维拉帕米对家兔快速心房起搏所致心房结构和电重构的影响

目的:观察L-钙离子通道阻断剂维拉帕米对家兔快速心房起搏所致结构和电重构的作用. 方法:将24只家兔随机分为:对照组、快速起搏组和维拉帕米组.经颈内静脉将电极置入兔右心房.分别测定各组在0、2、4、6和8 h(记为P0、P2、P4、P6、P8)时的心房有效不应期(AERP200,和AERP150).左心房和肺静脉心肌袖组织行HE染色观察组织学改变. 结果:快速心房起搏组在不同基础刺激作用下AERP缩短,AERP200-AERP150的频率适应性不良,P8与起搏前P0比较差异显著(P<0.05).左心房和肺静脉心肌袖组织学改变明显.维拉帕米组AERP基本无改变(P>0.05),AERP200-150,频率适应性维持.左心房和肺静脉心肌袖与起搏组相比组织学改变较轻.结论:维拉帕米可以抑制快速心房起搏所致电重构,但不能逆转结构重构.     

维拉帕米对快速心房起搏家兔心房有效不应期和单相动作电位的影响

目的研究维拉帕米对快速心房起搏家兔心房有效不应期(AERP)和单相动作电位(MAP)的影响,探讨其抗心律失常的机制。方法 24只家兔分为对照组、快速起搏组和维拉帕米组,每组各8只。经颈内静脉将电极置入右心房。分别测定各组基础状态,以600次/min行快速心房起搏和快速起搏同时给予药物维拉帕米后测定2、4、6、8 h的心房有效不应期(AERP_(200)和AERP_(150))和MAP_(90)。结果快速心房起搏组在不同基础刺激周长作用下的AERP缩短,AERP_(200-150)的频率适应性不良,P_8与起搏前P_0比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),同时MAP_(90)相应缩短。维拉帕米组AERP基本无改变,AERP_(200-150)频率适应性维持,MAP_(90)无明显改变(P>0.05)。结论维拉帕米可能因减轻钙超载而抑制快速心房起搏所致电重构,即同时延长AERP和MAP,发挥其抗心律失常作用。     

伊贝沙坦对快速心房起搏家兔心房电重构的影响

目的观察伊贝沙坦对心房快速起搏8h家兔心房电重构及心房肌细胞超微结构改变的影响。方法将12只家兔随机分为伊贝沙坦组和对照组。经颈内静脉将电极置入右心房,以600次/min行快速心房起搏,分别测定起搏前及起搏后0.5h、1h、4h、8h及停止起搏后10min、20min、30min,S1S1为200ms、150ms时的心房有效不应期(AERP200、AERP150);取未起搏家兔及每组起搏8h后家兔右心耳组织观察超微结构。结果①心房快速起搏8h,对照组家兔AERP缩短,起搏0.5h内AERP缩短幅度最明显;AERP频率自适应性出现了下降—逆转;停止起搏后30minAERP及AERP频率自适应性基本恢复至起搏前水平(最初10min恢复迅速)。②伊贝沙坦组家兔8h心房快速起搏过程中各时间点AERP较起搏前无明显变化。③8h心房快速起搏后对照组家兔心房肌细胞超微结构可见线粒体肿胀、脊溶解、糖原聚集,伊贝沙坦组家兔心房肌细胞超微结构基本正常。结论伊贝沙坦可阻止8h心房快速起搏所致的心房电重构和心房肌细胞超微结构改变。     

奥美拉唑对家兔心房电重构的影响

目的探讨质子泵抑制剂奥美拉唑对心房快速起搏所致家兔心房电重构的影响。方法24只家兔随机分为4组:生理盐水组、奥美拉唑组、生理盐水+起搏组和奥美拉唑+起搏组。其中生理盐水+起搏组和奥美拉唑+起搏组,分别在静脉注射生理盐水和奥美拉唑后,以最快的心房1∶1起搏频率（500～600次/min）行快速心房起搏3h,分别于起搏前、起搏后0.5、1、1.5、2、2.5和3h测定基础刺激周长分别为200ms和150ms时右心房有效不应期（AERP）,并分析AERP的频率适应性。结果单纯注射生理盐水或奥美拉唑,AERP和其频率适应性无显著改变。心房快速起搏使生理盐水+起搏组的AERP200及AERP150较起搏前显著缩短（P<0.05）,频率适应性的指标（AERP200-AERP150）/50ms显著缩短（P<0.01）。而奥美拉唑+起搏组的AERP和频率适应性未发生显著变化。结论奥美拉唑对心房不应期无直接影响,但可有效防止心房快速起搏引起的心房电重构。     

贝那普利对快速心房起搏家兔心房电重构的影响

目的 观察贝那普利对8h心房快速起搏家兔心房电重构(AER)的影响。方法取12只家兔,随机分为二组,对照组(生理盐水15ml/d),贝那普利组[5mg/(kg·d)溶于15ml生理盐水中],灌胃2周。①分别于起搏前、中、后测刺激频率为200ms、150ms时心房有效不应期(AERP200、AERP150)。②取未起搏家兔及每组起搏8h后家兔右心耳组织观察超微结构。结果①8h心房快速起搏使对照组家兔AERP缩短,AERP频率自适应性出现了下降—消失—逆转,心房肌超微结构可见线粒体肿胀、嵴溶解,糖原聚集;停止起搏后30min AERP及AERP频率自适应性基本恢复。②贝那普利组家兔心房快速起搏8h过程中各观测点AERP较起搏前无明显变化,家兔心房肌细胞超微结构基本正常。结论①心房快速起搏8h可致AER和心房肌细胞发生超微结构改变。②贝那普利可以阻止心房快速起搏8h所致AER及心房肌超微结构改变。     

卡托普利对家兔快速心房起搏所致电重构的作用及其机制

目的 :观察血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂卡托普利对家兔快速心房起搏所致电重构的作用 ,探讨其防治房颤的机制。方法 :家兔 32只随机分为 3组 :对照组 8只 ,快速起搏组和卡托普利组各 12只。经颈内静脉将电极置入右心房 ,分别测定各组基础状态、给药后 0 .5 h和以 6 0 0次 / m in行快速心房起搏后 0 .5、1、2、4、6、8h的心房有效不应期（AERP2 0 0 、AERP1 50 和 AERP1 30 ） ,用生化方法检测心肌组织内 Ca2 + 含量。结果 :快速心房起搏后快速起搏组的AERP缩短 ,AERP的频率适应不良 ,同起搏前比较差异显著 （P<0 .0 1） ,心肌组织内 Ca2 +含量升高 （P<0 .0 1） ,而卡托普利组 AERP缩短较快速起搏组减轻 ,AERP频率适应性得以维持 ,心肌组织 Ca2 +含量低于快速起搏组 （P<0 .0 5 ）。结论 :心房肌组织内钙含量的升高在快速起搏导致的心房电重构中起一定作用 ,卡托普利能减轻钙超载而抑制快速心房起搏所致电重构。     

胺碘酮或氯沙坦及两者合用对急性心房颤动患者心房重构的干预

目的:采用人工心脏起搏的方法制备家兔急性心房颤动模型,分别探讨胺碘酮与氯沙坦对心房颤动导致心房重构的不同干预效果.方法:40只家兔随机分为0.9%氯化钠溶液组(对照组)、胺碘酮组、氯沙坦组、合用组,分别灌胃给药1周,以600次/min的频率起搏心房8 h,并分别于起搏前、起搏后0.5、1、2、4、6、8 h及停止起搏后10、20、30 min重复测定心房有效不应期(AERP).结果:①经过8 h快速起搏后对照组AERP200(100.63±7.5)ms和AERP150(95.01±6.2)ms均较起搏前明显缩短(均P＜0.01),AERP200较AERP150缩短更为明显(P＜0.05),胺碘酮组、氯沙坦组及合用组快速起搏前后AERP无显著变化.②停止快速起搏后,对照组AERP逐渐恢复,AERP200和AERP150在10 min内基本恢复至起搏前的95.78%和96.76%,30 min内基本恢复至起搏前的99.07%和99.39%.结论:短期快速心房起搏可致心房电重构;胺碘酮和氯沙坦可以逆转心房电重构.     

热休克蛋白70 mRNA表达上调对兔心房快速起搏电重构的影响

目的：探讨热应激诱导心肌热休克蛋白70（HSP70）mRNA表达上调后,对兔快速心房起搏电重构的影响。方法：将24只新西兰大白兔随机分成热应激＋起搏组（n=8）、起搏组（n=8）和假手术组（n=8）。热应激造模：将新西兰大白兔麻醉后,放入恒温箱中加热,肛温达41℃后持续15 min,再放入室温恢复24 h。起搏：以600次/min行右心房起搏,测量0 h、2 h、4 h、6 h的右房有效不应期（AERP200、AERP150）,AERP频率适应性,心房颤动（AF）诱发率。起搏组对未造模的兔起搏。假手术组只测量不起搏。用逆转录聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）检测各组心肌HSP70 mRNA含量。结果：（1）快速心房起搏后,起搏组AERP200和AERP150立即缩短,起搏2h接近最小值[AERP200（79.38±6.23）ms,AERP150（71.25±6.94）ms],较起搏前[AERP200（100.00±6.55）ms,AERP150（89.38±6.78）ms]显著缩短（P〈0.01）;热应激＋起搏组起搏前后AERP无显著变化;（2）0 h时,起搏组右心房处（AERP200-AERP150）/50 ms为（0.21±0.10）ms,起搏2 h、4 h、6 h后分别为（0.16±0.07）、（0.14±0.05）、（0.13±0.05）ms,较起搏前非常显著缩短（P〈0.001）;（3）快速心房起搏前,予以程序性刺激和猝发刺激,各组AF诱发率均为0,起搏后2 h、4 h、6 h AF诱发率：起搏组分别为50.0%、75.0%、87.5%;热应激＋起搏组分别为25.0%、25.0%、37.5%;较起搏组显著减少（P〈0.05）;（4）热应激＋起搏组心脏各部位HSP70 mRNA表达较起搏组和假手术组明显增高（P〈0.05）,起搏组和假手术组间无显著差异。结论：心脏热休克蛋白70 mRNA表达上调后可抑制右心房快速起搏引起的心房电重构。     

自主神经系统阻断对经肺静脉短阵快速起搏犬心房急性电重构的影响

目的探讨阻断自主神经系统对经肺静脉快速起搏造成的急性电重构的影响。方法成年杂种犬22只,随机分为对照组、阿托品组、美托洛尔组和阿+美组。首先测量起搏周长（PCL）分别为350 m s、400 m s时心房有效不应期（AERP）,以能够1∶1起搏肺静脉的最快频率刺激肺静脉10 m in,在刺激中止后即刻、5、10、15、20 m in时重复测量AERP。比较各组在起搏前后AERP和AERP频率适应性的变化。结果短阵快速肺静脉刺激可引起AERP明显缩短,AERP频率适应性下降,阻断迷走神经后明显减小电重构的程度。结论阻断迷走神经能明显减小短阵快速肺静脉刺激造成的心房电重构的程度     

粉防已碱对家兔快速心房起搏所致电重构的影响

为探讨家兔快速心房起搏所致的心房肌电重构的机制及粉防已碱对其影响 ,32只家兔随机分为三组 :正常对照组 (A组 ,n =8) ,快速心房起搏组 (B组 ,n =12 ) ,快速心房起搏 +粉防已碱组 (C组 ,n =12 )。经颈内静脉将电极置入右房 ,以 6 0 0次 /分行快速心房起搏 ,测定基础状态、给药后 0 .5h和起搏后 0 .5 ,1,2 ,4 ,6 ,8h ,S1S1为 2 0 0 ,15 0 ,130ms时的心房有效不应期 (AERP2 0 0 、AERP150 和AERP13 0 ) ,实验结束后取三组兔的右心耳组织 ,检测心肌细胞内Ca2 + 含量 ,观察心肌细胞超微结构。结果 :快速心房起搏后B组的AERP缩短 ,AERP的频率适应不良 ,心肌细胞内Ca2 + 含量增加 ,同基础状态比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,心房肌细胞损伤的超微结构变化明显 ,在C组粉防已碱抑制了快速起搏引起的心肌细胞Ca2 + 增加 ,AERP缩短和频率适应不良减轻。结论 :心房肌细胞内Ca2 + 水平的增高在快速起搏导致的心房肌电重构中起作用 ,粉防已碱能减轻快速心房起搏所致的电重构。     

Atrial Electrical Remodeling by Rapid Pacing in the Isolated Rabbit Heart: Effects of Ca++ and K+ Channel Blockade

Introduction: Electrical remodeling describes atrial electrophysiologic changes that occur following atrial fibrillation. The mechanism(s) responsible for this phenomenon is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of rapid atrial pacing on atrial action potential duration, conduction time and refractoriness in the isolated rabbit heart. The effects of Ca⁺⁺ and K⁺ blockade in this model were also studied.Methods and Results: Monophasic action potential recordings were made from 12 epicardial atrial sites in 50 isolated perfused rabbit heart preparations. These recordings were analyzed for activation time (AT), 90% action potential duration (APD) and conduction times (CT) measured at a 250 msec cycle length. Atrial effective refractory periods (ERP) were determined at a 200 msec cycle length. All measurements were made at baseline and repeated after 2 hours of biatrial pacing at 250 msec (control group, n = 10) or 2 hours of rapid biatrial pacing (80 msec) in 4 groups: rapid pacing alone (rapid pacing group); rapid pacing in the presence of 0.1mM verapamil (verapamil group) for L-type Ca⁺⁺ channel blockade; rapid pacing with 1 mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP group) for K⁺ channel blockade; and rapid pacing with 50 M nickel chloride (Ni⁺⁺ group) for T-type Ca⁺⁺ channel blockade (n = 10 each group). All baseline and post pacing measurements were taken in the presence of Ca⁺⁺ or K⁺ blockers for the respective groups.After rapid atrial pacing alone the average APD shortened by 8.2±10.4 msec compared to 3.6±12.5 msec shortening for control group (p = 0.002). The shortening of APD was uniform at all recording sites. For the rapid pacing group, CT was unchanged for right to left atrial conduction but shortened significantly for left to right atrial conduction (26.8±1.9 msec at baseline to 22.3±4.1 msec post pacing, p = 0.005). Conduction times were unchanged in the control group. The dispersion of repolarization was unchanged by rapid pacing alone. The decrease in APD from baseline to post rapid pacing was similar to the control group for those hearts treated with verapamil and 4-AP (1.5±12.3 and 4.7±10.4 msec, respectively, both p 0.18 vs control group). The decrease in APD was significantly greater for the Ni⁺⁺ group (11.8± 14.3 msec) than for either the control group or rapid pacing group (both p 0.023). The dispersion of repolarization was increased only in the 4-AP group post rapid pacing (41.7±6.2 msec at baseline to 53.5±9.6 msec post pacing, p = 0.01). ERPs were unchanged in any of the 5 groups except for a decrease in left atrial ERP in the Ni⁺⁺ group after rapid pacing (98±14 msec at baseline to 88±8 msec post rapid pacing, p = 0.005).Conclusions: In the isolated rabbit heart model: 1) atrial APD is shortened after rapid pacing; 2) the shortening of APD is attenuated by verapamil and 4-AP but exaggerated by Ni⁺⁺ 3) atrial conduction times are shortened in a direction specific manner after rapid pacing; and 4) shortening of ERP in this model is measured only in the presence of Ni⁺⁺. These findings suggest that both L-type Ca⁺⁺ and 4-AP sensitive channels may participate in atrial electrical remodeling.     

家兔快速心房起搏所致电重构和解剖重构及其时间进程的研究

对家兔短期快速心房起搏所致的心房肌电重构和解剖重构特征和时间进程加以研究。 2 0只家兔经颈内静脉切开置入电极导管定位于右房 ,以最快的心房 1∶1起搏频率行快速心房起搏 8h ,分别于起搏前、起搏后 0 .5 ,1,2 ,4 ,6 ,8h及停止起搏后 10 ,2 0 ,30min测定心房有效不应期 (AERP) ,并分别取未起搏 ,起搏 4 ,8h家兔的右心耳组织 ,观察其超微结构。结果 :快速心房起搏后AERP缩短 ,刺激频率 2 0 0 ,2 5 0ms的AERP的最小值出现在快速心房起搏后 1h ,起搏后 0 .5h内AERP变化速率最大 ,在其后的整个短期起搏过程中在较低水平波动 ,停止起搏 10min即可恢复 95 %以上。快速心房起搏 4 ,8h后心房肌细胞超微结构可见线粒体肿胀 ,糖原聚集 ,肌浆网和胞核无明显变化。结论 :短期快速心房起搏可导致心房肌电重构 ,以AERP缩短为特征的电重构在起搏后 0 .5h即可发生 ,其时间进程表现为发生快 ,短期起搏停止后逆转快的特点 ,短期的快速心房激动可导致心房肌细胞超微结构的改变     

Oral verapamil attenuates the progression of pacing-induced electrical and mechanical remodeling of the atrium.

BACKGROUND: Calcium overload plays a major role in the development of electrical and mechanical remodeling during atrial fibrillation, but the potential of verapamil, a Ca blocker, for preventing atrial electrical remodeling remains controversial. METHODS AND RESULTS: Pacing and recording electrodes were sutured to the right atrium in 16 dogs. After a 5-day recovery period, rapid atrial pacing at 400 ppm was initiated in 8 dogs (control group). In the remaining 8 dogs, oral administration of verapamil (8 mg/kg per day) was started 1 week before the initiation of rapid pacing (verapamil group). On the day before and at 2, 7, 14 days after rapid pacing, electrophysiological (EP) and transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) studies were performed under autonomic blockade. In response to rapid pacing, EP and TEE parameters changed progressively in the control group (p<0.05 vs day 0), whereas in the verapamil group, no significant changes in the various parameters were observed for the first 7 days. However, verapamil failed to prevent progression of both types of remodeling after 14 days of pacing. CONCLUSION: Verapamil can attenuate the progression of electrical and mechanical remodeling of the atrium for at least 7 days.     

短期快速心房起搏钙平衡调节蛋白基因表达变化的研究

为观察家兔短期快速心房起搏所致心房肌电重构及其对钙平衡调节蛋白mRNA表达水平的影响 ,探讨心房肌电重构的发生机制 ,取新西兰大耳白兔 36只 ,随机分为 6组 ,经颈内静脉切开置入电极导管 ,以最快的心房 1∶1起搏的频率于右房行快速心房起搏 ,监测起搏前后心房有效不应期 (AERP)的变化 ,按分组分别于起搏 0 .5 ,1,2 ,4 ,8h后终止起搏 ,取右房组织 ,行半定量逆转录 聚合酶链式反应测定钙平衡调节蛋白基因表达的相对水平。结果 :快速心房起搏后AERP缩短 ,起搏后 0 .5h内AERP变化速率最大 ,最小值出现在快速心房起搏后 8h ,在 0 .5h后的整个短期起搏过程中变化不大 ;0 .5h至 8h的快速心房起搏使肌浆网钙泵和L型Ca2 + 通道基因表达水平逐渐下调 ,至起搏后 4h较起搏前有显著性差异 ;Na+ Ca2 + 交换的基因表达水平上调 2 3.71% ,但无统计学意义。磷酸受纳蛋白、Ryanodine受体的基因表达水平无明显变化。结论 :心房肌电重构的电生理变化发生于快速心房起搏0 .5h ,起搏 4h可引起钙平衡调节蛋白基因表达的变化 ,推测心房肌电重构的形成有细胞内钙超载机制的参与。     

Daily oral verapamil before but not after rapid atrial excitation prevents electrical remodeling

BACKGROUND: Intravenous verapamil has been reported to prevent electrical remodeling induced by rapid atrial excitation of several minutes to several hours. However, the clinical efficacy of verapamil when taken orally and daily remains controversial. PURPOSE: We attempted to demonstrate our hypothesis that if verapamil prevents calcium (Ca) overload, its efficacy would be greater when taken before, rather than after, the onset of rapid atrial excitation. METHODS: In 24 dogs, pacing and recording electrodes were sutured onto the right atrium. After a 5-day recovery period, rapid atrial pacing at 400 ppm was started, followed 2 days later by oral verapamil (8 mg/kg per day) in eight dogs (After group; A). In another eight dogs, oral verapamil administration was begun 1 week before the initiation of rapid pacing (Before group; B). In the remaining eight dogs, only rapid atrial pacing was started, without oral verapamil (Control group; C). We measured the effective refractory period (ERP) and conduction velocity (CV), and calculated wavelength (WL) at cycle lengths 200 and 300 ms on the day before (P0), and after 2 (P2), 7 (P7), 14(P14) days of rapid pacing. RESULTS: In response to rapid atrial pacing, ERP, CV, WL decreased and progressively and comparably in A and C (P<0.05 vs. P0). In contrast, in B, these parameters did not change significantly and remained greater than those in A and C (P<0.05). Moreover, the adaptation of ERP to rate was preserved only in B. The duration of atrial fibrillation (AF) was shorter in B than in A and C (P<0.05). The inducibility of AF tended to be lower, and the fibrillation cycle length was longer in B than in A and C. CONCLUSIONS: Oral verapamil started before but not after rapid atrial excitation prevents electrical remodeling. Verapamil may exert beneficial effects when it is taken during sinus rhythm, but not after more than 2 days of atrial tachyarrhythmia.