睡眠呼吸暂停分析系统

本文介绍了一种用于监测睡眠呼吸疾患的计算机自动分析系统的工作原理和软硬件设计。该系统实时显示、记录存储人体9种不同生理信号,自动分析报告睡眠、呼吸和血氧饱和度的动态变化。临床应用证明该系统可为临床诊断失眠、鼾症和睡眠呼吸暂停等睡眠障碍提供可靠的客观依据,与传统的记录多导睡眠图的方法相比,具有节省人力、时间和记录纸的优点。     

成年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者多导睡眠图及临床特征分析性差异

目的:分析成年男性阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)患者多导睡眠图及临床特征,明确年龄对OSA严重程度的影响。方法:回顾性研究包括836名成年男性OSA患者,按年龄分为三组:青年组312人(平均年龄37.07岁),中年组359人(平均年龄52.14岁),老年组165人(平均年龄69.43岁)。分析其多导睡眠图和临床特征,并进行相关性分析。结果:中年组和老年组呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、阻塞性呼吸暂停指数(OAI)、AHI-NREM和AHI-REM均无显著统计学意义(P>0.05),但均低于青年组(P<0.01);中年组和老年组的最低血氧饱和度(SaO2)均高于青年组;中枢性呼吸暂停指数(CAI)随年龄增长而升高(P<0.05)。在睡眠结构方面,老年组总睡眠时间、非快速眼动(NREM)睡眠时间和快速眼动期(REM)睡眠时间均缩短,睡眠效率亦低于青年组(P<0.01),但睡眠潜伏期和入睡后觉醒时间(WASO)明显延长(P<0.01)。年龄与以下各项均呈现显著的相关性:AHI(P<0.01),OAI(P<0.01),CAI(P<0.01),最低SaO2(P<0.01)。多重回归分析表明年龄作为独立变量分别与AHI,OAI,CAI具有相关性。结论:在成年OSA患者中,年龄与OSA严重程度具有显著的相关性,表现为OSA随年龄增长而降低。本研究为研究年龄与OSA严重程度的关系提供了新的证据。     

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者心理健康状况分析

目的 :探讨睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 (SAS)患者的心理健康状况。方法 :对 63例疑诊SAS的患者行全夜多导睡眠图 (PSG)检查 ,根据呼吸暂停低通气指数 (AHI)≥ 5次 小时将 43例分为研究组 ,≤ 5次 小时将 3 9例作为对照组 ,分别对其进行抑郁、焦虑症状评定及症状自评量表 (t =4 42 ,P <0 0 1)测定 ,比较两组中各指标的差异性。结果 :研究组SCL -90总分、各因子分躯体化 (t=3 19)、焦虑 (t =4 42 )、抑郁 (t =4 84)、精神病性 (t=3 2 1)以及SAS (t =2 2 )、SDS (t =4 3 8)得分均明显升高。研究组抑郁和焦虑发生率 (分别为 44 19%和 3 2 5 6% )明显高于对照组 ( χ2 =13 0 5 1,P <0 0 1)。结论 :SAS患者存在显著的心理卫生问题。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征并高血压的护理体会

总结阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAS）合并高血压（HT）患者的护理特点。对53例OSAS合并HT者，经鼻持续正压气道装置（nCPAP)及抗高血压药物治疗，减肥、体位训练、合理膳食和心理辅导等全方位护理后，35例症状好转，血压恢复正常；4例对nCPAP不耐受，改为双水平气道正压呼吸机（BiPAP)治疗，病情好转，总有效率达73．6％。     

便携式睡眠呼吸暂停监护系统的设计

目的设计一套可以直接佩戴在患者身上的睡眠呼吸心电监护系统,以便于检测患者是否存在睡眠呼吸暂停症状。方法采用ALTERA公司的FPGA和Nios II 32位软核处理器以及相关的开发工具,应用可编程片上系统(system on a programmable chip,SOPC)的设计方法,将复杂的控制系统集成到单一的FPGA器件上,在Nios II IDE集成开发环境下完成软件开发。系统以嵌入式处理器为核心,通过传感器同步检测患者的呼吸和打鼾的次数,并记录平均每小时出现呼吸暂停的次数和时间。结果可穿戴式的传感器和电极能同时检测患者的呼吸信号、心电信号和心率,并判断呼吸暂停期间心电信号或心率有无异常,情况危急时给予预警。结论经过测试与验证,该系统具有操作简单、轻便低功耗等特点,患者不需住院,直接在居家环境下进行睡眠检测,减少了患者的心理负担,提高了检测的准确度。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的情绪状况

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAS）患者情绪状况的改变。方法 对63例疑诊OSAS的患者行全夜多导睡眠图（PSG）检查，根据呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）分为OSAS组和对照组，对其进行抑郁和焦虑症状评定，比较两组中各指标的差异性。结果 OSAS患者SAS、SDS得分均升高。OSAS患者抑郁和焦虑的发生率分别为44．2％和32．6％，明显高于对照组，以抑郁尤为明显。结论 OSAS患者存在明显情绪障碍。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征病情严重程度的预测因素

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者病情危险程度与临床特征的关系．方法对66例习惯性打鼾者，行多导睡眠呼吸仪监测和鼾声测定，分为单纯打鼾(SS)组和OSAS组，同时测量颈围和体重指数．结果OSAS组患者颈围、体重指数、鼾声均较单纯打鼾组明显增高．体重指数与呼吸紊乱指数(AHI)呈正相关；颈围与鼾声大小呈正相关．结论OSAS患者的AHI随体重的变化而变化，体重越重、病情越重；颈围、鼾声大小是判断OSAS易患的指标．     

睡眠呼吸暂停监测方法及仪器的研究

介绍了睡眠呼吸暂停监测的基本原理和重要意义,阐述了国内外该领域研究的现状,分析了睡眠呼吸暂停监测的几种方法。在此基础上,研制出了价格低廉的便携式睡眠呼吸暂停监测仪。实验结果表明该仪器使用方便,精度高,性能可靠。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征小型猪模型实验研究

以间歇性低压低氧方法建立阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(Obstructivesleepapneasyndrome,OSAS)小型猪模型。8只小型猪编号后随机分为A、B、C组。A为对照组,置于双室低压氧仓二室,维持海平面压力;B、C组置于双室低压氧仓一室,仓内压力约53.9KPa、氧浓度10%~11.2%。3组每天均入仓6h。第13d处死B组,A、C组第23d同时处死。各组进仓前和处死前均行咽部CT扫描、口咽部呼吸压力、血氧饱和度检查;处死后取咽部组织行病理检查。咽部CT扫描示,咽部舌骨水平咽后壁厚度和侧壁厚度,进仓第13d(8.8±1.1vs6.5±0.6,8.1±0.2vs6.3±0.6)和第23d(9.2±1.2vs6.3±0.7,8.9±0.7vs6.4±0.5)均较进仓前有增加(P<0.05)。舌骨水平左右径和软腭水平前后径进仓第13d(7.6±1.4vs9.7±1.4,3.8±1.1vs6.5±1.3)和第23d(6.4±1.6vs9.3±1.5,4.3±0.9vs5.9±0.8)均较进仓前减小(P<0.05)。舌骨后区前后径进仓第23d后较进仓前减小(3.7±0.9VS6.4±0.6,P<0.05)。进仓第23d口咽呼吸压力(0.0755Mv)较进仓前(0.0658Mv)明显增大(P<0.05),而第13d(0.063Mv)较进仓前变化不明显。血氧饱和度进仓第13d(87%)和第23d(88.5%)均较进仓前(96.3%)明显减小(P<0.05)。病理变化:A组:咽部黏膜为复层扁平上皮,黏膜下层薄,肌层横纹清、肌间脂肪少。B组:咽部上皮组织增生伴角化,黏膜下层水肿纤维组织增生,肌层厚横纹不清、肌间脂肪灶性浸润;C组较B组病理变化程度加重。提示:间歇性低压低氧,使小型猪咽腔组织结构和力学特性发生类似OSAS病人的变化,本研究建立的OSAS小型猪模型,能用于人OSAS的进一步研究。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的情绪状况

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者情绪状况的改变. 方法对63例疑诊OSAS的患者行全夜多导睡眠图(PSG)检查,根据呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)分为OSAS组和对照组,对其进行抑郁和焦虑症状评定,比较两组中各指标的差异性. 结果 OSAS患者SAS、SDS得分均升高.OSAS患者抑郁和焦虑的发生率分别为44.2%和32.6%,明显高于对照组,以抑郁尤为明显. 结论 OSAS患者存在明显情绪障碍.     

Variability of bregma in 300 gram Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats

Bregma is used as an anatomical reference point for most freehand and some stereotaxic injections into the rat brain. The variability of bregma with respect to the intraaural line has been examined previously for rats of a wide range of weights. We examined this variability in 282-326 gram male rats of the Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley strains. In both strains, mean bregma was less than that stated in a widely used stereotaxic atlas. Furthermore, the mean bregma of the Sprague-Dawley rats was significantly greater than that for the Long-Evans strain. The results suggest that bregma is inadequate as an anatomical reference for intraventricular injections in rats unless the volume injected is a substantial fraction of ventricular volume.     

REM sleep deprivation impairs bar-press acquisition in rats

Brief REM sleep deprivation immediately after training temporarily retarded bar-press acquisition, abolished observational learning of the bar-press habit, and prevented adaptation to a shift from a CRF to a DRL schedule. These results support the information-processing model of REM sleep function.     

REM sleep deprivation impairs latent extinction in rats

Preextinction exposure to some aspects of the nonreward condition has been shown to facilitate extinction of bar pressing. Deprivation of REM sleep immediately following preextinction experience blocked this facilitation. REM sleep appears to be necessary for assimilation of the preextinction experience.     

Manipulation of the induction of adjuvant arthritis in Sprague-Dawley rats

Objective To investigate the roles of various variables in the induction of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) in the outbred Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, and further characterize its arthritic features by comprehensive examinations. Methods The roles of different preparative techniques, inoculation routes and doses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) suspension as well as the sex preference in the induction of AIA were comparatively studied using clinical assessment. The hind paws of animals were analyzed by radiological and histological examinations. The serum levels of cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were determined by ELISA. Results The particle size and dose of MT played a dominant role in the induction and severity of AIA. Male rats manifested markedly more severe arthritic signs than female rats. After subcutaneously inoculated with 500 μg MT, male rats developed pronounced arthritis with 100% incidence and low variable clinical signs. Even using only 62.5 μg MT, AIA was efficiently induced in male rats and characterized by upregulated expression profiles of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Conclusions Since outbred SD rats are much cheaper and more readily available than Lewis rats, this well-developed SD rat AIA model is an efficient and cost-effective arthritis model available for screening novel anti-arthritic agents. Received 13 February 2006; returned for revision 23 March 2006; accepted by J. Di Battista 31 March 2006     

牛膝甾酮干预SD乳鼠成骨细胞的增殖与分化

文题释义：牛膝甾酮：牛膝为苋科植物牛膝的干燥根,主要含有甾酮类、皂苷类及多糖类成分,具有调节糖代谢、抗炎、镇痛、降血糖、免疫调节等作用,牛膝甾酮是其活性成分之一,目前尚无文献报道其对成骨细胞的生物学效应。 成骨细胞：由间充质干细胞分化而来,直接参与骨形成,其增殖、分化缺陷是骨质疏松症发病的重要原因,研究表明改善成骨细胞功能可有效治疗骨质疏松症。 背景：促进成骨细胞的增殖以及分化是治疗骨质疏松症的有效手段之一,但关于牛膝甾酮对成骨细胞增殖、分化的影响却没有报道。 目的：研究牛膝甾酮对SD乳鼠成骨细胞增殖、分化的影响及其潜在的分子机制。 方法：通过酶消化法获得SD乳鼠成骨细胞,体外诱导培养并鉴定;采用CCK8法检测不同质量浓度牛膝甾酮(1,5,10 mg/L)对成骨细胞活力的影响;采用碱性磷酸酶染色及碱性磷酸酶活性试剂盒评价成骨细胞的早期分化能力;采用茜素红染色观察钙结节的形成数量,评估成骨细胞的矿化能力;采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测成骨分化标志物的表达水平;采用MDC染色检测自噬小体数量。 结果与结论：①相对于不加药对照组,牛膝甾酮在一定程度上抑制成骨细胞的增殖(P < 0.05),但却能够显著促进碱性磷酸酶活性及矿化结节的形成(P < 0.05),同时上调成骨分化标志物CollagenⅠ、OPG、OPN、OCN的表达水平,此外牛膝甾酮还能够促进自噬小体的形成;②结果提示,牛膝甾酮能够通过上调成骨分化相关基因及刺激自噬体的形成而促进成骨细胞的分化。 ORCID: 0000-0002-2837-6347(姜涛) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

Clinical chemistry and haematology historical data in control Sprague-Dawley rats from pre-clinical toxicity studies

The purpose of this paper is to provide historical data pertaining to clinical chemistry and haematology parameters, obtained from control Sprague-Dawley rats, used in pre-clinical toxicity studies. Mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values for haematological and coagulative profiles, haemato-biochemistry and urine analysis data, and the differences per sex and study duration, 4 versus 13 weeks, are presented. The studies were conducted in agreement with the GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) regulations. Statistically significant differences, at the confidence level of 99%, for the red blood cell (RBC) parameters, the white blood cell (WBC) series parameters, plasmatic albumin/globulin (A/G), alanine amino-transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, globulin, glucose, sodium, total protein, tryglycerides, urea and urine volume were observed in males, when 4-week study values were compared with those obtained from 13-week studies. Female rats showed statistically significant variations, at the confidence level of 99% for RBC number and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean red blood cell volume (MCV), WBCs count and lymphocytes percentage, A/G, albumin, ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine, globulin, and sodium, when 4-week study values were compared to 13-week studies. Similar differences were observed comparing the female with male haematological and biochemical data for the two different times of the sample collection. These data could be useful as a reference for evaluation of background pathology in Sprague-Dawley rats, when used in studies performed to evaluate the toxicological profile of a new chemical entity (NCE) in agreement with requirements from international regulatory agencies.     

骨髓间充质干细胞增殖分化能力可随鼠龄增长而下降

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞是理想的组织工程种子细胞来源,但是不同年龄的骨髓间充质干细胞体外增殖、分化特点有很大差异,有关年龄与骨髓间充质干细数量的关系目前尚缺少系统研究。 目的：观察不同鼠龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞诱导分化活性的差异。 方法：通过全骨髓贴壁培养法,体外分离、纯化、扩增SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,倒置相差显微镜观察形态学特点,流式细胞仪检测细胞表面标记,体外诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向成骨细胞、成软骨细胞分化并鉴定。取第3代2,4,6,8,12周龄和10,12月龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成骨诱导1,2,3周,采用酶联免疫法检测骨钙素含量。 结果与结论：体外培养的骨髓间充质干细胞为贴壁生长,长梭形成纤维细胞样细胞,可增殖形成克隆;流式细胞仪分析骨髓间充质干细胞CD29、CD90表达阳性,CD45表达阴性,CD44部分表达;经成骨分化诱导,细胞碱性磷酸酶染色阳性,茜素红染色阳性;经成软骨分化诱导,阿利辛蓝染色阳性,可见通过全骨髓贴壁法可成功地从大鼠骨髓中分离出骨髓间充质干细胞。通过不同鼠龄骨髓间充质干细胞诱导成骨分化后骨钙素含量测定得出骨髓间充质干细胞增殖分化能力随鼠龄的增长而下降。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程全文链接：     

Sleep apneas are increased in mice lacking monoamine oxidase A

Study Objectives:     

Age-related changes in the optic nerve of Sprague-Dawley rats: An ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study

The optic nerve is a unique part of the central nervous system. It lacks neuronal cell bodies and consists of axons of the retinal ganglion cells together with the supporting neuroglial cells. In the present study, aging of the optic nerve was studied in female Sprague-Dawley rats aged 3, 12, 24 and 30 months old, ultrastructurally, immunohistochemically and morphometrically trying to answer the question why aging is a common risk factor for many ocular diseases especially glaucoma. Additionally, studying the optic nerve aging offered a good opportunity to gain further insight into the effects of aging on white matter. Both nerve fibers and neuroglial cells demonstrated several age related changes which were more profound in 30 months old rats. Optic nerve axons displayed watery degeneration and dark degeneration. Myelin disturbances including widening, whorls, splitting and vacuolations of the myelin lamellae were also observed. Neuroglial cells appeared to be more frequent than in younger rats especially microglia cells and developed dense cytoplasmic inclusions. GFAP-positive astrocytes delineated age-related progressive increase in number, size as well as length and thickness of their processes. CD68 immunohistochemical staining revealed age-related changes in the morphology, location and number of CD68 positive microglia cells.     

改良线栓法制作SD大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型

背景：线栓法是制作局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型的常用方法,防治大出血和顺利插线是其造模成功的关键和研究热点。 目的：对Longa线栓法进行改良,以期有效防治术中大出血和提高造模成功率。 方法：制备模型时颈外动脉两断端除了手术线结扎外,线结外端用电刀夹闭;插线时借助弯镊的力量使鱼线沿血管前内侧壁(翼腭动脉分叉处颈内动脉血管的方向)前行。术后进行大鼠行为评分,计算脑梗死体积和光镜下观察组织病理学变化。 结果与结论：电刀夹闭后的血管从横切面上的“圆”形变成“一”字形,线结不易脱落,有效防治术中大出血。借助弯镊的力量,可使插线成功率明显提高。模型大鼠脑梗死体积均明显增加,脑组织病理损伤加重。结果可见改良线栓法制作SD大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,可有效防止线结脱落,提高插线成功率,模型制备成功。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程全文链接：