartonella infections occurred in high prevalence among lesser bandicoot rats (Bandicota bengalensis), black rats (Rattus rattus), and house shrews (Suncus murinus). Sequence analysis of the citrate synthase gene of Bartonella isolates showed that small mammals in Bangladesh harbored a diverse assemblage of strains. Some cultures were genetically related to Bartonella elizabethae, a species identified from a human patient in the United States. Sequences of some other cultures from Bandicota and Rattus rats were identical to sequences of cultures from domestic rats in France, Portugal, and the United States. The finding of Bartonella species in a high proportion of the mammalian samples from Dhaka suggests the need to study whether these agents might be responsible for human cases of febrile illness of unknown etiology in Bangladesh and elsewhere in south Asia.     

福建省鼠形动物巴尔通体感染调查

目的了解福建省巴尔通体在鼠形动物中的感染分布状况。方法被检标本于2005年5~9月收集自福建省厦门市所捕捉活鼠,用5%兔心血的脑心浸液琼脂培养基分离巴尔通体,可疑菌落分纯1~4代;以聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增特异性高的枸橼酸合酶基因(gltA)的379bp片段,以证实为巴尔通体。结果共捕鼠形动物151只,分离到22株巴尔通体,分离率为14.57%。菌株分布于2属2目,其中褐家鼠8.97%,臭鼩鼱20.55%,臭鼩鼱带菌的报告在国内外尚属首次。结论本文报道首次证实巴尔通体在福建省鼠形动物中流行,且感染率高,需对感染分布状况开展进一步的流行病学调查;各种巴尔通体对应于不同的人类疾病,还需采用分子生物学方法作巴尔通体系统发育关系分析。臭鼩鼱在南方占室内鼠形动物的50%左右,组成比例有增大趋势,臭鼩鼱感染巴尔通体的流行病学意义不言而喻。     

Genetic and ecologic characteristics of Bartonella communities in rodents in southern China

Ecologic and bacteriologic observations of small mammals captured in Yunnan Province in the People's Republic of China indicated that Bartonella infections occurred at a high prevalence among some rodent species. Sequence analyses of the citrate synthase genes of these Bartonella demonstrated that rodents in this region harbored a diverse assemblage of strains. The Bartonella isolates obtained from Apodemus, Eothenomys, and Rattus typically clustered separately by genus of rodent host. Cultures obtained from Rattus rats were genetically related to Bartonella elizabethae, a recognized human pathogen. The finding of Bartonella species in a high proportion of the rodent samples from Yunnan suggests the need to investigate whether these agents might be responsible for cases of febrile illnesses of unknown etiology in southern China and elsewhere in southeastern Asia.     

首次证实巴尔通体在我国云南鼠群中流行

目的　了解巴尔通体 (Bartonella)在云南鼠群中的分布及流行特征。方法　被检鼠血为 1999年 10月收集自云南省的 3个调查地区 ,采用兔血心浸液琼脂培养基进行巴尔通体分离 ,以聚合酶链反应 (PCR)对枸橼酸合酶基因 (gltA)的379bp片段进行扩增以证实是否巴尔通体 ,阳性者行以序列测定并与已知菌株加以比较。 结果与结论　从 131份鼠血分离到5 8株巴尔通体 (44 3% )。菌株分布于各调查点 ,感染鼠分属 3个属 6个种 ,以姬鼠属 (Apodemus)的带菌率最高 (6 2 2 % ,2 8/4 5 ) ,家鼠属 (Rattus)次之 (41 5 % ,2 7/ 6 5 ) ,绒鼠属 (Eothenomys)居第三位 (18 8% ,3/ 16 ) ,表明巴尔通体在云南常见鼠种中广泛分布及高度流行。所有菌株按其分离鼠属可分为 3群 ,具有以属为水平的宿主特异性。依基因结构可将它们分为 2 0个变异体 (家鼠属 8个 ;姬鼠属 12个 ;绒鼠属 2个 ) ,其中 17个为新发现变异体 ,表明云南巴尔通体基因型别的多样性。 7个家鼠巴尔通体变异体可分为B elizabethae、B tribocorum和新种B yunnannensis 3个基因型。由于云南巴尔通体的高度流行及基因型别的多样性 ,一些不明原因的疾病可能与巴尔通体的感染有关。需要对该地区巴尔通体的流行情况及对人类致病作用进行系统的调查和研究     

Bartonella infection in shelter cats and dogs and their ectoparasites

Mainly through vector transmission, domestic cats and dogs are infected by several Bartonella spp. and represent a large reservoir for human infections. This study investigated the relationship of prevalences of Bartonella infection in shelter dogs and cats and various ectoparasite species infesting them (fleas, ticks, and lice). Moreover, relationships between Bartonella infection and animal gender and age and presence of ectoparasites were analyzed. Blood samples were collected from 120 dogs and 103 cats. There were 386 ticks and 36 fleas harvested on these dogs, and 141 fleas, 4 ticks, and 2 lice harvested on these cats. Isolation/detection of Bartonella sp. was performed by culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and partial sequencing. Bartonella was isolated from 21 (20.4%) cats and detected by PCR from 20 (19.4%) cats, 2 (1.7%) dogs, 55 (39%) fleas collected from cats, 28 (10%) ticks DNA samples, and 1 (2.8%) flea collected from dogs. When combining culture and PCR data, 27 cats and 55 fleas collected on cats were positive for Bartonella henselae or Bartonella clarridgeiae, but none were coinfected. Approximately half of the B. henselae isolates from 21 cats were B. henselae type I. Moreover, B. henselae, Bartonella phoceensis, Bartonella queenslandensis, Bartonella rattimassiliensis, Bartonella elizabethae DNA was detected in ticks collected from dogs and one flea was B. clarridgeiae PCR positive. This is the first report of such a wide variety of Bartonella spp. detected in Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Further studies are required to understand the relative importance of these ectoparasites to transmit Bartonella spp. in dogs and cats.     

Bartonelloses

Bartonellae belong to less known causal agents of many human diseases. They are gram-negative bacteria growing slowly on culture media enriched with hemin or bovine serum. The genus Bartonella, which currently involves more than 15 species, is present worldwide. Bartonellae live in natural foci in dependence on the occurrence of natural host (rodents, felines, canidae, human) and insect vector (flea, tick, louse). By reservoir animals they usually cause permanent intraerythrocytic bacteraemia without system inflammation symptoms. A classical example of a human disease is cat scratch disease (CSD) caused by Bartonella henselae and characterised by regional lymphagoitis and lymphadenitis. Increasing interest is being devoted to the ability of Bartonella sp. (e.i. B. quintana) to cause the opportune infections with diverse clinical manifestation: bacillary angiomatosis, specific liver and spleen vasculitis (peliosis hepatis, splenis), endocarditis and others. The issue of Bartonella infections is relatively new and its importance is still growing with increasing knowledge in this field.