60%泛影葡胺皮下注射治疗家兔淋巴瘘病理形态计量研究

目的 探讨60%泛影葡胺皮下注射治疗淋巴瘘实验动物模型的作用机制.方法 90只家兔采用腹股沟部手术形成淋巴瘘模型.模型建立后第3天以体积分数为60%的泛影葡胺溶液于该侧股血管走行区域分2～3点皮下浸润注射,必要时重复注射.1周时取局部血管周围组织及注射部位皮下组织观察局部病理变化并测量有腔淋巴管面积(LA)、周长(LP),计算形态因子(FF)及圆度(RD).结果 模型成功78侧(48.1%),实验组40侧,行60%泛影葡胺注射81次219点;对照组38侧,行0.9%氯化钠溶液注射107次289点.手术后大体病理见局部血管神经组织周边粘连明显,与周围组织融合呈条索状.实验组皮下组织肿胀明显.局部血管神经组织病理形态测量结果比较2组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).实验组皮下组织LA明显少于对照组(P=0.0296),而FF、RD较对照组明显增大(P＜0.05),2组间皮下组织肿胀程度比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 术后淋巴瘘的发生可能与手术部位广泛分离、假腔形成、淋巴液回流量和感染等有关.泛影葡胺局部皮下注射治疗淋巴瘘疗效显著,其治疗作用并非是直接作用于淋巴瘘部位的淋巴管组织,而是由于毛细淋巴管的高通透性与泛影葡胺的高渗透性共同作用,引起局部间质肿胀等一系列变化,使淋巴瘘部位淋巴回流量明显减少.皮下注射费用低廉,局部刺激作用较轻,耐受性良好.     

颈部淋巴清扫术后严重淋巴漏的非手术治疗体会

目的 探讨非手术综合治疗措施在甲状腺癌颈部清扫术后严重淋巴漏防治中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析两例颈部淋巴结清扫术后严重淋巴漏患者的临床资料和治疗过程，结合国内外文献对严重颈部淋巴漏的防治方法进行探讨。结果 通过饮食控制、营养支持、局部加压包扎、负压引流、生长抑素、以及高浓度复方泛影葡胺注射液局部注射等非手术治疗综合措施，可促进颈部淋巴结清扫术后严重淋巴漏患者的愈合。结论 饮食控制、营养支持、局部加压包扎、负压引流、生长抑素、以及高浓度复方泛影葡胺注射液局部注射等非手术治疗综合措施，在甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结清扫术后严重淋巴漏的防治中是安全有效的，可作为首选。     

泛影葡胺皮下注射治疗肾移植术后淋巴漏(附14例报道)

同种异体肾移植术现已成为肾功能衰竭晚期的主要治疗方法，但肾移植术后淋巴漏时有发生，且处理上较为棘手。我们对肾移植术后发生淋巴漏的患者采用质量分数为60％的泛影葡胺局部注射治疗取了良好效果，现总结报道如下。     

颈部淋巴清扫术后严重淋巴漏的非手术治疗体会

目的 探讨非手术综合治疗措施在甲状腺癌颈部清扫术后严重淋巴漏防治中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析两例颈部淋巴结清扫术后严重淋巴漏患者的临床资料和治疗过程,结合国内外文献对严重颈部淋巴漏的防治方法进行探讨。结果 通过饮食控制、营养支持、局部加压包扎、负压引流、生长抑素、以及高浓度复方泛影葡胺注射液局部注射等非手术治疗综合措施,可促进颈部淋巴结清扫术后严重淋巴漏患者的愈合。结论 饮食控制、营养支持、局部加压包扎、负压引流、生长抑素、以及高浓度复方泛影葡胺注射液局部注射等非手术治疗综合措施,在甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结清扫术后严重淋巴漏的防治中是安全有效的,可作为首选。     

泛影葡胺治疗术后淋巴瘘13例报告

在淋巴管密集部位进行手术操作，常引起术后淋巴水肿或淋巴瘘，是临床急需解决的难题之一。我院1996—2004年应用泛影葡胺治疗淋巴瘘13例，效果良好。现报告如下。     

术后早期炎性肠梗阻口服泛影葡胺的治疗分析

目的分析术后早期炎性肠梗阻口服泛影葡胺的疗效。方法将44例术后早期炎性肠梗阻的患者随机分成泛影葡胺组（A组）22例,经胃胃管注入76％泛影葡胺注射液100ml,对照组（B组）22例,行常规治疗,进行研究泛影葡胺对术后早期炎性肠梗阻的治疗作用。结果平均第一次排便时间A组10．2h,B组62．4h。结论说明经口服泛影葡胺治疗术后早期炎性肠梗阻是一种安全有效的方法,它能明显缓解肠梗阻,缩短住院时间,同时还为早期手术提供依据。     

泛影葡胺胃肠道造影在粘连性肠梗阻中的临床应用

目的 观察泛影葡胺在粘连性肠梗阻中的诊断及治疗效果和手术时机的选择。方法 对137例粘连性肠梗阻患者经胃管注入76％泛影葡胺60～100ml行胃肠道造影，通过腹部X线摄片动态观察造影剂在胃肠道中的位置及通过情况，以确定梗阻部位以及梗阻是否完全，从而确定手术时机。结果 137例中103例造影剂在6～24h后到达结肠而给予保守治疗，平均症状缓解时间为14．8h，1～6d（平均3．3d）后症状消失。另34例见造影剂不能到达结肠且症状体征加重而行手术治疗，痊愈。结论 泛影葡胺胃肠道造影在对粘连性肠梗阻明确梗阻部位及手术时机的选择方面有很好的指导作用，可作为临床医师诊断与治疗粘连性肠梗阻的一种手段。     

胃癌根治术后腹腔淋巴漏的防治

目的：总结胃癌根治术后腹腔淋巴漏的预防和治疗措施。方法回顾性分析行胃癌根治术的712例患者临床资料。其中标准胃癌根治术604例,扩大胃癌根治术108例。淋巴结清扫过程中淋巴管断端予结扎患者462例,淋巴管断端予电凝250例。胃癌根治术后淋巴漏患者采用全胃肠外营养联合奥曲肽治疗。结果总共有35例（4．92％）患者术后发生腹腔淋巴漏,而行扩大胃癌根治术患者术后淋巴漏发生率（10．19％）比行标准胃癌根治术患者（3．97％）高（P＝0．006）。术中淋巴管断端电凝患者术后淋巴漏发生率（7．6％）比淋巴管断端结扎患者（3．46％）高（P＝0．015）。31例患者经禁食、全胃肠外营养、皮下注射奥曲肽治愈,4例患者加用泛影葡胺冲洗治愈。结论胃癌根治术中淋巴管结扎可以减少术后淋巴漏发生率。全胃肠外营养联合奥曲肽是胃癌根治术后淋巴漏一种有效的治疗方法。     

静脉肾盂造影76％泛影葡胺注射速度与不良反应关系研究

目的探讨静脉肾盂造影76％泛影葡胺注射速度与不良反应发生的关系,以降低不良反应发生率。方法按预约检查顺序将1280例静脉肾盂造影患者随机分为六组,注射泵控制76％泛影葡胺注射速度,1组214倒为4ml／min、2组214例为6ml／min、3组213例为8ml／min、4组213例为10ml／min,5组213例、6组213例患者注射速度同3组及4组,但在76％泛影葡胺注射液中加入地塞米松注射液10mg。结果1280例患者中,发生高渗透压反应404例（31．56％）,发生过敏反应25侧（1．95％）,高渗反应发生率显著高于过敏反应发生率（P〈0．01）。高渗反应发生率六组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,其中1组、2组显著低于其他四组,3组、5组分别显著低于4组、6组（均P〈0．003）。一般过敏反应发生率各组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论静脉肾盂造影时的不良反应主要为高渗反应,控制静脉注射76％泛影葡胺的速度,可降低不良反应发生率。     

76%泛影葡胺肾盂灌注联合体外冲击波治疗乳糜尿6例报告

目的探讨泛影葡胺肾盂灌注联合体外冲击波（ESW）治疗乳糜尿的有效性及安全性。方法 2007年6月～2011年12月,6例确诊为乳糜尿,均无确诊血丝虫病,其中1例有丝虫病区生活史,2例有左侧腹股沟大隐静脉淋巴吻合手术史。膀胱镜下确定乳糜尿患侧,逆行插入F5输尿管外支架管后采用76%泛影葡胺经导管低压肾盂灌注,了解造影剂有无反流和肾窦位置后,行ESW冲击造影剂外渗部位通道。结果 6例均见到肾盂、肾盏淋巴反流通道,ESW一次治疗成功,术中、术后未出现感染、包膜下血肿等。随访3～37个月,平均18个月,均无复发,无高血压等远期并发症出现。结论泛影葡胺肾盂灌注联合ESW治疗乳糜尿的效果好,安全,患者依从性良好,可作为该病的常规治疗手段。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.