A Survey on the Sexual and Contraceptive Behaviors in Chinese Female College Students

The sexuality of college students, a sexually active population, has been drawing the attention of research-ers[1]. In China, an increasing number of cases of sexu-ally-infected AIDS has been reported[2]. Therefore, it is of great importance to conduct investigation concerning the sexual behaviors of college students. In the past, re-searchers investigated the sexuality in Chinese college students, but no report has been available that especially focused on the sexual behaviors of female col…     

Past reproductive and sexual characteristics of women with tubal infertility at Kenyatta National Hospital

Past reproductive and sexual characteristics of patients with tubal sterility (cases) and currently fertile women (control group) were studied. The ages at first coitus and the number of sexual partners were significantly more (p less than 0.01) in the cases than in the controls. Most cases (56.0%) had only primary school education whereas most of the controls (68.7%) had secondary school education. Nearly 70% of the cases had had the first sexual intercourse by 16 years compared with about 40% in the controls. Pre-menarcheal sexual intercourse occurred in 1/4 of the cases compared with less than 1/10 in the controls (p less than 0.001). Of those with secondary infertility; 33.3% had had the first pregnancy by the age of 16 years compared with 12.0% in the controls (p less than 0.001); and in 83.3% of the cases, the first pregnancy was not by the current husband compared with 26.0% in the controls (p less than 0.001). In addition, the cases had more abortions before marriage (p less than 0.001), more induced abortions (p less than 0.001) and had medically diagnosed sexually transmitted diseases more often (p less than 0.01). It is concluded that the reproductive and sexual events that occur during the teen-age determine the future prospects of fertility. Intensification of educational programs by the government and all relevant organisations, with emphasis on the relationship between sexual behaviour during adolescence and future reproductive problems, is strongly recommended.     

Cigarette smoking and dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix

We conducted a case-control study of cigarette smoking and dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix. Cases were black women 17 to 55 years of age who were attending a dysplasia clinic and had biopsy-confirmed cervical pathologic conditions. Controls were women who were attending the family planning clinic at the same hospital and who had at least two normal Papanicolaou smears. Results were adjusted for age, number of sexual partners, age at first intercourse, socioeconomic status, and oral contraceptive use. Cigarette smoking was significantly associated with carcinoma in situ, severe dysplasia, and mild-moderate dysplasia (relative risks, 3.6, 3.3, and 2.4, respectively). Cumulative exposure to cigarette smoking (as measured by pack-years smoked) was strongly related to the risk of these conditions; women with 12 or more pack-years of exposure had relative risks of 12.7, 10.2, and 4.3, respectively, for the three conditions. There was some evidence that the risk was greatest in women who began smoking in their early teenage years. A reduction in the risk of cervical cancer appears to be another inducement for young women not to smoke.     

性行为与乙型肝炎及丙型肝炎病毒感染的关系

目的 评估高危性行为人群中乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）及丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）的感染情况及某些高危性行为与HBV、HCV感染的关系。方法 用PCR方法对本院性传播疾病（STD）门诊中的173名就诊者进行HBV、HCV检测,并对被调查者的年龄、初次性生活年龄、3个月内性侣数、终身性侣数、性生活方式、既往STD史等作调查。既往有吸毒史及受血史者不纳入调查范围。结果 HCV感染在高危性行为的人群中尤其在STD人群中常见,并与既往STD史呈正相关。3个月内性侣数超过4个是HBV、HCV感染的危险因素。HBV、HCV感染在梅毒患者中最多见。结论 HBV、HCV经性接触传播的途径不容忽视。     

The relationship of tubal infertility to barrier method and oral contraceptive use

We studied past contraceptive use in 283 nulliparous infertile women who had a diagnosis of tubal adhesions or occlusion and in 3833 women admitted for delivery at seven collaborating hospitals from 1981 to 1983. The relative risk of tubal infertility associated with barrier contraceptive use or oral contraceptive use was calculated using multivariate logistic regression to control for confounding by region, age, religion, education, smoking, number of sexual partners, time since menarche, and use of other contraceptive methods. Women who had ever used barrier methods of contraception were at a significantly decreased risk of tubal infertility (relative risk = 0.6; 95% confidence limits, 0.5 and 0.8). When type of barrier method used for the longest time was evaluated, those who used the diaphragm or condoms plus spermicides were at lower risk than those who used condoms or spermicides alone. Overall, past use of oral contraceptives neither increased nor decreased a woman's risk of tubal infertility, but there was evidence that the association between oral contraceptives and tubal infertility may vary by the amount of estrogen and type of progestogen in the oral contraceptive used. We conclude that contraceptive users who use barrier methods that combine both a mechanical and chemical barrier, such as diaphragms, cervical caps, and condoms plus spermicides, have the clearest protection against tubal damage.     

上海市婚检妇女婚前妊娠情况及其影响因素分析

为了解上海市婚检妇女婚前妊娠情况及其婚前妊娠的因素，作用利用上海３个市区和２个郊县２５８０名婚前体检的未婚妇女的问卷调查资料进行了分析。结果表明，有性经历的对象中，３９．８％曾有过妊娠史；郊县对象曾妊娠的比例明显高于市区对象；农村户口、婚检时年龄较小、文化程度和经济收入较低的对象婚前妊娠的比例较高；妊娠的原因：７７．４％为未用避孕措施，２０．７％为避孕失败，１．９％为准备结婚等其他原因；多元分析影     

妊娠意愿的影响因素及其对母婴结局的影响

目的：探讨妊娠意愿的影响因素和妊娠意愿对围产期孕产妇及婴儿健康情况的影响。方法将2012年1月至2014年6月于我院及协作单位接受住院治疗的826例孕妇纳入研究,其中意愿妊娠组547例,非意愿妊娠组279例。在不受家属及医护人员干扰的情况下患者完成问卷调查,分析年龄、职业、居住地、是否多性伴侣、是否未婚同居、是否强迫性行为和首次性行为年龄等影响妊娠意愿的因素,分析意愿与非意愿妊娠对母婴健康(定期产前保健、坚持母乳喂养、早产率、低体重患儿率、罹患严重疾病和死亡率）的影响。结果在对年龄、职业、居住地、初次性行为年龄、性伴侣人数、未婚同居和强迫性行为进行单因素分析后发现：居住地对非意愿妊娠无影响（P>0.05),而年龄、职业、初次性行为年龄小于18岁、性伴侣人数超过2人、未婚同居和强迫性行为是影响非意愿妊娠的重要因素(P<0.05);以发生非意愿妊娠与否为因变量,以筛选出的影响因素为自变量,进行Logistic回归分析后发现：是否为学生、多性伴侣和强迫性行为及居住地对非意愿妊娠无影响(P>0.05);而年龄、首次性行为超过18岁和是否为未婚同居显示出对非意愿妊娠具有重要影响(P<0.05);两者在规律进行产前保健(87.5%vs 64.2%)、母乳喂养(92.4%vs 47.6%)方面进行比较,意愿妊娠者比例明显高于非意愿妊娠者,两者在出现早产(11.4%vs 17.6%)、低体重患儿(14.3%vs 21.7%)方面进行比较,意愿妊娠者明显低于非意愿妊娠者,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论意愿妊娠对提高母婴结局有明显促进作用,应向普通群众推广意愿妊娠的益处,普及非意愿妊娠的危害。     

High-risk STD/HIV behavior among college students

The current sexually transmitted disease (STD) epidemic in adolescents has led to concern about the potential for spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 1988, a total of 5514 students in first-year community college and university classrooms across Canada were surveyed to assess STD/HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, and risk behavior. The students' mean age was 19.7 years; the male-to-female ratio was 1:1.4. Students knew more about HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome than other STDs. Of the 74.3% of the men and 68.9% of the women who were coitally active, 14.3% of the men and 18.6% of the women had participated in anal intercourse and 5.5% reported a previous STD. Only 24.8% of the men and 15.6% of the women always used a condom during sexual intercourse. Among the 21.3% of the men and 8.6% of the women with 10 or more partners, regular condom use was reported in only 21% and 7.5%, respectively. In this subgroup, anal intercourse was practiced by 26.9% of the men and 34.8% of the women, and previous STD was reported by 10.6% and 24.2%, respectively. Factors associated with not using a condom included number of sexual partners, embarrassment about condom purchase, difficulty discussing condom use with a partner, use of oral contraceptives, insufficient knowledge of HIV/STDs, and the belief that condoms interfere with sexual pleasure. These factors are potentially amenable to change. Effective, behaviorally focused educational programs are needed to improve condom use and reduce STD/HIV risk.     

Self-reported pelvic inflammatory disease in the United States, 1988

OBJECTIVE.--To assess any changes in the characteristics of women with self-reported pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) between 1982 and 1988 and to evaluate the role of additional behavioral factors. In 1982, PID was a frequent problem among American women of reproductive age, occurring in one in seven. It was also more common among older (greater than or equal to 30 years) than younger women, more common among blacks than among whites, and more common among formerly married women than among those currently married. DESIGN.--We analyzed data on self-reported PID from the cycle IV National Survey of Family Growth, conducted in 1988. SAMPLE.--The survey was conducted with a multistage probability sample of 8450 women. RESULTS.--The findings from 1982 were all replicated. Additional variables available in 1988 show that PID is more common among women with multiple (two or more) sexual partners (10% to 22%) compared with those with only one lifetime partner (7%) and among women who report a history of sexually transmitted disease (STD) (26%) compared with those with no STD history (10%). Controlling for other variables, age, race, vaginal douching, age at first intercourse, STD history, and number of lifetime partners emerged as independent predictors of self-reported PID among American women of reproductive age. CONCLUSION.--PID is still a widely prevalent condition among American women, PID is associated with a variety of risk factors for STD. Prevention of lower genital tract infection is crucial to avoiding PID and its sequelae.     

上海未婚男女青年的首次性行为分析

目的　了解上海地区未婚青年的首次性行为年龄及其影响因素、首次性行为时采取避孕措施的情况、首次性行为发生的背景 ,为降低未婚青年性行为、意外妊娠和人工流产的发生率提供科学依据。方法　采用结构式问卷对上海市 3个区和 2个郊县婚前体检的男女青年各 2 5 80名进行了调查。结果　男性首次性行为的平均年龄为 2 3 .7岁 ,女性为 2 1.8岁。约 5 0 %的男青年和约 1 3的女青年因为一时冲动而发生性行为 ,另有约 1 3的女青年为了满足对方的要求而发生性行为。首次性行为时 ,一半以上的男女青年根本就未考虑到性行为的后果 ,约 75 %的男女青年首次性行为时未采用避孕措施。多因素分析影响男女青年首次性行为年龄的主要因素包括户口性质、受教育程度、同胞数、恋爱次数和初恋年龄、理想结婚年龄、对婚前性行为及婚前怀孕的观念和态度、父母对婚前性行为的态度、同辈人中是否有婚前性行为等。结论　应加强未婚青年 ,尤其是农村及文化程度低的青年的性教育     

Spontaneous and induced abortion among resident physicians

Female resident physicians are believed to be at an increased risk for a variety of third-trimester pregnancy complications. However, early pregnancy complications have been less well studied. This report compares spontaneous and induced abortions in a nationally representative sample of 5096 female medical school graduates (who experienced 1284 pregnancies) and of the sexual partners of 5000 of their male classmates (who experienced 1481 pregnancies). The response to the survey was 86.1%. The life-table probability of spontaneous abortion was 14.8% for female residents compared with 12.6% for the sexual partners of male residents. However, female residents were more likely than the male residents' sexual partners to terminate a pregnancy voluntarily (8.2% vs 2.7%). The increased risk of voluntary termination persisted when only married women were studied (3.6% vs 1.4%). However, female residents' pregnancies were at approximately half the risk of voluntary termination compared with pregnancies among the general US population of women aged 25 to 34 years. These results provide reassurance to those residents who would like to become pregnant but are concerned about the possible effect of their occupation on the course of the pregnancy.     

Sexual practices in the transmission of hepatitis B virus and prevalence of hepatitis delta virus infection in female prostitutes in the United States.

OBJECTIVE--To evaluate heterosexual transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the prevalence of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection in female prostitutes. DESIGN--Survey. SETTING--Sexually transmitted disease clinics, drug treatment programs, detention centers, and/or outreach efforts in eight areas in the United States. PARTICIPANTS--A total of 1368 female prostitutes 18 years of age or older. OUTCOME MEASURES--Seropositivity for HBV and HDV infection. RESULTS--The overall prevalence of past or present HBV infection was 56%: 74% in women who were injecting-drug users (IDUs), 38% in women reporting no history of injecting-drug use (non-IDUs), 51% in whites, 55% in blacks, and 67% in Hispanics. Of 21 HBV carrier IDUs, 21% had HDV infection; of 18 HBV carrier non-IDUs, 6% had HDV infection. In non-IDUs (49%), risk factors for HBV infection were a history of having penile-anal intercourse (odds ratio [OR], 3.1; 95% confidence limits [CL], 1.3, 7.3) and seropositivity for syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In IDUs, factors associated with an increased risk of infection, in addition to behaviors related to injecting-drug use, were the number of lifetime sexual partners, having sexual partners from groups at high risk for HBV infection, and seropositivity for syphilis and HIV infection; spermicide and/or diaphragm use was associated with a markedly decreased risk of HBV infection among blacks (OR, 0.1; 95% CL, 0.03, 0.4) and Hispanics (OR, 0.2; 95% CL, 0.06, 0.9). CONCLUSION--This is the first study to suggest that having anal intercourse and failing to use vaginal contraceptives may facilitate transmission of HBV to women. Our data support guidelines that recommend hepatitis B vaccination for prostitutes and persons with a history of sexually transmitted diseases or multiple sexual partners.     

云南省曲靖市存在两性性伴的男男性行为者艾滋病高危行为调查分析

目的了解曲靖市存在两性性伴的男男性行为者艾滋病高危行为状况,确定干预工作的重点。方法采用"滚雪球"的方式接触目标人群,进行一对一问卷调查。结果存在两性性伴的男男性行为者,女性性伴数平均为(1.05±0.22)人,男性性伴数平均为(3.78±2.59)人。最近一次与男性性伴肛交时使用安全套的占72.7%;最近一次与女性发生性行为时,使用安全套的仅占22.0%。结论曲靖市存在两性性伴的男男性行为者,无保护性行为较常见,存在较大感染和传播艾滋病的风险。     

郑州市人工流产女青年避孕知识、态度、行为及其影响因素分析

目的:调查郑州市人工流产女青年人工流产的原因和对避孕的知识、态度、行为,并分析其影响因素.方法:采用整群抽样的方法,选取2005年8月至2005年10月在郑州市所辖医院要求人工流产的女青年共1 100人进行横断面调查.结果:被调查者首次性行为始于16.4～25.0岁,中位数22.5岁.65.1%的女青年是第1次做人工流产.未采取避孕措施(67.9%)和避孕失败(32.1%)是导致非意愿妊娠的主要原因.在622名曾经使用过避孕方法的女青年中,最常用的避孕方法依次是安全套、紧急避孕、安全期.单因素分析结果显示:年龄、出生地、文化程度是影响避孕知识得分的主要因素(P＜0.05或0.01).Logistic回归分析结果显示:流产女青年在过去3个月中的避孕行为与男方是否关心避孕问题、流产次数、避孕知识水平有关(P＜0.05或0.01).结论:亟需对未婚青年开展有关避孕知识的教育,提高对意外妊娠风险的认识,促进男性积极参与避孕.     

The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in a young, sexually-active population

A prospective study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among 1000 sexually-active women at the Family Planning Association Clinic in Melbourne. This organism was isolated from the cervices of 5.1% of screened women. The women were surveyed about their sexual and gynaecological history, and symptoms of discharge or pain. It was found that women who gave positive results for the presence of Chlamydia were younger, and had commenced intercourse at an earlier age. Risk factors of multiple sexual partners, cervical ectopy and symptoms of urethritis were identified. We recommend that women who have more than one sexual partner should ask their partners to use condoms or, failing this, undergo annual screening for Chlamydia by immunofluorescent staining.     

性病门诊男性就诊者肛门生殖器HPV隐性感染及其危险因素

目的：评估性病门诊男性就诊者肛门生殖器人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）隐性感染的发生率及其相关的危险因素。方法：采用横断面研究方法,对600例性病门诊非尖锐湿疣男性就诊者进行问卷调查,并以PCR法检测其肛门生殖器脱落细胞中的HPV DNA。结果：600例研究对象的HPV DNA总阳性率为14.50%（87/600）,其中性病(STD)患者HPV阳性率［23.90%（38／159）］显著高于非STD就诊者［11.11%（49／441）］（P< 0.05）。这组人群中HPV DNA 阳性的预测值是初次性生活年龄的提前(OR=1.2、95%CI 1.1 ～ 1.3,P<0.05)、近2年内有尖锐湿疣病史(OR=3.3、95%CI 1.2 ～ 9.3,P<0.05)和其他STD史(OR=3.8、95%CI 1.4 ～ 10.2,P<0.05)。年龄、包皮状况、近2年内性伴数、平均性生活频率、安全套的使用频率以及性伴尖锐湿疣病史与HPV DNA阳性无明显关联。结论：男性肛门生殖器HPV隐性感染的比率较高,HPV隐性感染在STD人群中更常见。初次性生活年龄的提前、近2年内有尖锐湿疣病史及其他STD史可能是男性HPV隐性感染的危险因素。     

Age at time of first intercourse v. chronologic age as a basis for Pap smear screening.

The Walton Report on cervical cancer screening programs recently recommended a new program for screening for cervical cancer based on chronologic age, calling for 3- and 5-year intervals between examinations. It recommended that such examinations be discontinued after 60 years of age. In a group of 232 routinely examined women (aged 18 to 47 years) in whom cervical intraepithelial neoplasia developed the timing of onset of the disease and the implications for screening were studied. The average age at the time of diagnosis was 30 years; in 20% of the patients the diagnosis had been made after age 35. The screening program recommended in the Walton Report would have been effective in diagnosing most cases (80%) in this sample by age 35 and all by age 60. However, when the patients were grouped according to age at the time of first intercourse, the diagnosis had been made after age 35 in only 13% of those who started having intercourse at age 15 to 17 years, 20% of those who started at age 18 to 19 years and 33% of those who started at age 20 years of later. When the times of diagnosis were expressed by number of years of intercourse the distributions became uniform in the same three groups; in 72% of all the patients the diagnosis had been made within the first 15 years of intercourse, in 88% it had been made within 20 years and in 100% it had been made by 30 years. These data suggest that a program based on number of years of intercourse may be more uniform and more efficient than one based on chronologic age, and that cytologic examinations should be concentrated during the time when most cases develop -- 6 to 20 years after the time of first intercourse.     

女性吸毒人群人乳头瘤病毒感染情况调查及相关高危行为的分析

目的：调查女性吸毒人群人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）的感染情况及相关高危行为对HPV感染的影响,为HPV防治提供理论依据。方法现场调查和检测525例女性吸毒人员的HPV感染情况,并采用自制调查问卷对所有研究对象的一般情况及相关危险因素进行调查。结果 HPV 感染与年龄、婚姻状况、静脉吸毒、共用针具无关（P＞0.05）;与婚外性行为、性伴侣个数、避孕套使用、初次性交年龄、性传播疾病（STD）病史、尿路感染有密切关系（P＜0.05）,发生婚外性行为、性伴侣个数≥2、未使用避孕套、初次性交年龄＜18岁、曾经STD疾病史、曾经尿路感染是HPV 感染的危险因素;HPV感染的前三位危险因素为STD病史、初次性交年龄、婚外性行为,OR值分别为7.436、4.831、2．952。结论吸毒人员的HPV感染率明显高于普通人群,并且伴有较多的感染HPV病毒的高危行为。     

Characteristics of pregnant women exposed to cocaine in Toronto between 1985 and 1990.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the characteristics of pregnant women exposed to cocaine. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Women attending the Motherisk Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, from September 1985 to March 1990. PATIENTS: All women who had admitted using cocaine before or during pregnancy. Of the two control groups the first comprised women who had admitted using cannabinoids but not cocaine before or during pregnancy and the second those who attended the clinic just before the cocaine case but who had not used illicit drugs. OUTCOME MEASURES: Age, marital status, ethnic background, number of pregnancies, children and elective or spontaneous abortions, socioeconomic status of woman and male partner, alcohol use, cigarette use, frequency of cocaine use and total amount taken. MAIN RESULTS: Of the 1625 women 91 (5.6%) admitted to using cocaine: 86 during the current pregnancy, 3 before the current pregnancy, 1 before planning a pregnancy and 1 during a previous pregnancy. None of the cocaine users were considered to be addicts; only 20% had used the drug more than 10 times. A total of 74 women used cannabinoids only. The mean age of the cocaine users was 27.1 (standard deviation [SD] 5.3) years; this was significantly lower than that of the control subjects (30.5 [SD 5.2] years) (p less than 0.001). More of the cocaine users than of the women in either of the two control groups were single (60% v. 38% and 14%, p less than 0.001). The cannabinoid users had significantly higher parity and the nonusers a significantly lower incidence of elective abortions than the cocaine users. The cocaine users had a significantly lower socioeconomic status than the control subjects (p less than 0.001); similarly, the male partners of the cocaine users had a significantly lower socioeconomic status than the partners of the control subjects (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant cocaine users who seek drug counselling represent a unique risk group, with clustering of factors such as alcohol and cigarette use and low socioeconomic status that compound the risk to the fetus. New strategies should be explored to identify such women, especially addicts, in their communities and to urge them to seek counselling and treatment.