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目的 分析儿童原发性免疫缺陷病(PID)的临床发病及诊断情况,增强儿科医师对该类疾病的认识.方法 回顾性分析重庆医科大学附属儿童医院1993年5月至2007年12月诊断的135例PID患儿的临床资料,包括发病时症状体征、性别、发病年龄、家族史、免疫学结果 及诊断情况.结果 135例患儿中以抗体缺陷最多,占34.8%.吞噬细胞缺陷占18.5%,其他明确的免疫缺陷综合征占14.8%,联合免疫缺陷占11.9%,免疫失调性疾病占5.9%,补体缺陷占0.7%,其他PID占13.3%.男女比例为110:25,临床诊断与基因诊断比例为98:37.1993-1996年诊断9例,1997-2000年诊断23例,2001-2003年诊断31例,2004-2007年诊断72例,诊断病例数逐年增加.其中2001-2003年基因诊断7例,2004-2007年基因诊断30例.结论 PID为一组主要见于婴幼儿的遗传病,是引起儿童反复、严重、致残、致死性感染的重要原因.近年来诊断的PID病例数逐年增加,基因分析是确诊该类疾病的重要手段.     

抗血小板自身抗体鉴别儿童慢性血小板减少性紫癜的类型

该研究检测了慢性血小板减少性紫癜(TP)治疗中血小板和血浆中的抗血小板自身抗体(AAb)。方法有明确免疫性血小板减少症(血小板≤150×10~9/L),病程在6个月以上的儿童(67例)和成人(23例)即诊断为慢性 TP,患者伴随疾病有系统性红斑狼疮5例,慢性淋巴细胞性白血病1例,人类免疫缺陷病毒感染1例,肉瘤1例,新生儿 TP1例,12例因标本含血小板不足(<10~8)被除外。患者至少3     

在慢性免疫性血小板减少症患儿中甄别原发性免疫缺陷症

原发性免疫缺陷症(primary immunodeficiency,PID)是一组由免疫通路上特定功能性位点突变引起免疫调控异常的遗传性疾病,免疫性血小板减少为其常见表现,且病程迁延、反复,呈现慢性免疫性血小板减少状态.而免疫性血小板减少症(immune thrombocytopenic purpura,1TP)是儿童...     

小儿过敏性和免疫性疾病诊断治疗进展

1　原发性免疫缺陷病 (PID)已明确的PID达到 12 0种以上 ,随着分子遗传学的快速发展 ,每年都有大约 10种新的PID被发现。儿科医生对PID认识能力和实验室诊断技术的提高 ,也使检出率明显增高。国内PID的报道较以往增多 ,一些误诊为其他疾病者 ,经分子生物学技术可得以确诊。有报道 3例WASP基因分析确诊的湿疹血小板减少伴免疫缺陷 (WAS)患儿中 ,有 1例轻型患儿仅有血小板减少 ,而被长期误诊为特发性血小板减少性紫癜即是典型的例子。国内首次报道 1例Ⅰ型白细胞粘附分子缺陷病 (LAD I) ,患儿白细胞缺乏粘附分子CD18,中性粒细胞不…     

单中心174例原发性免疫缺陷病临床预警症状的初步探讨

目的 分析并总结原发性免疫缺陷病（PID）患儿的临床感染特征和预警症状,了解预警症状对PID早期识别的应用价值。方法 参考2011年免疫学会国际联合会(IUIS)PID分类委员会公布的方案、泛美免疫缺陷病组(PAGID)和欧洲免疫缺陷病协会(ESID)提出的PID诊断和分类标准,在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院2000年10月至2011年11月病例检索系统检索出院诊断中含有上述PID分类疾病的病历,对于诊断低丙种球蛋白血症和联合免疫缺陷的患儿除外继发性免疫缺陷病,逐份查阅病历重新诊断,并做出明确、可以和可能诊断,以明确、可以诊断的病例进行预警症状的分析。结果 ①174例PID患儿进入分析,男女比例为4.4∶1,其中抗体缺陷为主的免疫缺陷101例(58.0%),严重联合免疫缺陷病（SCID）34例(19.5%),吞噬细胞功能缺陷19例(10.9%),定义明确的免疫缺陷综合征10例(5.7%),免疫失调性疾病10例(5.7%)。②75例(43.1%)存在反复呼吸道感染,以抗体缺陷为主的免疫缺陷最为常见,与SCID间差异有统计学意义;卡介苗接种后异常反应在慢性肉芽肿病（CGD）中最多见,与抗体缺陷为主的免疫缺陷和SCID比较差异有统计学意义;腹泻病在定义明确的免疫缺陷综合征中较常见,败血症在SCID和CGD患儿中较常见,但PID各类型间比较差异无统计学意义。③72例(41.4%)患儿存在营养发育落后,PID各类型间差异无统计学意义;淋巴结、肝和脾肿大以CGD和免疫失调性疾病最为常见;鹅口疮在SCID中常见,与抗体缺陷为主的免疫缺陷差异有统计学意义;肛周脓肿以CGD多见,与其他PID类型比较差异有统计学意义。107例(61.5%)有明确微生物学证据。④PID患儿共电话随访到85例(48.8%),其中死亡28例(32.9%)。⑤124例为明确和可以诊断PID,其中106例(85.5%)具备≥2条预警症状。静脉应用抗生素清除病灶(96.0%)、体重不增或生长发育极度迟缓(41.1%)、反复呼吸道感染(41.9%)和PID家族史(22.6%)在不同类型PID中均占有较高的比例。结论 预警症状对PID有着很好的提示作用,需要静脉应用抗生素清除病灶、体重不增或生长发育极度迟缓和PID家族史对PID有预警意义,中耳炎、中枢神经系统感染和反复呼吸道感染在抗体缺陷为主的免疫缺陷中较为多见, 深部脓肿、卡介苗接种后异常反应对CGD有预警意义。慢性反复发作性腹泻对PID预警作用值得进一步关注。     

艾曲波帕在儿童严重血小板减少血液系统疾病中的临床疗效观察

目的 探讨艾曲波帕在伴有严重血小板减少的血液系统疾病(免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)、重型再生障碍性贫血(SAA)、造血干细胞移植后血小板减少(PT)中的疗效与安全性。方法 回顾性分析2020年9月—2022年3月在青岛大学附属医院应用艾曲波帕治疗的23例患儿临床资料,其中ITP 10例,SAA 8例,PT 5例,评估治疗有效率及不良反应。结果 23例患儿治疗前血小板计数在(1-25)×10⁹/L,治疗前病程在0.25-60个月。ITP治疗有效率为9/10,SAA治疗有效率为5/8,PT治疗有效率为4/5,总有效率为18/23(78%)。23例患儿中仅有1例出现转氨酶升高,给予对症治疗后降至正常。结论 艾曲波帕治疗儿童严重血小板减少的血液系统疾病疗效确切,不良反应少。     

儿童原发性免疫缺陷病的临床特点

目的了解儿童原发性免疫缺陷病(PID)的临床特点,以助于早期识别和诊断。方法对本院儿科住院诊断为PID的26例病例进行回顾性分析,记录病史、出生史、家族史、临床表现、实验室检查、诊断、治疗和转归等情况。结果PID中选择性IgA缺乏症6例,普通变异性免疫缺陷病、婴儿暂时性低丙种球蛋白血症各5例,T、B细胞联合免疫缺陷病、湿疹血小板减少伴免疫缺陷综合征各4例,慢性肉芽肿病2例。25例临床表现为反复感染,感染部位主要是呼吸道和消化道;确定有条件致病菌感染6例,自身免疫性疾病5例,有家族病史6例。住院期间死亡、放弃治疗各1例,其他病情好转出院。结论对反复感染、条件致病菌感染或伴自身免疫性疾病患儿,结合家族史,应尽早行免疫学检查,以早期识别和诊断PID。     

淋巴细胞增生相关性免疫缺陷病10例临床表型及基因诊断分析

目的探讨淋巴细胞增生相关性免疫缺陷病的临床特征及基因突变类型。方法回顾性分析深圳市儿童医院风湿免疫科2014年5月至2016年12月10例淋巴细胞增生相关性免疫缺陷病患儿临床资料,包括临床表现、免疫学检查、基因突变分析、治疗及预后。结果 10例患儿中位起病年龄3岁8个月(4个月至11岁8个月),均表现为肝脾肿大或淋巴结病。外周血细胞减少7例,合并EB病毒血症或感染5例,反复呼吸道感染伴支气管扩张1例。Ig G(9.14~53.27g/L)及B细胞比例(10.6%~78.8%)正常或显著升高。基因检测显示PIK3CD、FASL、NRAS、KRAS、Caspase10或XIAP基因突变。均接受个体化治疗,并定期于免疫科门诊随诊。结论淋巴细胞增生相关性免疫缺陷病常表现为不明原因肝脾肿大或淋巴结病、外周血细胞减少、EB病毒血症或感染,早期完善基因检测有助于确诊,需结合病情和基因突变类型进行个体化治疗。     

传染性单核细胞增多症并发再生障碍性贫血

由EB病毒引起的自限性疾病——传染性单核细胞增多症(以下简称传单)偶可并发血小板减少性紫癜或溶血性贫血,却很少并发全血细胞减少。本文报告1例传单并发严重再生障碍性贫血(以下简称再障),并复习文献上所报道的其他9例传单伴全血细胞减少。     

Wiskott-Aldrich综合征致病基因的回复突变现象及其临床意义

Wiskott-Aldrich综合征(WAS)即湿疹、血小板减少、免疫缺陷综合征,为x连锁隐性遗传,是以湿疹、血小板减少、反复感染、易患淋巴系统恶性肿瘤和自身免疫性疾病为特征的原发性免疫缺陷病(PID).该病致病基因编码的蛋白质为WASP,是由502个氨基酸构成的富含脯氨酸的蛋白质.WASP表达于所有非红系造血细胞,包括CD28~+干细胞、血小板、淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞和树突状细胞,在细胞生长和骨架形成的信号转导过程中发挥重要作用.突变基因在体内发生自发性回复突变,从而导致体细胞嵌合已在多种PID患者中报道,如腺苷脱氨酶缺乏所致的重症联合免疫缺陷(ADA-SCID)~([1])、X连锁的严重联合免疫缺陷(X-SCID)~([2])、白细胞黏附分子缺陷病(LAD)~([3])、因核因子KB必需分子(NEMO)基因突变导致的高IgM综合征和外胚层发育不良~([4-5])等.随着我国基因诊断明确的WAS病例数不断增多,WASP基因的回复突变现象应引起高度关注,现就其发生机制和临床意义综述如下.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.