早期新生儿先天性心脏病的筛查和随访

目的降低先天性心脏病（简称先心病）的发病及减少病死率,探索在基层医院的管理模式.方法2002至2005年对北京市郊区两所妇幼保健院（大兴、门头沟）出生的足月活产儿5640例,在生后7 d内查体筛查先心病,可疑者用彩色多普勒超声心动图进行诊断,出院后定期随访.结果足月活产儿中共检出先心病65例,检出率11.52‰.65例先心病中非青紫型占76.9%,以室间隔缺损（简称室缺）为主（60.1%）,青紫型23.1%,以肺动脉狭窄（9.1%）及法洛四联症（6.2%）为主.随访12例重症先心病,10例家长放弃治疗（其中6例已死亡）,仅2例手术治愈.先心病占同期婴儿死因的首位35.3%（6/17）.室缺37例随访中缺损自行闭合（自闭）、扩大及无明显变化者约各占1/3.缺损直径＜5 mm者23例,12例（52%）自闭,缺损≥5 mm者14例中,自闭1例（7%）,8例（57%）缺损继续扩大（x^2=9.4,P＜0.01）,其中2例死亡,3例已手术矫治.结论防治先心病应自宫内筛查作起,对重症难治的先心病建议及早终止妊娠,经定期随访不能自闭的病例,选择最佳时期手术矫治,降低病死率.     

应用超声检测胎儿心脏异常110例分析

目的探讨各种超声检查方法检测胎儿心脏异常的可行性.方法应用二维超声心动图检测胎儿心脏四腔心切面、左右室流出道切面,观察胎儿心脏解剖结构,必要时作彩色多普勒血流追踪扫查;加用M型超声或多普勒超声心动图观察胎儿心脏传导系统.结果自1983年至1997年期间,应用超声检出胎儿心脏异常110例,其中胎儿心脏解剖结构异常13例,胎儿心脏传导系统异常95侧,心脏解剖结构异常伴传导系统异常2例.由二维超声心动图首先怀疑胎儿心脏解剖结构异常的有14例,占93.33%(14/15),诊断胎儿心脏传导系统异常的有62例,占63.92%(62/97);由二维超声心动图加用彩色多普勒确诊胎儿心脏解剖结构异常的有15例,占100%(15/15);由脉冲多普勒超声诊断胎儿心脏传导系统异常的有35例,占36.08%(35/97).结论产前超声常规应用中档超声仪可筛选大部分胎儿心脏异常,这更符合我国的国情,有助于我国优生事业的发展.     

心脏轴测定在胎儿先天性心脏病产前超声诊断中的临床意义

目的探讨超声心动图测定心脏轴变化在胎儿先天性心脏病（先心病）产前诊断中的临床意义。方法应用Ａｃｕｓｏｎ１２８×Ｐ／１０彩色多普勒超声诊断仪检查５１８例胎龄１８～４０周的先心病高危胎儿和９０例正常胎儿,在心脏超声四腔观基础上测定胎儿心脏轴,并从多切面观察胎儿心内结构,以确定胎儿有无先心病。结果正常胎儿心脏轴为（４４．８±１０．３）度,先心病胎儿心脏轴为（５８．１±１５．７）度,两者比较,差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。单纯四腔观检测胎儿先心病的敏感性为６８．５％,应用心脏超声四腔观加心脏轴测定检测胎儿先心病的敏感性为９１．４％,两者比较,差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）;５１８例先心病高危胎儿中,产前超声正确诊断先心病３４例,假阳性１例,假阴性１例。结论正常胎儿心脏轴范围２０～７５度,如心脏轴＞７５度,应高度怀疑胎儿先心病;心脏轴测定在胎儿先心病筛查中具有重要作用,可作为一种常规测量指标。     

超声心动图的四腔心切面产前诊断胎儿先天性心脏病的价值

目的 探讨超声心动图的四腔心切面（四腔心切面）产前诊断胎儿先天性心脏病（先心病）的价值。方法 回顾性分析780例妊娠16-36周通过四腔心切面进行产前诊断是的孕妇及其新生儿的临床资料。结果 780例胎儿中,94.6%,(738/780)的胎儿可以获取满意的四腔心切面,其中3例胎儿异常,1例为三尖瓣下移畸形（Ebstein综合征）,1例为严重的室间隔缺损,1例为单心房单心室和主动脉狭窄,例1和例3分别于出生后行尸体解剖和新生儿超声心动图检查,均符合产前诊断,例2出生后超声心动图检查证实为单心房和单心室,其余777例新生儿中,出生后身体检查并追踪至产后6周,发现3例先心病,其中1例室间隔缺损,1例房间隔缺损,1例房间隔缺伴肺动脉狭窄,四腔心切面诊断胎儿先心病的敏感性为50%,特异性为100%。结论 四腔心切面可以显示胎儿心脏的大部分结构,探测成功率高,对先心病的宫内诊断有较高的敏感性和极高的特性,可将胎儿四腔心切面作为常规的产检查项目。     

新生儿先天性心脏病385例彩色多普勒超声诊断及其临床意义

目的 研究新生儿先天性心脏病（简称先心病）的类型并判断其预后，以提出减少发病及死亡的对策。方法 分析1991－1999年新生儿先心病385例的彩色多普勒超声特点，并对87例非青紫先心病进行随访2个月－7年，观察其预后。结果 本组病例常见类型的顺位是：左向右分流畸形（69．4％)，大动脉转位（10．4％），肺动脉出口梗阻（6．2％),左室出口梗阻（4．4％），肺静脉连接异常（3．6％）。新生儿期众议院的335例中，106例（47．8％）是在生后1周内入院，335例中重症先心病50例（14．9％）。本组病例死亡及抢救无望家长放弃者共79例（21％），其中47％出生日龄在1周内，重症先心病中大动脉转位、左心发育不良、肺动脉狭窄或闭锁发病及死亡均早，死亡及放弃中以大动脉转位占首位（33％）。室间隔缺损≤3mm者，经随访65％自然关闭；而≥6mm者中，仍未闭或经手术矫治共占92％，此组病例51％合并肺动脉高压。房间隔缺损5－6mm者，经随访60％自然关闭；7－10mm者，67％未闭，33％手术。动脉导管未闭＞5mm者100％手术。结论 为减少先心病的发病和减少死亡，应重视胎儿心脏超声检查，早期发现重症先心病及时终止妊娠；生后对先心病也应早做超声诊断，发现重症及早外科治疗，轻者定期随访。     

应用彩色多普勒超声产前诊断胎儿心功能不全的研究

目的 探讨应用彩色多普勒超声产前诊断胎儿心功能不全的有效性。方法 应用彩色多普勒超声对３８４１例妊娠妇女进行产前检查,其中对３０２例高危妊娠患者进行子宫－胎盘循环与胎儿循环监测,以胎儿心／胸面积比值〉０．３３,脐静脉异常搏劝征、三尖产以流征３项为 诊断胎儿心功能不全的重要依据。结果 ３０２例高危妊娠患者中,并前诊断胎儿心功能不全６例,其中宫内死亡５例,生后死亡１便。胎儿心功能不全发生率及死亡率占产     

超声心动图诊断胎儿心律失常的声像表现

目的 :探讨超声心动图诊断胎儿心律失常的声像表现。方法 :应用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪对孕妇年龄 2 0～ 32岁、胎龄 17～ 4 0周、临床疑有胎儿心律失常或伴其他异常妊娠史的 32 5例胎儿进行超声心动图检查。通过分析超声心动图特征 ,明确房室激动顺序和时相关系 ,分类诊断胎儿心律失常。对出生后仍有心律失常的新生儿进行超声心动图与心电图同步检查验证。结果 :32 5例高危胎儿中产前超声心动图诊断胎儿心律失常 5 5例 ,其中房性早搏 2 9例 ,室性早搏 9例 ,心动过缓 7例 ,窦性心动过速 4例 ,室上性心动过速 2例 ,房室传导阻滞 2例 ,房性早搏合并窦性静止 2例。出生后仍有心律失常的 4例新生儿进行超声心动图与心电图同步检查证实结果一致。结论 :超声心动图能诊断多种类型的胎儿心律失常 ,具有重要的临床意义     

单心动周期实时三维超声心动图在胎儿房室间隔缺损诊断中的应用

目的:探讨单心动周期实时三维超声心动图(s RT-3DE)在胎儿房间隔缺损(ASD)及室间隔缺损(VSD)诊断中的临床应用价值。方法:将满足纳入条件的320例孕妇,分别进行胎儿心脏二维超声心动图(2DE)及s RT-3DE检查,对两种检查方法的胎儿图像进行采集、结果记录以及数据进行分析比较,并对产前诊断为ASD及VSD的41例孕妇产后进行追踪随访,对婴幼儿行2DE检查。结果:320例孕妇中,对单纯性ASD或有ASD的胎儿,s RT-3DE产前诊断16例(5.00%),高于2DE产前提示诊断6例(1.88%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);对单纯性VSD或有VSD的胎儿,s RT-3DE产前诊断25例(7.81%),高于2DE产前诊断12例(3.75%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。随访到28例患儿,1例为假阳性,生后检查未见室间隔连续性中断。结论:s RT-3DE可较直观显示胎儿室间隔、房间隔及卵圆窝的成像,在产前诊断胎儿房室间隔缺损中具有一定优势。     

胎儿心动图的临床应用研究

二维超声和多普勒心动图可准确检查胎儿心脏。宫内诊断胎儿心脏异常,有利于早期行宫内治疗和对孕妇进行必要的处理。作者在1985～1989年间对323例孕妇进行了338次超声检查,除1例经阴道外均经腹部探测。受检指征有:先心病(CHD)家族史;胰岛素依赖型糖尿病;胎儿心律异常;药物接触史;胎儿其他缺陷和产科超声怀疑CHD等。平均孕龄24周,超声探头朝向胎儿胸前和腹部是检测胎儿心脏影像的最好位置。孕20周是检测最好时机,足月后因羊水减少,胎儿位置变化受限和骨化增加而影响结果。产后随访260例新生儿,5例诊断错误。323例中,47例(15%)胎儿有异常发现。除外间断性房性心律失常,35例(11%)有明显异常。其结果除1例外均得到产后临床/心动图/导管     

胎儿心脏锥干畸形产前诊断评价

目的评价胎儿心脏锥干畸形产前超声心动图诊断准确性。方法运用胎儿超声心动图进行先天性心脏病产前诊断，并与心脏病理诊断或新生儿心脏超声诊断进行比较分析。结果2063例胎儿进行心脏超声检查，产前发现胎儿心脏锥干畸形28例，诊断时平均孕周26．6周（16～40周），产前诊断包括大血管转位5例，法洛四联症5例，右室双出口6例，永存动脉干9例，室间隔缺损合并主动脉骑跨可能1例，2例检查发现大血管位置异常但胎儿超声心动图未予明确诊断。24例经胎儿心脏病理检查或新生儿心脏超声检查确诊，4例失访（包括1例TOF／TA？，2例“大血管发育异常”，1例TGA）。比较产前诊断与产后诊断，分析大血管位置关系诊断准确性为75．0％（18／24）。结论胎儿超声心动图可正确诊断胎儿心脏锥干畸形，需运用多种超声切面及彩色脉冲多普勒确定大血管位置关系。     

胎儿先天性心脏病和风疹病毒感染的关系

目的 探讨和分析孕妇风疹病毒感染与胎儿先天性心脏病(简称先心病)的关系,为提高先天性风疹综合征产前诊断率寻求方法.方法 对超声心动图诊断并要求引产的38例先心病胎儿行脐带穿刺,采用酶联免疫吸附试验测定脐血风疹病毒特异性抗体IgM. 结果 38例先心病胎儿中18例脐血风疹病毒IgM(+),占47.4%,其余20例IgM(-).18例风疹病毒IgM(+)胎儿按心脏异常结构出现频率排序:室间隔缺损10例、肺动脉发育异常9例、房室瓣异常6例、大动脉转位5例、主动脉骑跨4例.IgM(+)和IgM(-)组中属于圆锥动脉分隔异常或圆锥动脉干间隔旋转不足或方向相反的病例数分别为11例(61.1%)和5例(25.0%)(P<0.05). 结论 风疹病毒与胎儿先心病的发生有一定关联,可能影响胎儿心室分隔和圆锥动脉干发育.B超提示胎儿室间隔缺损、肺动脉发育异常、心肌瓣膜异常、大动脉转位时,应考虑到风疹病毒感染的可能.     

Prenatal diagnostics of congenital heart disease--own results

OBJECTIVES: Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most common congenital malformation. They are still often overlooked in fetuses during the routine obstetric scanning. DESIGN: The aim of our study was to present our results in detecting CHD in high risk pregnancies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The echocardiograms of 135 fetuses and case history of neonates who had prenatal diagnosis of CHD were revied retrospectively. RESULTS: We diagnosed CHD in 135 fetuses. The most common CHD were: atrio-ventricular canal (32 fetuses-23,7%), hypoplastic left heart syndrome (17 fetuses--12.6%), ventricular septal defect (11 fetuses--8.2%), and aortic stenosis (10 fetuses--7.4%). There were 15 intrauterine deaths (11.1%) and 8 neonatal deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal echocardiography enables early detecting and adequate treatment of congenital heart defects.     

Accuracy and limitations of transabdominal fetal echocardiography at 12-15 weeks of gestation in a population at high risk for congenital heart disease

Objective Evaluation of transabdominal fetal echocardiography at 12–15 weeks of gestation.
Design Retrospective analysis.
Setting Tertiary fetal cardiology unit.
Sample Two hundred twenty-nine consecutive fetuses imaged at 12–15 weeks of gestation over a 45-month period.
Methods Retrospective analysis of echocardiography and autopsy reports.
Main outcome measures Accuracy of early echocardiography for the detection of abnormalities of the cardiac connections.
Results Diagnostic images were obtained in 226/229 fetuses (98.7%). Abnormalities of the cardiac connections were detected in 13 fetuses (5.7%) on the initial scan. Where information was available (   n = 11  ), the echocardiographic findings were confirmed at autopsy or postnatally. In two of the 13 cases of congenital heart disease, repeat echocardiography was necessary to provide additional cardiological information. Of the 213 cases in whom a normal initial report was issued, four (1.7%) had congenital heart disease diagnosed later in pregnancy (   n = 3  ) or postnatally (   n = 1  ). Three of these fetuses had haemodynamically insignificant ventricular septal defects and one developed a dilated cardiomyopathy later in gestation.
Conclusions Transabdominal fetal echocardiography can be performed at 12–15 weeks of gestation permitting accurate early detection of major congenital heart defects in a high risk population. Some forms of congenital heart disease, usually minor, may not be detectable at such an early stage.     

Can we suspect fetal down syndrome by heart evaluation during the second half of pregnancy?

Thirty fetuses with Down syndrome, who had detailed fetal echocardiography and sonography at the tertiary center with videotape recordings, were retrospective analyzed by one observer with a specially prepared flow sheet. The mean gestational age of the fetuses at the time of the study was 31 +/- 5.6 (minimum 21, maximum 39) weeks. The 'main' fetal abnormalities were congenital heart defect (CHD): in 13 cases (43.3%) an abnormal 4-chamber view was recorded, including 6 cases (20%) of isolated CHD and 7 (23.3%) of coexisting CHD + extracardiac malformation. Of the 13 cases of CHD, there were 12 cases of atrio-ventricular canal and 1 case of ventricular septal defect. Normal heart anatomy was recorded in 17 cases (56.7%), including 2 with tricuspid value regurgitation. From the videotape recordings also some 'minor' abnormalities were noticed in a few cases such as: femur length shortening; sandal gap; pericardial effusion; macroglossia; echogenic bowel; absent diastolic flow in the umbilical artery, and others. The prevalence of CHD in the study group was similar to the prevalence of CHD in the comparison group of 20 newborns with Down syndrome, born during the same period of time at the same institution, who had not had prenatal scanning at all (chi2, p > 0.05). Conclusions: (1) the main 'major' abnormality which might be detected in a fetus with Down syndrome after 20 weeks of pregnancy is CHD, which was presented in 43.3% of this series; (2) the presence of any extracardiac malformation should prompt the sonographer for detailed heart evaluation, and (3) fetal echocardiography may increase the accuracy of 'genetic sonogram' in Down syndrome.     

Heart defects and other anomalies in fetuses conceived by assisted reproduction techniques

AIM: The aim of the work was to evaluate the frequency of occurrence of structural, chromosome defects and developmental disorders in fetuses conceived with the help of different assisted reproduction techniques. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research group consisted of 30 patients, aged from 25 to 37, subjected to various techniques of assisted reproduction from 2003 to 2006, who reported for consultation in the referral centre. 13 (43%) of the patients underwent the IVF procedure, 12 (40%) the ICSI procedure, 5 patients underwent interuterine insemination. Ultrasonographic examination with the evaluation of the fetal heart was conducted on average in the 22nd week of gestation. RESULTS: Multiple pregnancies constituted 14 (47%) of the examined pregnancies. In total, fetal anomalies were diagnosed in 3 fetuses (6%). Cardiovascular anomalies occurred in 2 fetuses (atrioventricular septal defect--AVSD and ventricular septal defect--VSD), each with diagnosed trisomy of chromosome pairs 21 and 18 respectively. In one case an anomaly within the urinary system was diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple pregnancies constituted nearly half of the researched group. Structural defects were diagnosed in 3 (6%) fetuses, which slightly exceeds population risk. A higher anomaly percentage occurred in fetuses from twin pregnancies and in the group after ICSI. In the study the risk is related to the selected group of patient undergoing fetal echocardiography exam. To estimate the risk in the ART group precisely, all pregnancies conceived with implementation of ART should be examined. Multi-centre studies are our future goal.     

Perinatal management of pregnancies with severe fetal heart defects and epigenetic aspects

Objective: To describe pregnancies with severe fetal heart defects (CHD) with respect to perinatal complications and management. To discuss epigenetic factors with respect to maternal body mass index (BMI) and assisted reproduction treatment (ART). Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis in a single centre for prenatal diagnostics. Data were collected with respect to pre- and postnatal diagnoses of CHD, preterm labour and deliveries, maternal risk factors and postnatal outcome. Results: Between 2009 and 2011 we treated 116 patients with severe fetal heart defects. Prenatal diagnoses were: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) in 50 fetuses (43.1%), conotruncal heart defects (CTM) in 43 (37.1%), atrial ventricular septal defects in eight cases (7.8%).There were 11 (9.9%) twin pregnancies. Premature labour occurred in 11.2%, premature deliveries 12.9%. Nine pregnancies (7.8%) were achieved by assisted reproduction treatment (ART). A body mass index (BMI) > 25 occurred in 54.3% with 3% morbid obesity. Advanced maternal age >35 was found in 33.5%. Accuracy of the prenatal diagnosis was 97%. Conclusions: Patients with ART pregnancies may be referred to fetal echocardiography. Maternal obesity poses a diagnostic problem, the incidence of CTM may be higher due to epigenetic factors. This requires further studies. As premature labour and delivery is a frequent complication, perinatal management of these pregnancies must be reserved to specialized centers.     

胎儿心律失常的超声心动图检测及其临床意义

目的 探讨超声心动图检测对胎儿心律失常的诊断价值及临床意义。方法 采用超声心动图对725例胎龄16-41周临床疑诊为心律失常或存在其他异常的胎儿进行检测。结果 共检出胎儿心律失常90例。其中,期前收缩72例(房性期前收缩65例,室性期前收缩7例),心动过缓9例,心动过速6例,2:1房室传导阻滞2例,心房扑动1例。4例心动过缓胎儿并发先天性心血管畸形患者,2例在随访过程中死于宫内(尸体解剖证实为单心室伴肺动脉瓣狭窄1例,心脏横纹肌瘤1例),2例终止妊娠(尸体解剖证实为二尖瓣闭锁1例,共同房室通道1例)。1例胎龄38周心房扑动胎儿经吸氧及严密监护24h后,心律失常无缓解,立即行剖宫产术,出生后应用西地兰后心律转为窦性。其余85例胎儿心律失常均为阵发性,不伴有胎儿心脏形态、结构畸形及胎儿水肿,均足月出生,出生后听诊均未闻及心脏杂音及心律失常。结论 胎儿超声心动图是产前检查胎儿心律失常的可靠的无创性影像技术,其应用有助于早期检出并指导心律失常胎儿的处理。     

三个心脏超声切面在常见先天性心脏病产前诊断中的作用

目的 探讨三个胎儿超声心动图标准切面：四腔心切面、五腔心切面、三血管平面在发现和诊断胎儿常见先天性心脏病中的作用及对于先天性心脏病产前筛查的意义。方法 回顾2003年5月至2004年7月胎儿心脏畸形各病例的心脏超声图像，记录每一病例三个超声切面（四腔心切面、五腔心切面、三血管平面）的彩色多普勒超声图像表现，分析并总结各切面异常表现的特点。结果 （1）研究共包括胎儿心脏畸形病例26例，疾病类型包括房室间隔缺损、单纯性室间隔缺损、单心室、单心房、左心发育不良综合征、法洛四联症、右心室双出口、纠正性／完全性大动脉转位、动脉单干、主动脉瓣狭窄、肥厚性心肌病（梗阻型）、心脏肿瘤。（2）各心脏畸形病例在这三个心脏超声切面的扫查中至少有1个切面显示异常。每一类心脏畸形在这三个切面图像上均有特征性表现。（3）所有病例中二维四腔心切面（常规产科筛查切面）显示异常的比例为73％，四腔心切面未显示异常的病例包括：完全性大血管转位3例、法洛四联症1例、右心室双出口1例、动脉单干1例、主动脉骑跨伴室间隔缺损1例。（4）各标准切面获得率分别为：96．2％、88．5％、84．6％。结论 （1）四腔心切面、五腔心切面、三血管平面这三个胎儿彩色多普勒心脏超声切面探查在各类胎儿常见的先天性心脏病超声产前检查与诊断中起重要的作用。（2）与运用单个二维四腔心切面探查比较，三个切面的探查方法可提高常见先天性心脏病，尤其是胎儿心脏锥干畸形的检出率。（3）三个切面探查操作较为简便，有望成为一项胎儿先天性心脏病的筛查方法。     

Ductus venosus blood flow velocity waveforms as a predictor for fetal outcome in isolated congenital heart disease

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether pulsatility of ductus venosus (DV) flow velocity waveforms is of diagnostic value in predicting survival in fetuses with congenital heart disease (CHD). METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, Doppler investigation of DV and umbilical artery blood flow was performed in 58 fetuses with isolated structural CHD, without other sonographically detectable structural or chromosomal abnormalities or tachyarrhythmia. The pulsatility index for veins of DV (DV-PIV) waveforms was expressed as multiples of the 95th centile (Mo95th) of the reference ranges for gestational age. The PIV was related to intrauterine and neonatal mortality within the first 6 months of life. Terminations of pregnancies and neonates with additional abnormalities detected after birth were excluded from statistical analysis. For statistical analysis, the different types of heart defects were separated into atrial and/or ventricular (AV) septal defects, right or left ventricular in- and outflow tract abnormalities and others. RESULTS: After exclusion of 9 pregnancies (2 cases with failure of measurements of DV-PIV, 2 neonates with additional malformations, and 5 terminations of pregnancies), 49 cases were available for statistical analysis. The umbilical artery pulsatility index was within normal ranges in all but 1 case with AV canal and hydrops. In 7 pregnancies intrauterine fetal deaths occurred and 6 of them were hydropic. The median gestational age at birth for liveborn neonates was 39.0 weeks (range 27.8-41). There were 6 postnatal deaths, all but 1 within 28 days of delivery. The remaining fetuses survived for at least 6 months. The overall mortality rate was 27% (13/49). The DV-PIV was significantly higher in non-survivors than in survivors (median of Mo95th and interquartile ranges 1.48 (1.04-1.95) vs. 0.81 (0.70-1.15); p = 0.01). Analysis of subgroups showed significant differences for AV septal defects and abnormalities affecting predominantly the right ventricle (p = 0.046 and 0.043, respectively). Ten out of 13 non-survivors showed an abnormal DV-PIV (sensitivity 77%) as compared to 12 out of 36 survivors (specificity 67%). All hydropic fetuses (n = 6) showed an abnormal DV-PIV and ended in intrauterine deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of the DV pulsatility is a useful additional variable for predicting the risk for mortality in fetuses with isolated structural CHD, in particular in fetuses with defects of the AV septum and with defects affecting predominantly right ventricular function. As there is no fetal hydrops without abnormal DV, this is another sign for the association of DV and cardiac failure.