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1.
Introduction
Understanding an individual’s vulnerability to drug addiction has important implications for the development of effective personal treatment plans. Although theories acknowledge impulsive behaviour as a key component of drug addiction, little is known about the influence of trait impulsivity on an individual’s susceptibility to the effects of psychostimulants on impulsivity at critical phases of the addiction cycle.Methods
This study investigated the short and longer-term effects of chronic nicotine administration on impulsive choice in rats selected for high (HI) and low impulsivity (LI) on a delay discounting task. Rats prepared with subcutaneously osmotic mini-pumps received either nicotine (3.16 mg/kg/day [freebase]) or saline for 7 days. Performance was assessed during chronic treatment, early and late withdrawal, and in response to acute nicotine challenges following prolonged abstinence.Results
Chronic nicotine increased impulsive choice in LI but not HI animals. Spontaneous withdrawal was associated with a nicotine abstinence syndrome, the early stages of which were characterised by opposing effects on impulsive choice in HI and LI animals. A transient decrease in impulsivity was observed in HI animals whilst the LI group remained more impulsive for up to 1 week following drug termination. Following normalisation of behaviour, acute nicotine challenges (0.125, 0.25, 0.5 mg/kg, SC) markedly increased impulsive choice regardless of trait impulsivity and drug history.Conclusion
The results indicate that only LI individuals are vulnerable to chronic drug- and withdrawal-induced impairments in self-control which may increase the likelihood of the transition to, and maintenance of, nicotine dependence. 相似文献2.
Rixt van der Veen Marieke C. S. Boshuizen E. Ronald de Kloet 《Psychopharmacology》2013,230(4):547-556
Rationale
Glucocorticoid hormones facilitate sensitization to repeated administration of psychostimulants, an effect that is mediated by glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). It is still unclear, however, at which stage of psychomotor sensitization are stress and GR-mediated effects involved.Objectives
In the present study, we have tested the hypothesis that GR-mediated effects during the phase of repeated amphetamine injections play a crucial role in the long-term expression of sensitization. For this purpose, we used DBA/2 mice, an inbred strain commonly used for the study of stress effects on psychostimulant sensitization.Methods
Animals were treated with the GR antagonist mifepristone (200 mg/kg) at 2.5 h before each daily injection of amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg) or saline in a 5-day protocol. The amphetamine or saline injections were given in the home or a novel context. This was followed by a 2.5-week withdrawal period, without any drug delivery. Following the withdrawal period, two low-dose amphetamine challenges (1.25 mg/kg) were given subsequently, without additional mifepristone.Results
The animals receiving amphetamine in the novel context showed a higher expression of sensitization at challenge as compared to those in the home condition. Mifepristone treatment influenced locomotor response to repeated amphetamine injections, but this effect during the initial phase did not affect the expression of sensitization after a withdrawal period.Conclusion
Our results indicate that GR-related processes during the initial phase of sensitization are involved in, but not crucial for, the development of long-term sensitization. 相似文献3.
Rationale
Reexposure to ethanol during acute withdrawal might facilitate the transition to alcoholism by enhancing the rewarding effect of ethanol.Objective
The conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure was used to test whether ethanol reward is enhanced during acute withdrawal.Methods
DBA/2J mice were exposed to an unbiased one-compartment CPP procedure. Ethanol (0.75, 1.0, or 1.5 g/kg IP) was paired with a distinctive floor cue (CS+), whereas saline was paired with a different floor cue (CS?). The withdrawal (W) group received CS+ trials during acute withdrawal produced by a large dose of ethanol (4 g/kg) given 8 h before each trial. The no-withdrawal (NW) group did not experience acute withdrawal during conditioning trials but was matched for acute withdrawal experience. Floor preference was tested in the absence of ethanol or acute withdrawal.Results
All groups eventually showed a dose-dependent preference for the ethanol-paired cue, but development of CPP was generally more rapid and stable in the W groups than in the NW groups. Acute withdrawal suppressed the normal activating effect of ethanol during CS+ trials, but there were no group differences in test activity.Conclusions
Acute withdrawal enhanced ethanol’s rewarding effect as indexed by CPP. Since this effect depended on ethanol exposure during acute withdrawal, the enhancement of ethanol reward was likely mediated by the alleviation of acute withdrawal, i.e., negative reinforcement. Enhancement of ethanol reward during acute withdrawal may be a key component in the shift from episodic to chronic ethanol consumption that characterizes alcoholism. 相似文献4.
Cigarette craving and withdrawal symptoms during temporary abstinence and the effect of nicotine gum
Jamie Brown Peter Hajek Hayden McRobbie Jo Locker Fiona Gillison Andy McEwen Emma Beard Robert West 《Psychopharmacology》2013,229(1):209-218
Rationale
It is widely believed that nicotine withdrawal symptoms appear within a few hours of stopping smoking, but few data exist documenting their emergence in naturalistic settings. In several countries, nicotine replacement products are licensed for relief of withdrawal symptoms during temporary abstinence, but again, there are no data supporting this from naturalistic settings.Objectives
To examine the emergence of cigarette craving and withdrawal symptoms during temporary abstinence in a naturalistic setting while using either nicotine or placebo gum.Methods
Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study in which 132 dependent smokers abstained for 6 h with the assistance of either nicotine (2 mg, n?=?42 or 4 mg, n?=?24) or placebo (n?=?66) gum while travelling on a non-smoking train. Outcome measures were ratings of craving and mood withdrawal symptoms prior to treatment and at regular intervals during abstinence.Results
In a multivariate analysis of all symptoms, there was no interaction between treatment and time [F(21,110)?=?1.28, p?=?0.20, $ \eta_{\mathrm{p}}^2 $ ?=?0.20] nor an effect of treatment [F(7,124)?=?0.45, p?=?0.87, $ \eta_{\mathrm{p}}^2 $ ?=?0.03]. There was an effect of time [F(21,110)?=?11.59, p?<?0.001, $ \eta_{\mathrm{p}}^2 $ ?=?0.69) and univariate analyses revealed that the majority of symptoms increased linearly throughout the period of abstinence with detectable onsets typically between the first 60 and 180 min of abstinence.Conclusions
Smokers who temporarily abstain in naturalistic settings experience craving and withdrawal symptoms that emerge linearly over the first 6 h of abstinence. Changes in craving and several mood withdrawal symptoms can be detected within the first 3 h. Nicotine gum may not have an acute effect on the development of these symptoms. 相似文献5.
Rationale
Cigarette smokers typically display impulsivity by preferring immediate rewards over larger, delayed rewards at shorter delays than do non-smokers. Suggesting causality, nicotine injections in rats increase the choice for an immediate reward over a larger, delayed reward.Objectives
To examine the generality of this latter effect, the present study employed a delay-discounting task to determine if acute and sub-chronic nicotine will also increase impulsive choice when subjective reward value is manipulated by changes in the probability, rather than magnitude, of reward.Materials and methods
Rats were presented with two levers, one of which delivered an immediate water reward on half of the trials, while the other lever delivered the same reward on every trial, but only after one of five increasing delays.Results
Acute injections of 1.2 mg/kg, but not 0.8 mg/kg, of nicotine increased the preference for the immediate (but less certain) reward lever at intermediate delays. Moreover, twice-daily injections of 0.8 mg/kg of nicotine for 6 days progressively increased the preference for the immediate reward. Latency to make the first response on each trial was not affected by nicotine.Conclusions
The similar increases in impulsive choice produced by both acute and sub-chronic nicotine in delay-discounting paradigms whether subjective reward value is manipulated by changes in reward magnitude or probability suggests that nicotine may be increasing what is common to these paradigms, namely delay discounting. Whatever the mechanism, these data indicate that both acute and sub-chronic nicotine may help develop and maintain an addiction by increasing impulsivity. 相似文献6.
Rationale
Impulsive action is mediated through several neurochemical systems, although it is not clear which role each of these plays in the inability to withhold inappropriate responses. Manipulations of the opioid system alter impulsive action in rodents, although the effects are not consistent across tasks. Previously, we speculated that these discrepancies reflect differences in the cognitive mechanisms that control responding in each task.Objectives
We investigated whether the effect of morphine, a mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonist, on impulsive action depends on the ability of the subjects to time the interval during which they must inhibit a response.Methods
Male Long–Evans rats were trained in a response inhibition (RI) task to withhold responding for sucrose during a 4- or 60-s delay; impulsive action was assessed as increased responding during the delay. The rats were tested following an injection of morphine (0, 1, 3, 6 mg/kg). In a subsequent experiment, the effects of morphine (6 mg/kg) plus the MOR antagonist naloxone (0, 0.3, 1, 3 mg/kg) were investigated.Results
Morphine increased impulsive action, but had different effects in the two conditions: the drug increased the proportion of premature responses as the 4-s interval progressed and produced a general increase in responding across the 60-s interval. Naloxone blocked all morphine-induced effects.Conclusions
The finding that morphine increases impulsive action in a fixed-delay RI task contrasts with our previous evidence which shows no effect in the same task with a variable delay. Thus, MORs disrupt impulsive action only when rats can predict the delay to respond. 相似文献7.
Rationale
Nicotine-induced cognitive enhancement may be a factor maintaining tobacco smoking, particularly in psychiatric populations suffering from cognitive deficits. Schizophrenia patients exhibit higher smoking rates compared with the general population, suggesting that attempts to self-medicate cognitive schizophrenia deficits may underlie these high smoking levels.Objectives
The present study explored pro-cognitive effects of nicotine in a model of schizophrenia-like cognitive dysfunction to test this self-medication hypothesis.Materials and methods
We investigated whether chronic nicotine (3.16 mg/kg/day, base) would attenuate the performance disruption in the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT, a task assessing various cognitive modalities, including attention) induced by repeated administration of phencyclidine (PCP), an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist that induces cognitive deficits relevant to schizophrenia.Results
Chronic nicotine administration shortened 5-CSRTT response latencies under baseline conditions. Nicotine-treated rats also made more correct responses and fewer omissions than vehicle-treated rats. Replicating previous studies, repeated PCP administration (2 mg/kg, 30 min before behavioral testing for two consecutive days followed 2 weeks later by five consecutive days of PCP administration) decreased accuracy and increased response latencies, premature responding, and timeout responding. Chronic nicotine did not attenuate these PCP-induced disruptions.Conclusions
Chronic nicotine had pro-cognitive effects by itself, supporting the hypothesis that cognitive enhancement may contribute to tobacco smoking. At the doses of nicotine and PCP used, however, no support was found for the hypothesis that the beneficial effects of nicotine on cognitive deficits induced by repeated PCP administration, assessed in the 5-CSRTT, are larger than nicotine effects in the absence of PCP. 相似文献8.
Choon-Gon Jang Timothy Whitfield Gery Schulteis George F. Koob Sunmee Wee 《Psychopharmacology》2013,225(3):753-763
Rationale
Negative emotional states during drug withdrawal may contribute to compulsive drug intake and seeking in humans. Studies suggest that extended access to methamphetamine induces compulsive drug intake in rats.Objective
The present study tested the hypothesis that compulsive methamphetamine intake in rats with extended access is associated with negative emotional states during drug withdrawal.Methods
Rats with short (1 h, ShA) and extended access (6 h, LgA) to methamphetamine self-administration (0.05 mg/kg/infusion) were tested for reward thresholds using intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). Different groups of ShA and LgA rats were examined for depression-like and anxiety-like states in the novelty-suppressed feeding, open field, defensive burying, and forced swim tests.Results
With extended access, ICSS thresholds gradually increased, which was correlated with the increase of drug intake. During drug withdrawal, the increased ICSS thresholds returned to levels observed before exposure to extended access to methamphetamine. Upon re-exposure to extended access to methamphetamine, ICSS thresholds showed a more rapid escalation than during the initial exposure. LgA rats showed a longer latency to approach chow in the center of a novel field and remained immobile longer in the forced swim test than ShA rats did during early withdrawal. In contrast, ShA rats actively buried an aversive shock probe whereas LgA rats remained immobile in the defensive burying test.Conclusion
The data suggest that extended access to methamphetamine produces a more depressive-like state than anxiety-like state in rats during early withdrawal. 相似文献9.
Brian Villumsen Broberg Birte Yding Glenthøj Rebecca Dias Dorrit Bjerg Larsen Christina Kurre Olsen 《Psychopharmacology》2009,206(4):631-640
Rationale
Therapies treating cognitive impairments in schizophrenia especially deficits in executive functioning are not available at present.Objective
The current study evaluated the effect of ampakine CX516 in reversing deficits in executive functioning as represented in two animal models of schizophrenia and assessed by a rodent analog of the intradimensional–extradimensional (ID–ED) attentional set-shifting task. The second generation antipsychotic, sertindole, provided further validation of the schizophrenia-like disease models.Methods
Animals were subjected to (a) sub-chronic or (b) early postnatal phencyclidine (PCP) treatment regimes: (a) Administration of either saline or PCP (5 mg/kg, intraperitonally b.i.d. for 7 days) followed by a 7-day washout period and testing on day 8. (b) On postnatal days (PNDs) 7, 9, and 11, rats were subjected to administration of either saline or PCP (20 mg/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.)) and tested on PNDs 56–95, after reaching adulthood. The single test session required rats to dig for food rewards in a series of discriminations following acute administration of either vehicle, or CX516 (5–40 mg/kg, s.c.), or sertindole (1.25 mg/kg, perorally).Results
The specific extradimensional deficits produced by sub-chronic or early postnatal PCP treatment were significantly attenuated by sertindole and dose-dependently by CX516.Conclusion
Findings here further establish PCP treatment as model of executive functioning deficits related to schizophrenia and provide evidence that direct glutamatergic interventions could improve these, when assessed in the ID–ED attentional set-shifting task. 相似文献10.
Williams AM Reis DJ Powell AS Neira LJ Nealey KA Ziegler CE Kloss ND Bilimoria JL Smith CE Walker BM 《Psychopharmacology》2012,223(1):75-88
Rationale
Once dependent on alcohol or opioids, negative affect may accompany withdrawal. Dependent individuals are hypothesized to “self-medicate” in order to cope with withdrawal, which promotes escalated alcohol and drug use.Objectives
The current study aimed to develop a reliable animal model to assess symptoms that occur during spontaneous alcohol and opioid withdrawal.Methods
Dependence was induced using intermittent alcohol exposure or pulsatile heroin delivery and assessed for the presence of withdrawal symptoms during acute withdrawal by measuring somatic signs, behavior in the forced swim test (FST), and air-puff-induced 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs). Additional animals subjected to 8 weeks of alcohol vapor exposure were evaluated for altered somatic signs, operant alcohol self-administration, and 22-kHz USV production, as well as performance in the elevated plus maze (EPM).Results
During spontaneous withdrawal from pulsatile heroin or intermittent alcohol vapor, animals displayed increased somatic withdrawal signs, FST immobility, and 22-kHz USV production but did not show any behavioral change in the EPM unless the duration of alcohol exposure was extended to 4 weeks. Following 8 weeks of alcohol vapor exposure, animals displayed somatic withdrawal signs, escalated alcohol self-administration, and increased 22-kHz USVs.Conclusions
These paradigms provide consistent methods to evaluate the behavioral ramifications, and neurobiological substrates, of alcohol and opioid dependence during spontaneous withdrawal. As immobility in the FST and percent open-arm time in the EPM were dissociable, with 22-kHz USVs paralleling immobility in the FST, assessment of air-puff-induced 22-kHz USVs could provide an ethologically valid alternative to the FST. 相似文献11.
Pietro Cottone Attilio Iemolo Aditi R. Narayan Jina Kwak Duncan Momaney Valentina Sabino 《Psychopharmacology》2013,226(1):127-138
Rationale
Impulsive behavior is categorically differentiated between impulsive action, the inability to withhold from acting out a response, and impulsive choice, the greater preference for an immediate and smaller reward over a delayed but more advantageous reward. While the effects of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonists on impulsive action have been extensively characterized, there are very few and conflicting reports on the effects of this class of drugs on impulsive choice.Objectives
Using a modified adjusting delay task, we investigated the effects of uncompetitive and competitive blockade of NMDA receptors on impulsive choice.Methods
Male Wistar rats were trained in a modified adjusting delay task, which involved repeated choice between a low reinforcing solution delivered immediately and a highly reinforcing solution delivered after a variable delay. Rats were then administered either the NMDA receptor uncompetitive antagonists ketamine or memantine, or the competitive antagonists D-AP-5 or CGS 19755.Results
Ketamine treatment dose-dependently increased impulsive choice, and this effect was selective for low-impulsive but not high-impulsive rats. Similarly, memantine treatment dose-dependently increased impulsive choice with a preferential effect for low-impulsive rats. While D-AP-5 treatment did not affect impulsive choice, CGS 19755 increased impulsivity, however, at the same doses at which it caused a marked response inhibition.Conclusions
NMDA receptor uncompetitive, but not competitive, antagonists significantly increased impulsive choice, preferentially in low-impulsive rats. These findings demonstrate that the effects of NMDA receptor blockade on impulsive choice are not generalizable and depend on the specific mechanism of action of the antagonist used. 相似文献12.
Thien Le Mercedes Xia Min Jia Nathan Sarkar Jerry Chen He Li Gary H. Wynn Robert J. Ursano Kwang H. Choi 《Psychopharmacology》2014,231(23):4569-4577
Rationale
Although chronic use of opiates can induce physical dependence and addiction, individual differences contributing to these symptoms are largely unknown.Objectives
Using intravenous morphine self-administration (MSA), we investigated whether individual differences in drug intake are associated with weight change, acoustic startle reflex (ASR), pre-pulse inhibition (PPI), and drug seeking during spontaneous withdrawal.Methods
Male Sprague-Dawley rats self-administered morphine (0.5 mg/kg/infusion) or saline for 3 weeks (4–6 h/day, 5 days/week) and drug intake and body weight were monitored daily. The ASR and the PPI (baseline, 1 day and 1 week) and drug seeking (1 week) were measured during spontaneous withdrawal.Results
Morphine animals did not gain weight (101 %?±?0.69), while the control animals did (115 %?±?1.06) after 3 weeks of self-administration. The ASR and the PPI were not significantly different between morphine and saline animals in 1-day or 1-week withdrawal. However, individual differences in initial (first 10 min), but not total (4–6 h), morphine intake of the daily sessions were positively correlated with weight change (r?=?0.437, p?=?0.037) and drug seeking (r?=?0.424, p?=?0.035) while inversely correlated with the ASR (r?=??0.544, p?=?0.005) in 1-week withdrawal from chronic morphine.Conclusions
A subgroup of animals that self-administered a larger amount of morphine at the beginning of the daily sessions exhibited subsequent weight gain, reduced ASR, and enhanced drug seeking in morphine withdrawal. Thus, individual differences in initial morphine intake may reveal a novel behavioral phenotype in opioid addiction. 相似文献13.
Objectives
Early onset of heroin use during adolescence might increase chances of later drug addiction. Prior work from our laboratory suggests, however, that adolescent male rats are actually less sensitive than adults to some enduring effects of heroin self-administration. In the present study, we tested two likely correlates of sensitivity to behavioral reinforcement in rats: physical withdrawal and locomotor sensitization.Methods
Adolescent (35 days old at start) and adult (79 days old) male Sprague–Dawley rats were administered escalating doses of heroin, increasing from 1.0 to 8.0 mg/kg (i.p.) every 12 h, across 13 days. Somatic signs of spontaneous withdrawal were scored 12 and 24 h after the last injection, and then every 24 h for 5 days; locomotion was recorded concurrently. Challenge injections of heroin (1 mg/kg?i.p.) were given at four points: as the first of the escalating doses (day 1), at days 7 and 13 during the escalating regimen, and after 12 days of forced abstinence. Body mass and food intake were measured throughout experimentation.Results
A heroin withdrawal syndrome was not observed among adolescents as it was among adults, including somatic signs as well as reduced locomotion, body mass, and food intake. On the other hand, heroin-induced locomotor sensitization did not differ across ages.Conclusion
Reduced withdrawal is consistent with the attenuated reinforcing effects of heroin among adolescent male rats that we reported previously. Thus, it is possible that adolescent rats could reveal important neuroprotective factors for use in treatment of heroin dependence. 相似文献14.
Peter J. Rogers Susan V. Heatherley Emma L. Mullings Jessica E. Smith 《Psychopharmacology》2013,226(2):229-240
Rationale
Despite 100 years of psychopharmacological research, the extent to which caffeine consumption benefits human functioning remains unclear.Objectives
To measure the effects of overnight caffeine abstinence and caffeine administration as a function of level of habitual caffeine consumption.Methods
Medium-high (n?=?212) and non-low (n?=?157) caffeine consumers completed self-report measures and computer-based tasks before (starting at 10:30 AM) and after double-blind treatment with either caffeine (100 mg, then 150 mg) or placebo. The first treatment was given at 11:15 AM and the second at 12:45 PM, with post-treatment measures repeated twice between 1:45 PM and 3:30 PM.Results
Caffeine withdrawal was associated with some detrimental effects at 10:30 AM, and more severe effects, including greater sleepiness, lower mental alertness, and poorer performance on simple reaction time, choice reaction time and recognition memory tasks, later in the afternoon. Caffeine improved these measures in medium-high consumers but, apart from decreasing sleepiness, had little effect on them in non-low consumers. The failure of caffeine to increase mental alertness and improve mental performance in non-low consumers was related to a substantial caffeine-induced increase in anxiety/jitteriness that offset the benefit of decreased sleepiness. Caffeine enhanced physical performance (faster tapping speed and faster simple and choice reaction times) in both medium-high and non-low consumers.Conclusions
While caffeine benefits motor performance and tolerance develops to its tendency to increase anxiety/jitteriness, tolerance to its effects on sleepiness means that frequent consumption fails to enhance mental alertness and mental performance. 相似文献15.
Rationale
Successful treatment of cocaine addiction is severely impeded by the propensity of users to relapse. Withdrawal severity may serve as a key predictor of susceptibility to relapse. Therefore, the identification and treatment of cocaine withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety may improve addiction treatment outcome.Objectives
The current study examined the role of anxiety-like behavior during cocaine withdrawal and anxiolytic treatment in reinstatement of cocaine seeking in an animal model of relapse.Methods
Male rats experienced daily IV cocaine self-administration. One group of animals received the norepinephrine α-2 agonist, guanfacine, or vehicle prior to anxiety testing 48 h after the last self-administration session. In the second group of rats, relationships between cocaine intake, anxiety-like behavior after withdrawal of cocaine, and reinstatement responding were investigated. The third and fourth groups of animals received guanfacine, yohimbine (norepinephrine α-2 antagonist), or vehicle once per day for 3 days 48 h after cessation of cocaine self-administration, followed by extinction and subsequent reinstatement induced by cocaine injections, cocaine-paired cues, and yohimbine administration.Results
Cocaine-withdrawn rats at 48 h demonstrated higher levels of anxiety-like behavior as measured on a defensive burying task when compared to yoked saline controls, an effect reversed by guanfacine treatment. Cocaine intake was positively correlated with measures of anxiety-like behavior during early withdrawal, and this anxiety-like behavior was significantly correlated with subsequent cocaine-primed reinstatement. Yohimbine treatment during early withdrawal increased reinstatement to conditioned cues, while guanfacine treatment reduced reinstatement to yohimbine.Conclusions
These studies suggest an important role for noradrenergic mediation of anxiety-like behavior that emerges after withdrawal of cocaine and potential risk of relapse as modeled by reinstatement, and suggest that treatment of anxiety symptoms during early abstinence may reduce the risk of relapse. 相似文献16.
Laurent Becquemont Tiba Delespierre Bernard Bauduceau Linda Benattar-Zibi Gilles Berrut Emmanuelle Corruble Nicolas Danchin Geneviève Derumeaux Jean Doucet Bruno Falissard Francoise Forette Olivier Hanon Florence Pasquier Michel Pinget Rissane Ourabah Sophie Bucher Aida Lazkani Celine Piedvache Philippe Bertin 《European journal of clinical pharmacology》2014,70(10):1237-1242
17.
Rationale
Schizophrenia is a debilitating disorder comprising positive, negative and cognitive deficits with a poorly defined neurobiological aetiology; therefore, animal models with greater translational reliability are essential to develop improved therapies.Objectives
This study combines two developmental challenges in rats, neonatal phencyclidine (PCP) injection and subsequent rearing in social isolation from weaning, to attempt to produce more robust behavioural deficits with greater translational relevance to schizophrenia than either challenge alone.Methods
Forty-two male Lister-hooded rat pups received the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, phencyclidine (PCP, 10 mg/kg, s.c.), or vehicle on post-natal day (PND) 7, 9 and 11 and were weaned on PND 23 into group housing (saline-treated n?=?11 or PCP-treated n?=?10) or isolation (saline n?=?10 or PCP n?=?11). Six weeks post-weaning, novelty- and PCP-induced (3.2 mg/kg) locomotor activity, novel object discrimination, prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle and contextual memory in a conditioned emotion response (CER) were recorded.Results
Isolation rearing alone significantly elevated baseline locomotor activity and induced visual recognition memory impairment in novel object discrimination. Neonatal PCP treatment did not induce locomotor sensitisation to a subsequent acute PCP injection, but it impaired prepulse inhibition when combined with isolation rearing. CER freezing behaviour was significantly reduced by isolation rearing but an even greater effect occurred when combined with neonatal PCP treatment.Conclusions
Neonatal PCP and isolation rearing both produce behavioural deficits in adult rats, but combined treatment caused a wider range of more severe cognitive impairments, providing a more comprehensive preclinical model to determine the neurobiological aetiology of schizophrenia than either treatment alone. 相似文献18.
Jennifer Johnston Nicholas Lintzeris David J. Allsop Anastasia Suraev Jessica Booth Dean S. Carson David Helliwell Adam Winstock Iain S. McGregor 《Psychopharmacology》2014,231(24):4623-4636
Rationale
Preclinical studies suggest that lithium carbonate (lithium) can reduce precipitated cannabinoid withdrawal in rats by stimulating release of the neuropeptide oxytocin, while two open-label studies indicate lithium may ameliorate cannabis withdrawal symptoms in humans.Objectives
This study was conducted to examine the efficacy and safety of lithium in the inpatient management of cannabis withdrawal and to determine whether lithium affects plasma oxytocin and the rate of elimination of plasma cannabinoids during abstinence.Methods
Treatment-seeking cannabis-dependent adults (n?=?38) were admitted for 8 days to an inpatient withdrawal unit and randomized to either oral lithium (500 mg) or placebo given twice a day under double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) conditions. Primary outcomes included withdrawal severity [cannabis withdrawal scale (CWS)], rates of detoxification completion, and adverse events. Plasma cannabinoids, plasma oxytocin and serum lithium levels were measured repeatedly over admission. Follow-up research interviews were conducted at 14, 30, and 90 days postdischarge.Results
Lithium did not significantly affect total CWS scores relative to placebo, although it significantly reduced individual symptoms of “loss of appetite,” “stomach aches,” and “nightmares/strange dreams.” No significant group differences were found in treatment retention or adverse events. Lithium did not increase plasma oxytocin levels nor influence the rate of elimination of cannabinoids. Both placebo- and lithium-treated participants showed reduced levels of cannabis use (verified by urinalysis) and improved health and psychosocial outcomes at 30- and 90-day follow-up relative to pretreatment baselines.Conclusions
Despite the strong rationale for the present study, the efficacy of lithium over placebo in the management of cannabis withdrawal was not demonstrated. 相似文献19.
Rationale
Large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BKCa or KCa1.1) channels are well-known molecular targets for the action of alcohol and therefore may play an important role in the pathogenesis of alcohol withdrawal syndrome.Objectives
We evaluate the modifications of total outward K+ currents and protein expression of BKCa channels α-subunit in inferior colliculus (IC) neurons obtained from controls and rats subjected to alcohol withdrawal associated with enhanced susceptibility to seizures.Methods
Outward K+ currents and BKCa channel proteins were measured using the whole cell configuration of patch clamp techniques and Western blot analysis, respectively.Results
Total outward K+ current density was significantly reduced in IC neurons at 24 and 48 h during the alcohol withdrawal period when the susceptibility to seizures was maximal and absent, respectively. The iberiotoxin-sensitive (BKCa) current density and conductance also were significantly reduced at 24 h following alcohol withdrawal. Consistent with functional data, the levels of protein expression of α-subunit associated with BKCa channels also was significantly reduced in IC neurons at 24 and 48 h following alcohol withdrawal.Conclusions
The downregulation of BKCa channels outlasts the finite period of elevated susceptibility to alcohol withdrawal seizures. These findings indicate that BKCa channels, per se, may not be fundamentally important for the generation of alcohol withdrawal seizures. 相似文献20.
Maria Sabrina Spano Liana Fattore Francesca Cadeddu Walter Fratta Paola Fadda 《Psychopharmacology》2013,225(3):531-542