牡荆素鼠李糖苷的大鼠在体肠吸收动力学

目的 研究牡荆素鼠李糖苷(RHV)的大鼠在体肠吸收动力学特征.方法 采用HPLC法测定RHV在肠循环液中的药物浓度;采用UV法测定肠循环液中酚红浓度;以大鼠原位灌注模型考查RHV的肠吸收动力学情况.结果 RHV 浓度为20、10、5μg·ml-1的吸收速率常数(Ka)分别为0.0416、0.0478、0.0312 h-1;肠循环液pH4、6、8时RHV的Ka分别为0.0253、0.0478、0.0588 h-1;RHV在十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结肠时的Ka分别为0.0479、0.0308、0.0322、0.0305 h-1.结论 RHV 浓度对RHV的Ka无显著性影响;在pH4～8时,随肠循环液pH的增大,RHV的Ka增加;RHV在大鼠十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结肠的吸收无显著性差异(P＞0.05);RHV在大鼠肠道的吸收呈一级动力学过程,吸收机制为被动扩散.     

阿替洛尔大鼠在体胃肠道吸收动力学研究

目的:研究阿替洛尔在大鼠胃、肠及各肠段的吸收动力学特征,为其剂型设计提供生物药剂学依据.方法:采用大鼠在体肠灌流实验,利用紫外-可见分光光度法和HPLC法分别测定酚红和阿替洛尔的含量.结果:药物在胃和小肠中2 h的吸收百分率分别为8.63%±1.04%、8.91%±2.73%;阿替洛尔在十二指肠、空肠、回肠、结肠的吸收速率常数各为(0.0706±0.0161)h-1、(0.0360±0.0111)h-1、(0.0465±0.0126)h-1、(0.0479±0.0083)h-1;药物质量浓度为20、50、100 μg·mL-1时,在肠的吸收速率常数分别为(0.0568±0.0308)h-1、(0.0360±0.0111)h-1、(0.0531±0.0095)h-1;当pH值为5.0、6.5、7.4时,肠的吸收速率常数分别为(0.0528±0.0051)h-1、(0.0603±0.0322)h-1、(0.0465±0.0126)h-1.结论:阿替洛尔在大鼠肠道各部分均有吸收,且吸收呈一级动力学过程,吸收机制为被动扩散;药物在大鼠肠内的吸收不受药物浓度和pH的影响;药物的吸收按十二指肠、结肠、回肠、空场的顺序依次下降.     

在体小肠对氧氟沙星的吸收动力学研究

目的:研究氧氟沙星在肠道各区段的吸收动力学特征、吸收部位及吸收机制,对氧氟沙星缓释制剂的设计提供重要依据.方法:采用大鼠在体循环方法研究氧氟沙星的肠吸收.结果:在2.0～10.0 mg·L-1浓度范围内吸收量与浓度呈线性关系,无高浓度饱和现象,Ka值基本保持不变;在pH 5.5～7.4范围内吸收受pH影响;各肠段的吸收速度常数差异有显著性,十二指肠、空肠、回肠的吸收速率常数分别为0.054 h-1,0.037 h-1,0.0032 h-1,在结肠几乎末检测到吸收.结论:氧氟沙星吸收机制为被动转运,在小肠内的吸收呈现吸收一级动力学特征.最佳吸收部位在十二指肠和空肠.     

左羟丙哌嗪的大鼠在体肠吸收特性

目的研究左羟丙哌嗪大鼠的在体肠吸收特性。方法采用大鼠在体小肠循环灌注模型,用HPLC同时测定灌注液中酚红和左羟丙哌嗪的含量。结果左羟丙哌嗪12.8~80.0μg.ml-1与小肠吸收量呈线性关系,吸收速率常数Ka几乎不变;各肠道间Ka值无显著性差异(P>0.05),十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结肠的Ka值分别为0.039±0.004、0.042±0.010、0.037±0.003、0.034±0.004 h-1。结论左羟丙哌嗪浓度12.8~80.0μg.ml-1在小肠段的吸收呈一级动力学过程,吸收机制为被动扩散,主要吸收部位在小肠段,且无特定的吸收窗。     

硫酸沙丁胺醇大鼠在体肠吸动力学研究

目的研究硫酸沙丁胺醇在大鼠各肠段的吸收动力学特征。方法采用大鼠在体肠回流法进行动力学试验,从吸收部位、药物浓度、pH值等方面对药物在体内的各个肠段的吸收特性进行研究。结果硫酸沙丁胺醇在大鼠肠道中的吸收不受药物浓度、回流介质pH值等的影响,在分肠段试验中,吸收速率常数Ka(1/h)依次为十二指肠0.052,空肠0.046,回肠0.042,结肠0.030,结肠的吸收显著低于十二指肠、空肠和回肠段;在pH5.4~7.8回流介质中吸收无显著差异,在50~200μg/mL浓度范围内,药物吸收量与浓度呈线性关系。结论硫酸沙丁胺醇在大鼠体内各肠段均有吸收,吸收机制以被动扩散为主,适于制成Tlag<5 h的口服迟释制剂。     

去甲基斑蝥素纳米粒大鼠体肠吸收动力学研究

目的:考察去甲基斑蝥素(NCTD)及其壳聚糖纳米粒(NCTD-CS-NP)制剂的大鼠在体吸收特征与相关动力学。方法:采用大鼠在体回流试验,并用紫外分光光度法和HPLC分别测定酚红和NCTD的质量浓度;并采用在体循环法比较不同质量浓度NCTD及NCTD-CS-NP在大鼠小肠区段内的吸收规律。结果:NCTD在十二指肠、空肠、回肠、结肠的吸收速率常数(ka)分别为:0.0306,0.0278,0.0151,0.0044h-1,NCTD-CS-NP在对应肠段的ka分别为:0.0689,0.0592,0.0353,0.0095h-1;质量浓度分别为140,160,180μg/mL的NCTD小肠ka分别为:0.0499,0.0525,0.0489h-1;对应质量浓度的NCTD-CS-NPka分别为:0.0814,0.0764,0.0734h-1。结论:NCTD的质量浓度对其大鼠全肠道的吸收无显著影响,吸收呈一级动力学过程,且以肠道中上部的吸收为主,NCTD-CS-NP可有效促进药物在肠粘膜的吸收。     

栀子苷大鼠在体肠吸收动力学的研究

目的 研究栀子苷大鼠在体肠吸收动力学的特征.方法 采用大鼠在体肠吸收模型,UV法和HPLC法分别测定酚红和栀子苷的含量.考察药物质量浓度、不同肠段对栀子苷吸收的影响.结果 栀子苷20～120 μg·ml<'-1>对小肠吸收速率常数Ka无影响;十二指肠、空肠、回肠、结肠的Ka值分别为0.0240、0.0251、0.0234、0.0239 h<'-1>,各肠段的吸收速率常数Ka无显著性差异.结论 栀子苷在大鼠肠道的吸收呈一级动力学过程,为被动扩散.栀子苷具广泛的吸收窗,可制成缓释制剂.     

帕利哌酮大鼠在体肠吸收药物动力学研究

目的:考察帕利哌酮在大鼠各肠段的吸收动力学特征。方法:运用大鼠在体单向灌流技术考察帕利哌酮在大鼠各肠段的吸收动力学特征;采用高效液相色谱法测定灌流液中帕利哌酮的含量;从药物质量浓度、吸收部位、灌流速度、介质pH值4个方面对帕利哌酮的各肠段吸收特性进行考察;利用重量法计算动力学参数。结果:药物的吸收在质量浓度较高时(10.0～20.0μg.mL-1)具有自身抑制现象。灌流速度和介质pH值在考察范围内对药物肠吸收影响显著。考察范围内的药物吸收部位对吸收速率无显著影响。十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结肠的Ka值分别为(6.58±2.35),(7.03±3.33),(7.13±2.77),(3.77±3.42)h-1。结论:帕利哌酮在整个肠道均有吸收,初步推断帕利哌酮在大鼠肠道的吸收机制为主动转运。     

盐酸去氢骆驼蓬碱大鼠肠吸收动力学的研究

目的　研究盐酸去氢骆驼蓬碱在大鼠胃肠道各段的吸收动力学特征 ,为其剂型设计提供生物药剂学依据。方法　采用大鼠在体肠循环法分别研究盐酸去氢骆驼蓬碱在大鼠十二指肠、空肠、回肠及结肠中的吸收动力学特征。采用反相高效液相色谱法测定循环液中的药物浓度。结果　盐酸去氢骆驼蓬碱在十二指肠、空肠、回肠及结肠中的吸收速度常数Ka分别为 :( 0 .30 92± 0 .0 5 9) ,( 0 .2 0 6 4± 0 .0 4 4 ) ,( 0 .2 85 8± 0 .0 81) ,( 0 .2 0 0 9± 0 .0 80 )h-1。结论　盐酸去氢骆驼蓬碱在十二指肠、空肠、回肠及结肠中均能较好地吸收     

芒果苷大鼠在体肠道吸收机制研究

目的:研究芒果苷大鼠在体肠道吸收机制。方法:采用大鼠在体肠段灌流模型,建立高效液相色谱/紫外分光光度法测定肠循环液中芒果苷的浓度,研究不同芒果苷浓度、胆汁及吸收部位对芒果苷吸收参数的影响。结果:芒果苷在5.0~25.0μg.mL-1浓度范围内对小肠吸收速率常数(Ka)无影响;在12.5μg.mL-1浓度下对结扎胆管大鼠的小肠Ka有影响;各肠段的Ka回肠>空肠>结肠>十二指肠,分别为0.164、0.132、0.125、0.107h-1。结论:芒果苷的吸收符合一级动力学特征,吸收机制为被动扩散;芒果苷在各肠段均有较好的吸收,胆汁使芒果苷在小肠的透过系数增大。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.