泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌39种耐药相关基因的研究

目的 研究痰泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌(PRBAB) 39种耐药相关基因.方法 应用法国生物梅里埃公司的API鉴定条/PSE5.0药敏条和美国BD公司的Phoenix NMIC/ID-109鉴定/药敏板进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验,应用PCR法检测1株分离于合格痰标本PRBAB临床分离株29种β-内酰胺酶相关基因(bla)、6种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因(AMEs)、消毒剂/磺胺耐药基因(qacE△1-sul1)、3种整合子基因(intⅠ 1、2、3)等39种耐药相关基因,分析其分布情况.结果 该菌7种耐药相关基因阳性:bla基因(bla TEM、blaADC),AMEs基因[aac(6')-Ⅰb、aac(3)-Ⅰ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、qacE△1-sul1和Ⅰ类整合子基因(intⅠ1)];其他32种基因AMEs基因[aac(6')-Ⅱ、aac(3)-Ⅱ)、ant(2")-Ⅰ)等]均阴性.结论 泛耐药ABA耐药机制为多重机制,主要与7种耐药相关基因(bla TEM、blaADC、aac(6')-Ⅰb、aac(3)-Ⅰ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、qacE△1-sul1和Ⅰ类整合子)有关.     

鲍氏不动杆菌流行株耐药基因及菌株亲缘性分析

目的 了解鲍氏不动杆菌(ABA)流行株耐药基因携带状况和菌株的亲缘性,为医院流行病学溯源提供依据.方法对39株ABA采用PCR检测19种耐药基因(TEM、SHV、PER、VEB、GES、CARB、CTX-M-1群、OXA-23群、OXA-24群、IMP、VIM、DHA、aac(3)-Ⅰ、aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6')-Ⅰ、aac(6')-Ⅱ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、ant(2")-Ⅰ、qacE△1-sull).结果 TEM阳性13株(33.3%)、OXA-23群阳性20株(51.3%)、aac(3)-Ⅰ阳性25株(64.1%)、aac(6')-Ⅰ阳性25株(64.1%)、ant(3")-Ⅰ阳性29株(74.4%)、qacE△1-sull阳性32株(82.1%),其余基因均阴性;聚类分析提示存在克隆传播现象.结论 ABA流行株β-内酰胺酶、氨基糖苷类修饰酶和消毒剂-磺胺耐药基因携带率高,存在克隆传播医院感染流行的危险.     

鲍氏不动杆菌医院感染株亲缘性分析3种方法学的比较

目的 鲍氏不动杆菌(ABA)医院感染株亲缘性3种分析方法学的比较.方法 分别采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE),扩增片段长度多态性分析(AFLP)和多基因聚类分析对27株鲍氏不动杆菌临床分离株进行分析.结果 PFGE分析显示其中的19株鲍氏不动杆菌为同一克隆传播;AFLP显示24株鲍氏不动杆菌为同一克隆传播;而多基因聚类分析则显示,携带8种基因(TEM、OXA-23群、ADC、aac(3)-Ⅰ、aac(6')-Ⅰ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、qacE△1-sul1、int Ⅰ 1)、携带7种基因(TEM、ADC、aac(3)-Ⅰ、aac(6')-Ⅰ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、qacE△1-sul1、int Ⅰ 1)、携带6种基因(TEM、ADC、aac(3)-Ⅰ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、qacE△1-sul1、int Ⅰ 1)的3种ABA克隆为医院的流行株(3个克隆).结论 鲍氏不动杆菌医院感染株亲缘性分析中多基因聚类分析法分辨率高于PFGE与AFLP法.     

鲍氏不动杆菌老年患者分离株亲缘性分析

目的 了解鲍氏不动杆菌(ABA)老年患者分离株亲缘性.方法 采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测20株ABA 33种耐药基因,并作聚类分析.结果 AmpC(染色体型)、TEM、PER阳性率为85%、55%、25%,其余基因均阴性;aac(3)-Ⅰ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、aac(3)-Ⅱ,aac(6')-Ⅰ b、armA阳性率为95%、95%、40%、15%、35%,其余基因均阴性;消毒剂-磺胺耐药基因qacE△1-sull阳性15株(75%);在ABA老年患者分离株中AmpC(染色体型)、TEM、PER、aac(3)-Ⅰ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、armA、qacE△1-sull阳性率高;聚类分析示存在克隆传播现象.结论 ABA老年患者分离株耐药表型与基因检测状况相符,ABA可导致医院感染.     

新疆地区鲍氏不动杆菌氨基糖苷类修饰酶与16S rRNA甲基化酶基因研究

目的 了解新疆地区鲍氏不动杆菌的氨基糖苷类修饰酶与16S rRNA甲基化基因.方法 分离20株鲍氏不动杆菌,并对其进行抗菌药物敏感性试验,用PCR方法检测鲍氏不动杆菌的氨基糖苷类修饰酶与16S rRNA甲基化基因.结果 13株鲍氏不动杆菌检出氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因,其检出率为65%,其中aac(3)-Ⅰ基因阳性4株,阳性率为20%、aac(3)-Ⅱ基因阳性8株,阳性率为40%、aac(6')-Ⅰ ad基因阳性4株,阳性率为20%、aac(6')-Ⅰ b基因阳性0株、aac(6')-Ⅱ基因阳性0株、ant(3')-Ⅰ基因阳性4株,阳性率为20%、ant(2')-Ⅰ基因阳性1株,阳性率为5%,未检出16S rRNA甲基化基因.结论 新疆地区鲍氏不动杆菌存在氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因,未检出16S rRNA甲基化基因.     

全耐药菌10种耐药基因的研究

目的 研究全耐药菌氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因(AMEs)、消毒剂/磺胺耐药基因(qacE△1-sul1)、整合子(int)1、2、3等10种耐药基因的分布.方法 应用法国生物梅里埃公司的API鉴定条/PSE5.0药敏条和美国BD公司的Phoenix NMIC/ID-109鉴定/药敏板鉴定和细菌药敏试验,应用PCR法检测9株全耐药菌临床分离株6种A-MEs、qacE△1-sul、整合子(int)1、2、3等10种耐药基因,并分析其分布.结果 9株全耐药菌共检出8种耐药基因,其分布为aac(6')-Ⅱ、aac(3)-Ⅰ均1株,aac(3)-Ⅱ2株,ant(3")-Ⅰ、ant(2")-Ⅰ均3株,主要阳性耐药基因为aac(6')-Ⅰ b-Cr 4株,qacE△1-sul1、int Ⅰ 15株;int Ⅰ 2、int Ⅰ 3均为阴性;各有1株菌分别为2、3、5、6种基因阳性,2株菌为4种基因阳性;3株菌均为阴性.结论 全耐药菌菌种分布广;耐药机制多为多重机制,主要与A-MEs和Ⅰ类整合子有关,各种耐药基因的分布无特异性,部分菌需进一步研究.     

全耐铜绿假单胞菌40种耐药相关基因的研究

目的 研究全耐铜绿假单胞菌40种耐药相关基因.方法 采用法国生物梅里埃公司的API鉴定条/PSE5.0药敏条和美国BD公司的Phoenix NMIC/ID-109鉴定/药敏板鉴定和细菌药敏试验,应用PCR法检测 1株全耐铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株29种β-内酰胺酶相关基因、外膜蛋白D_2基因(oprD_2)、6种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因(AMEs)、消毒剂/磺胺耐药基因(qacE△1-sull)、3种整合子基因(intⅠ 1、2、3)等40种耐药相关基因,分析其分布情况.结果 在该株菌,6种耐药相关基因阳性,两种β-内酰胺酶基因(blaTEM、bla()XA10)、两种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因[(aac(6')-Ⅱ、aac(3)-Ⅱ)]、(qacE△1-sull和Ⅰ类整合子基因(int Ⅰ 1)],同时oprD_2缺失;其他27种β-内酰胺酶基因、4种氨基糖糖类修饰酶幕因[(aac(6')-Ⅰ b、aac(3)-Ⅰ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、ant(2")-Ⅰ)]和两种整合子基因(int Ⅰ 2、int Ⅰ 3)均为阴性.结论 该株全耐菌耐药机制为多重机制,主要与7种耐药相关基因(blaTEM、blaOXA10、oprD_2缺失、aac(6')-Ⅱ、aac(3)-Ⅱ、qacE△1-sull和Ⅰ类整合子)有关.     

产DHA-1型AmpC酶和TEM-1型β-内酰胺酶及携带Ⅰ类整合子的鲍氏不动杆菌

目的分析鲍氏不动杆菌临床株(编号0524)的β-内酰胺酶基因(BLA)、质粒介导耐氟喹诺酮基因(qnr)、氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因(AMEs)、消毒剂与磺胺类耐药基因(qacE△1-sul1)和Ⅰ类整合子酶基因(intⅠ1)存在情况。方法对0524株应用K-B法检测其耐药表型,应用三维试验检测其产生的β-内酰胺酶表型,应用聚合酶链反应及序列分析方法分析其BLAs、AMEs、qnr、qacE△1-sul1和intⅠ1基因类型。结果0524株鲍氏不动杆菌对第三代头孢菌素、头孢西丁、环丙沙星、阿米卡星耐药,对头孢吡肟、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感,产生AmpC酶,携有blaDHA-1基因,同时blaTEM-1型基因,acc(3)-Ⅰ、aac(6′)-Ⅰ、ant(3″)-;ⅠqacE△1-sull和intⅠ1均阳性,其他受试基因均阴性。结论0524号菌株产生DHA-1型AmpC酶和TEM-1型的广谱β-内酰胺酶,且携带Ⅰ类整合子、消毒剂与磺胺类耐药基因和3种氨基糖苷修饰酶基因,其耐药机制复杂。     

肺炎克雷伯菌临床分离株中出现16S rRNA甲基化酶基因rmtB

目的 了解临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌中16S rRNA甲基化酶基因、氨基糖苷类修饰酶(AMEs)基因存在状况及其遗传学背景.方法 在2005年9月至2006年4月间从住院患者中分离25株肺炎克雷伯菌,采用聚合酶链反应及序列分析的方法分析6种16S rRNA甲基化酶基因(armA、rmtA、rmtB、rmtC、rmtD和npmA)、6种AMEs基因[aac(3)-Ⅰ、aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6')-Ⅰ、aac(6')-Ⅱ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、ant(2")-Ⅰ]、3类整合子(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类)遗传标记整合酶基因(intI1、intI2、intI3)、汞离子还原酶基因merA(为转座子Tn21和Tn501共同的遗传标记)、tnpA基凶(为转座子Tn1、Tn2、Tn3和Tn1000共同的遗传标记).结果 25株中,有5种基因rmtB、aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6')-Ⅰ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、intI1阳性,阳性株数(%)分别为15株(60.0%)、1株(4.0%)、12株(48.0%)、15株(60.0%)、24株(96.0%),其余12种基因均阴性;6种AMEs基因总阳性率为84.0%(21/25).结论临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌中rmtB基因和AMEs基因阳性率均较高,在肺炎克雷伯菌中检出rmtB基因为中国大陆地区首次报道.     

慢性重型肝炎患者痰泛耐药木糖氧化产碱菌木糖氧化亚种39种耐药基因的研究

目的 研究慢性重型肝炎患者痰泛耐药木糖氧化产碱菌木糖氧化亚种(AXXxx)39种耐药基因.方法 应用API鉴定条/PSE5.0药敏条和NMIC/ID-109鉴定/药敏板鉴定和细菌药敏试验,用PCR法检测分离于慢性重型肝炎患者合格痰标本1株泛耐药AXXxx临床分离株16S rRNA、29种β-内酰胺酶基因(bla)、6种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因(AMEs)、1种消毒剂/磺胺耐药基因(qacE△1-sul1)、3种整合子基因(int Ⅰ1、2、3)等39种耐药基因,经测序和同源性分析证实并分析其分布情况.结果 该菌经16S rRNA测序和同源性分析,证实为AXXxx;经测序和同源性分析证实7种耐药基因阳性[两种bla基因(blaTEM-116、blaCARB-8)、3种AMEs基因aac(6′)-Ⅱ、aae(3)-Ⅱ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ、qacE△1-sul1和Ⅰ类整合子基因(int Ⅰ1)];其他27种bla基因、3种AMEs基因(aac (6′)-Ⅰ b、aac(3)-Ⅰ、ant(2″)-Ⅰ]和2种整合子基因(intⅠ 2、intⅠ 3)均为阴性.结论 该株泛耐菌耐药机制为多重机制,主要与7种耐药相关基因[blaTEM-116、blaCARB-8、aac(6′)-Ⅱ、aac(3)-Ⅱ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ、qacE△1-sul1和Ⅰ类整合子]有关.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.