保定市高血压患病危险因素调查

目的了解保定市高血压患病危险因素.方法按照多阶段随机抽样的方法共抽取420例18～69岁居民,通过问卷调查吸烟、饮酒、饮食习惯等,测量身高、体重、腰围、臀围、血压值,化验血糖和血脂,诊断标准按照1999年<中国高血压防治指南>血压平均值收缩压≥140 mm Hg和(或)舒张压≥90 mm Hg,或正在服用降压药者确诊为高血压患者.结果性别、生活方式、血糖对血压患病率影响无统计学意义,年龄、体重和血脂对血压影响显著.结论除遗传因素外,年龄增长、超重和肥胖、血脂异常是保定市高血压3个主要危险因素.     

沧州农村地区老年人群体质量指数和腰围与高血压的相关性研究

目的探讨沧州农村地区老年人群体质量指数和腰围与高血压患病率的关系。方法按照整体随机抽样方法,对沧州某农村地区年龄60⁸9岁1560例居民进行问卷调查、医学体检,根据高血压诊断标准分为高血压组868例和非高血压组692例。以不同体质量指数及腰围分层,比较高血压患病率及相关危险因素。结果高血压组超重(33.6%vs 10.8%)、肥胖(38.8%vs 9.7%)、腹型肥胖(36.6%vs 19.4%)、超重伴腹型肥胖(23.3%vs6.1%)检出率明显高于非高血压组(P<0.01)。而腰围异常老年人群患高血压风险度是腰围正常者的2.41倍(95%CI:1.90689岁1560例居民进行问卷调查、医学体检,根据高血压诊断标准分为高血压组868例和非高血压组692例。以不同体质量指数及腰围分层,比较高血压患病率及相关危险因素。结果高血压组超重(33.6%vs 10.8%)、肥胖(38.8%vs 9.7%)、腹型肥胖(36.6%vs 19.4%)、超重伴腹型肥胖(23.3%vs6.1%)检出率明显高于非高血压组(P<0.01)。而腰围异常老年人群患高血压风险度是腰围正常者的2.41倍(95%CI:1.906³.042,P=0.000)。相关因素分析发现,不良饮食习惯、吸烟、饮酒为该地区老年人群超重或肥胖的高危因素。结论沧州农村地区老年人群超重和肥胖形势严峻,体质量指数和腰围与高血压关系密切,不良生活习惯为其高危因素,改善不良饮食结构是高血压等慢性疾病防治的根本。     

徐州地区青少年中学生高血压流行病学调查

目的了解徐州地区11～17岁青少年中学生高血压、超重、肥胖患病状况。探讨青少年超重、肥胖、腹型肥胖、年龄、性别及不同年级段与高血压发生的关系,为青少年高血压的预防、诊断、干预提供流行病学依据。方法采用整群随机抽样方法抽取徐州地区10所初级及高级中学的初一至高三的中学生作为研究对象,对每位参加初筛的调查对象进行血压、体质量、身高、腰围等的测量。对血压进行非同日3次的测量,按照2017年中国3～17岁儿童性别、年龄别和身高别血压参照标准对高血压进行判别;超重和肥胖的定义采用中国肥胖工作组的标准。腹型肥胖的标准为腰围身高比(WHtR)0.46。结果参加调查的学生10 047人,共采纳样本10 004人(女性4 774人,男性5 230人),年龄为11～17岁。经非同日3次测量得出高血压的总患病率为9.8%,其中女生患病率为7.2%,男生患病率为12.2%。肥胖青少年共1 495名,占总人数的14.9%,超重人数为1 698名,占总调查人数的17.0%。正常体质量青少年高血压患病率为5.6%,超重青少年高血压患病率为12.8%,肥胖青少年高血压患病率为25.4%。多因素分析显示:男生(OR=1.450,95%CI 1.256～1.674)、年龄(OR=1.770,95%CI 1.537～2.037)、超重(OR=1.858,95%CI 1.465～2.357)、肥胖(OR=4.010,95%CI 3.084～5.214)、腹型肥胖(OR=1.497,95%CI 1.184～1.892)、初中和高中三年级(OR=1.488,95%CI 1.250～1.772)是青少年高血压的危险因素。男生中,年龄14岁青少年高血压患病风险是年龄≤14岁的2.456倍(OR=2.456,95%CI 2.050～2.943),而女生中,年龄14岁与年龄≤14岁青少年高血压的患病风险差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。在正常体质量类型中,腹型肥胖患高血压风险是非腹型肥胖的1.848倍(OR=1.848,95%CI 1.334～2.559)。结论徐州地区青少年高血压患病率较高。性别、年龄、体质量指数、腹型肥胖、不同年级为青少年中学生高血压患病的影响因素。超重、肥胖为青少年患高血压的最重要独立危险因素。     

柳州市10408成人中高血压患病率调查

目的了解柳州市成人中高血压患病情况,为人群干预作基线调查.方法整群抽样市区常居人口10408人,平均年龄37.4±10.7岁.调查一般人口学指标,测定血压,体重指数,腰围及血液有关生化参数.结果本组人群高血压标化患病率为 16.97%,男 19.56%,女 14.23 %;一级高血压占72.05%,二级占22.40%,三级占5.55%;高血压组中空腹血糖受损、糖尿病及血脂异常的检出率显著高于血压正常组(P<0.001);超重组、肥胖组高血压患病率均显著高于BMI正常组,其OR值分别为3.93、10.85;腰围增大组高血压患病率显著高于腰围正常组,OR值为5.29.结论柳州市成人高血压患病率已达到较高水平,高血压病人常伴有糖代谢及脂代谢异常,年龄、超重或肥胖是影响高血压患病率的重要因素.应采取干预措施以降低其危险因素和心血管病的发生率.     

保定市高血压患病危险因素调查

目的了解保定市高血压患病危险因素。方法按照多阶段随机抽样的方法共抽取420例18～69岁居民，通过问卷调查吸烟、饮酒、饮食习惯等，测量身高、体重、腰围、臀围、血压值，化验血糖和血脂，诊断标准按照1999年《中国高血压防治指南》，血压平均值收缩压≥140mmHg和（或）舒张压≥90mmHg，或正在服用降压药者确诊为高血压患者。结果性别、生活方式、血糖对血压患病率影响无统计学意义，年龄、体重和血脂对血压影响显著。结论除遗传因素外，年龄增长、超重和肥胖、血脂异常是保定市高血压3个主要危险因素。     

唐山冀东社区高血压患病率及其影响因素分析

目的 调查唐山冀东社区人群高血压患病率并分析其影响因素.方法 纳入参加2012年1月~2012年12月冀东油田社区健康体检居民8443例,男性4471例,女性3972例,检测身高、体重,计算体重指数（BMI=体重/身高2）,测量腰围,汞柱式血压计测量血压,己糖激酶法检测血糖,酶法检测血脂[包括：甘油三脂（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）];采用logistic回归分析高血压的危险因素.结果 ①调查人群中高血压患者2647例（31.35%）,其中男性1726例,女性921例;②与非高血压人群相比,高血压患者的年龄、BMI、腰围、收缩压、舒张压、TC、TG、LDL-C和FBG高于血压正常者,HDL-C水平低于血压正常者,两组间比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;③＜60岁人群中,男性高血压发病率高于女性（36.34% vs.18.99%）,＞60岁人群中,女性高血压发病率高于男性（56.46% vs.56.95%）;④年龄、男性、超重/肥胖、血糖、TG和TC均是高血压的独立危险因素.结论 唐山冀东社区人群高血压患病率为31.35%,并随年龄增加而增加,雌激素对于女性具有保护作用;年龄、男性、超重/肥胖、血糖增高、高TG和高TC是高血压的独立危险因素.     

脂肪肝与高血压、高血糖、高血脂、超重的相关性

目的 分析脂肪肝与高血压、高血糖、高血脂、超重之间的相关性.方法 在重庆市某高校在职教职工1 056名健康体检中,对教职工血脂异常、超重/肥胖、高血糖、高血压检出情况进行对比分析,并对脂肪肝检出的危险因素进行多元回归分析.结果 高校教职工脂肪肝检出297人,脂肪肝检出率28.1％.其血脂异常的检出率63.0％,超重/肥胖检出率61.9％,高血压检出率36.0％,脂肪肝检出者的血脂异常、超重/肥胖、高血压检出率均显著高于非脂肪肝检出者(P＜0.01).脂肪肝检出者的BMI、SBP、DBP、TC、TG、HDL、LDL、FPG与非脂肪肝组相比差异均有统计学意义.排除其他混杂因素后,超重/肥胖、SBP、TG是脂肪肝的独立危险因素,HDL是脂肪肝的保护因素.结论 高校教职工脂肪肝检出率较高,应积极防治脂肪肝的危险因素,健康生活,合理膳食,加强体育锻炼,定期检测,以降低脂肪肝患病率.     

2001年虎门镇渔民高血压患病率调查

目的了解虎门镇渔民的高血压患病率及相关危险因素.方法对1000名渔民进行血压及相关因素调查,然后进行统计学处理及临床分析.结果按JNC-VI标准,虎门镇渔民的标化高血压患病率为16.55%,高血压渔民的靶器官损害检出率为59.4%.其中心>肾>脑(P<0.01).结论虎门镇渔民高血压患病率高于全国水平,超体重,烟酒,饮食过咸,和精神紧张等都是渔民高血压危险因素,要提高渔民对高血压的认识,从控制危险因素开始防治高血压.     

绍兴市不同体重指数人群的血压均值及高血压患病率调查

超重和肥胖是高血压和其他心血管疾病最主要的危险因素之一[1],也正日益成为疾病预防控制中的研究热点.为进一步了解我市人群中超重和肥胖的发生率及对人群高血压水平、高血压患病率的影响,我们于2001年以体重指数(BMl)和腰围(WC)作为衡量人体肥胖程度的常用指标,对绍兴市不同地区的居民进行了"不同体重指数人群的血压均值及高血压患病率的调查,现报告如下:     

厦门禾山地区人群高血压危险因素的探讨

目的：分析厦门市禾山地区人群高血压的可能原因及危险因素。方法：１９９８ 年对该地区占应检人数８０２％ 的１１０００ 名人群高血压心血管疾病调查,抽样检查部分正常（ｎ＝ ２００）、临界（ｎ＝ １００）、确诊（ｎ＝ ３００）高血压的血脂、血糖及体重指数,心电图等检查。对特殊群体另列组分析。　结果：确诊高血压患病率１２８５％ ,比１９７９ 年增加３２ 倍。血脂代谢异常率高血压组明显高于正常血压组（ Ｐ＜ ００１）。高血压患病率随体重指数增大而增高,超重、肥胖发生率高血压组明显高于正常血压组（ Ｐ＜ ００１）。特殊群体高血压患病率明显高于正常血压组（ Ｐ＜ ００１）。结论：该社区高血压患病率明显增加的原因主要与不良的生活方式,肥胖及血脂代谢异常有关。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.