Effects of selenium on the serum glucose and insulin levels in diabetic rats]

We investigated the effects of selenium (Se) on the serum glucose and insulin levels in rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ, 75 mg/kg, i.p.) and pancreatectomized rats. Moreover, the direct action of Se on insulin release from the isolated pancreatic islets using a slight diabetic rat was studied. The following results were obtained: 1) Selenite at a dose of 173 micrograms/kg (78.9 micrograms/kg of Se base equivalent) drastically reduced the very high level of serum glucose in acute diabetic rats within 5 to 30 min after treatment. During this time period, the insulin level in the serum showed an increasing tendency. 2) The high serum glucose level in chronic diabetic rats returned to the original level with injection of selenite for 4 days, once a day. However, Se did not elicit a significant increase in serum insulin level. 3) Although there was a tendency for the serum glucose level to decrease when selenite was administered into pancreatectomized rats, no secretion of insulin into the serum was observed. 4) Insulin release from isolated pancreatic islets was dose-dependently accelerated by the addition of selenite. These data present the new finding that Se reduced the high level of serum glucose in diabetic rats.     

胰岛素气雾剂经正常及糖尿病大鼠肺部给药后的降血糖作用

目的：研究胰岛素气雾剂经肺部给药后的降血糖作用。方法：建立了大鼠的肺部给药模型,通过经口有入及气管内给药两种途径将溶液型胰岛素气雾剂导入大鼠肺内,采用葡萄糖氧化酶法测定给药后正常大鼠及糖尿病大鼠的血糖水平,并计算其药理生物利用度。结果：在同一种剂量下,经口吸入和气管内给药两种途径在正常及糖尿病大鼠体内均呈现显著的降血糖作用,其药理生物利用度在正常大鼠体内分别为6．0％和11．4％,在糖尿病大鼠体内分别为5．6％和8．7％,结论：胰岛素气雾剂能有效地降低正常及糖尿病大鼠血糖,为进一步开发临床治疗糖尿病的新剂型打下基础。     

Effects of metformin on glucose uptake by isolated diaphragm from normal and diabetic rats

The effects of the antidiabetic drug metformin (Nl, Nl-dimethylbiguanide) on glucose uptake by isolated rat diaphragm muscle have been studied. A therapeutic concentration of metformin (10 μg/ml) had no effect on glucose uptake by diaphragm muscle from normal rats incubated in the absence or presence of insulin (100 and 1000 μU/ml), but increased uptake by diaphragm muscle from alloxan-diabetic rats incubated in the presence of insulin (P < 0.05). Diaphragm muscle from normal rats incubated in a medium containing sodium butyrate (0.25 mg/ml) showed a reduction in glucose uptake similar to that seen in muscle from diabetic animals. Metformin (10 μg/ml) also increased glucose uptake by this preparation in the presence of insulin (P < 0.01). A higher concentration of metformin (100 μg/ml) caused a depression of glucose uptake by diaphragms from normal rats, and the necessity for studying therapeutic concentrations of the biguanide drugs is stressed. The relation of these findings to the antidiabetic effect of the drug in man is discussed. The mechanisms involved are discussed in terms of changes in glycogen metabolism.     

Qi盐对正常及糖尿病模型大鼠血糖的影响

目的观察Qi盐对正常小鼠和糖尿病模型大鼠的降血糖作用.方法尾静脉注射四氧嘧啶制作大鼠糖尿病模型,连续灌胃给Qi盐14 d,葡萄糖氧化酶法测血糖.结果Qi盐1.6,0.8,0.4 g·kg-1对正常小鼠血糖及糖耐量均无明显影响,但0.8,0.4 g·kg-1可降低四氧嘧啶模型大鼠血糖,改善糖耐量.结论Qi盐对糖尿病模型大鼠有降血糖作用.     

蒺藜皂苷对正常和2型糖尿病大鼠餐后血糖水平的影响

目的研究蒺藜皂苷（STT）对正常和2型糖尿病大鼠餐后血糖水平的影响及可能机理。方法正常和2型糖尿病大鼠灌胃蔗糖或葡萄糖,同时灌胃STT,60 min后,尾静脉采血,测定血糖浓度;提取大鼠小肠α-葡萄糖苷酶,体外测定STT对酶活性的抑制作用。结果正常和2型糖尿病大鼠灌胃蔗糖同时灌胃STT 60min后,血糖水平显著低于对照,分别为对照的70.19%（P〈0.001）和68.05%（P〈0.001）,但STT对灌胃葡萄糖后血糖水平的变化无显著性影响;0.1、1、10 mg/mL的STT能够显著抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的体外活性（P〈0.001）,抑制率分别为20.83%、43.73%和52.62%。结论STT能够显著降低正常和2型糖尿病大鼠餐后血糖水平的升高,其可能机理为对小肠α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用。     

大蒜素对大鼠血糖及胰岛B细胞功能的研究

目的观察大蒜素对糖尿病大鼠血糖、C肽及胰岛素B细胞释放功能的影响.方法采用四氧嘧啶模型糖尿病大鼠,并以优降糖作阳性对照组.以大蒜素连续灌胃给药15 d.结果大蒜素对糖尿病大鼠的血糖有明显降低作用,同时能升高C肽含量.结论通过实验证明大蒜素对糖尿病的治疗作用与增加胰岛素分泌、改善受损的胰岛B细胞功能有关.     

三精锐普降糖仪对糖尿病患者及大鼠血糖水平的影响

目的：观察糖尿病患者及大鼠使用三精锐普降糖仪治疗前后血糖水平的影响。方法：临床实验：对16例糖尿病患者使用三精锐普降糖仪一次治疗前后的血糖进行测定，动物实验：取12只大鼠，用四氧嘧啶制成糖尿病模型后分成3组；（1）模型组；（2）治疗组；（3）对照组。另有空白对照组大鼠6只。结果：临床实验：16名糖尿病患者血糖均显著下降（P＜0．01）。动物实验：经过一个疗程（10d）的治疗后，治疗组大鼠的血糖明显低于模型组与对照组（P＜0．05），而与空白对照组无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。结论：三精锐普降糖仪可以降低糖尿病患者和大鼠的血糖。     

缬沙坦对糖尿病大鼠糖代谢及胰腺病理结构的影响

目的探讨血管紧张素受体拮抗剂缬沙坦对链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病大鼠糖代谢、氧化应激及胰腺病理结构的影响。方法大鼠随机分为:正常对照组、糖尿病组、缬沙坦组。10周后观察胰腺组织病理形态学变化,检测胰腺组织的丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活力,检测空腹血糖、胰岛素及糖化血红蛋白含量。结果与糖尿病组比较,缬沙坦组糖尿病大鼠胰腺组织病理结构损害减轻,MDA含量下降,SOD活力升高,血糖水平下降,胰岛素水平升高,差异有统计学意义。结论缬沙坦改善糖尿病大鼠糖代谢,减轻胰腺组织的病理结构损害,其机制部分与其对胰腺组织氧化应激增加有抑制作用有关。     

中药思的明对吗啡依赖大鼠血清和尿中吗啡含量的影响

目的:考察思的明(SDM)对吗啡依赖大鼠体内吗啡代谢的影响.方法:将大鼠随机分为吗啡依赖大鼠SDM治疗组(剂量以生药材计为8 g·kg-1·d-1)、吗啡依赖大鼠非治疗组、吗啡依赖大鼠吗啡维持组、正常大鼠SDM对照组(剂量以生药材计为8 g·kg-1·d-1)和正常大鼠生理氯化钠溶液(NS)对照组.前3组以剂量递增法连续皮下注射(s.c.)吗啡7 d,建立吗啡依赖大鼠模型,d 6开始各组分别给予相应的药物.后2组从d 1开始分别灌胃(ig)给予SDM和NS.以上各组分别于d 8～d 11采集血样,d 8～d 13采集尿样.用乙酸乙酯提取血清及尿样中的吗啡,应用反相HPLC-UV法测定其浓度,并计算24 h尿液中吗啡的排泄量.结果:与非治疗组比较,SDM治疗组吗啡依赖大鼠d 8和d 9血清吗啡含量明显增高,而d 10和d 11有一定程度降低;d 8～d 10吗啡排泄量明显增高,而d 11～d 13明显降低.吗啡维持组大鼠血清中吗啡含量均明显高于各组.NS对照组和SDM对照组大鼠血清中未检测到吗啡.结论:SDM能加快体内吗啡代谢和排出的速度,这可能是SDM有脱毒和促进机体康复功效的机制之一.     

Effects of oral administration of some herbal extracts on food consumption and blood glucose levels in normal and streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats

Previous studies in our laboratories suggest that oral administration of some herbal extracts reduce blood glucose concentrations in rats, possibly by interfering with food consumption and/or gastrointestinal absorption of food. Accordingly, we monitored the amounts of food consumed and body weights in separate groups of nondiabetic and streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats, orally treated with some plant extracts (20 mg 100 g -1 body weight) daily for 5 weeks. Control animals were administered the vehicle, citrate buffer (0.1 ml 100 g -1 body weight). Separate groups of rats administered allopathic hypoglycemic drugs metformin (50 mg 100 g -1 body weight) or glibenclamide (5 microg 100 g -1 body weight) acted as positive control animals. After 5 weeks, blood glucose concentrations were reduced in all the groups. Tapinanthus nyasicus leaf, Ficus thoningii bark, Solanum incanum fruit, and Morus alba leaf extracts decreased weekly food consumption throughout the 5-week study period. Similar results were obtained for the groups treated with metformin or glibenclamide. However, food consumption was increased by S. incanum root, Aloe chabaudii leaf, or Allium sativum bulb extracts, and this was associated with high prevalence of diarrhea. The herbal extracts and metformin did not affect serum insulin concentration in nondiabetic rats, while glibenclamide increased serum insulin concentration. In conclusion, it may be inferred that the herbal extracts examined produced hypoglycemia, probably by interfering with either food intake or gastrointestinal glucose absorption (as reported for metformin). These findings merit long-term investigation.     

花粉对糖尿病患者的血糖和血脂影响

32例糖尿病患者年龄43-83yr(62±SD8yr)口服油菜花粉,6g/d,疗程2mo。其中≥60yr者服用后较服用前的空腹血糖及OGTT 2h血糖均有明显增高(P<0.05)。血清TG,HDL-ch,HDL_2-ch有明显下降(P<0.05)。花粉使TG,HDL-ch降低的机制有待进一步探讨。     

The effects of sucralfate ingestion on serum and specific tissue aluminum concentration in normal rats

The effects of sucralfate ingestion on serum and specific tissue aluminum (Al) accumulation were studied in normal rats fed either a control diet or the same diet supplemented with sucralfate. Although serum Al concentrations were not significantly different between the groups, animals fed sucralfate for 8 weeks had significantly higher bone but not brain or liver Al concentrations when compared with controls. This study indicates that 8 weeks exposure to Al in sucralfate leads to an increase in bone Al concentrations, without changes in serum Al concentrations, suggesting that serum Al concentration may be a poor predictor of gastrointestinal absorption and specific tissue retention of Al.     

甲磺酸加替沙星与加替沙星的药物代谢动力学比较

目的甲磺酸加替沙星(GATM)和加替沙星(GAT)是喹诺酮类抗感染药物的新型制剂,对改变酸根的甲磺酸加替沙星在大鼠体内的药物代谢动力学规律和特点进行了考察并和加替沙星进行比较。方法以SD大鼠为研究对象,单剂量口服等克分子剂量(0.0497 mmol.kg-1)GATM和GAT后,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测血清中GAT的含量,采用3p97程序软件计算二者在大鼠体内的药代动力学参数。结果大鼠单次口服GATM(23.43 mg.kg-1)和GAT(20 mg.kg-1)后,二者的血药浓度经时变化符合一级消除动力学特征,药时曲线拟合为二房室模型,其中GATM的药代动力学参数为:血浆消除半衰期(T12β)9.13 h,药时曲线下面积(AUC)15.05 mg.L-1.h,血药峰浓度(Cm ax)4.41mg.L-1,达峰时间(Tm ax)0.5 h;而GAT的药代参数分别为:T12β10.70 h,AUC 13.84 mg.L-1.h,Cm ax4.25 mg.L-1,Tm ax0.5 h。结论在上述剂量条件下GATM与GAT的吸收(Tm ax、Cm ax、AUC)、分布(V/F)和消除(T12β、CL)参数差异未见显著性,二者的血药浓度经时变化相似,药代动力学规律基本一致。     

牛磺酸干预对糖尿病大鼠糖脂代谢及氧化应激的影响

目的：探讨牛磺酸对2型糖尿病大鼠糖脂代谢和氧化应激的影响。方法：通过喂食SD大鼠高糖高脂饲料合并腹腔注射35 mg·kg^-1链脲佐霉素（STZ）制备2型糖尿病大鼠模型。将造模成功的大鼠随机分为模型组、二甲双胍组（400 mg·kg^-1）、牛磺酸低剂量组（400 mg·kg^-1）和牛磺酸高剂量组（600 mg·kg^-1），连续灌胃给药7周。测定各组大鼠的血糖（FBG）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL）和极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（VLDL），血清胰岛素（FINs），并计算胰岛素抵抗系数（IRI）；取肝、肾组织匀浆液，测定超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物（GPH-Px）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）含量。对氧化应激与糖脂代谢指标进行主成分分析。结果：牛磺酸高、低剂量组均具有降低血糖、TC、TG的作用，对VLD、HDL有一定影响，但无统计学差异（P>0.05）。牛磺酸高剂量组可升高肝组织GSH、T-AOC（P<0.05），降低MDA（P<0.05），也可降低肾组织MDA（P<0.05）。牛磺酸低剂量组可升高肾组织GSH，T-AOC（P<0.05）。主成分分析显示，氧化应激水平与糖脂代谢密切相关。结论：牛磺酸可改善2型糖尿病大鼠的氧化应激损伤，调节糖尿病大鼠的糖脂代谢。     

补阳还五汤阻断糖尿病大鼠高血糖和抗氧化的作用研究

目的　探讨补阳还五汤阻断糖尿病大鼠高血糖和抗氧化的作用。方法　采用 (STZ十高热量饲料致糖尿病造模 8w ,口服灌胃补阳还五汤 4w ,观察糖尿病大鼠体重 ,全血糖 ,血清血糖和SOD敏感指数的变化。结果　补阳还五汤能抑制空腹血糖、口服葡萄糖 1 0 g/kg 2h后血糖和空腹血清血糖的升高作用 ,提高SOD活性 ,具有抗氧化的作用。 结论　补阳还五汤具有类似格列齐特与甲福明具有降糖作用 ,还具有抗氧化的作用。     

补阳还五汤阻断糖尿病大鼠高血糖和抗氧化的作用研究

目的探讨补阳还五汤阻断糖尿病大鼠高血糖和抗氧化的作用.方法采用(STZ十高热量饲料致糖尿病造模8w,口服灌胃补阳还五汤4w,观察糖尿病大鼠体重,全血糖,血清血糖和SOD敏感指数的变化.结果补阳还五汤能抑制空腹血糖、口服葡萄糖10g/kg 2h后血糖和空腹血清血糖的升高作用,提高SOD活性,具有抗氧化的作用.结论补阳还五汤具有类似格列齐特与甲福明具有降糖作用,还具有抗氧化的作用.     

加替沙星和环丙沙星对大鼠肝细胞色素P450酶系的影响

目的 研究加替沙星和环丙沙星对大鼠肝微粒体细胞色素P450酶系的影响。方法 加替沙星和环丙沙星400 mg.kg-1灌胃给药大鼠,qd,7天后,用差速离心法制备大鼠肝微粒体,用Lowry法测定蛋白浓度,用分光光度计法检测6种肝微粒体细胞色素P450酶含量及活性,并用单因素方差分析进行统计。结果 加替沙星组的6种细胞色素P450酶的活性与空白对照组相比差异无统计学意义;而环丙沙星能抑制6种细胞色素P450酶中的b5、NADPH-CytC还原酶、氨基比林N-脱甲基酶、红霉素N-脱甲基酶和7-乙氧基香豆素脱烃酶的活性,对CYP450酶系有选择性抑制作用。结论 加替沙星对大鼠肝微粒体CYP450酶系无显著性影响,而环丙沙星对CYP450酶系有选择性抑制作用。