罗格列酮治疗使用胰岛素控制不佳的Ⅱ型糖尿病患者45例的疗效评价

Ⅱ型糖尿病是一种常见疾病，如果血糖不得到有效控制，可引起严重并发症，Ⅱ型糖尿病的根本病因是胰岛素抵抗和β细胞功能衰竭，UKPDS研究表明传统治疗和药物都不能长期有效地控制血糖，即使使用胰岛素治疗，有一部分患者血糖控制仍不理想，罗格列酮作为胰岛素增敏剂可能会改善这些患者的血糖控制，试验结果表明罗格列酮可改善使用胰岛素控制不佳的Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的血糖控制。     

吡格列酮联合胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的：观察吡格列酮联合胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病的疗效。方法：对46例应用口服降糖药血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者随机分为观察组（吡格列酮联合门冬胰岛素30治疗）与对照组（门冬胰岛素30治疗）,观察随访8周。结果：两组治疗后与治疗前比较空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白水平明显下降（P〈0.05）。两组胰岛素用量比较差异有显著性。结论：对于口服降糖药治疗不佳的2型糖尿病患者,采用吡格列酮联合门冬胰岛素30治疗,可有效的控制血糖,减少胰岛素用量和低血糖的发生。     

马来酸罗格列酮联合胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病的临床效果观察

目的：比较胰岛素联合马来酸罗格列酮治疗和单用胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病患者的疗效。方法：将61例应用胰岛素治疗而血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者分成治疗组（胰岛素加马来酸罗格列酮4mg／d）与对照组（胰岛素治疗），随访观察12周。结果：两组患者治疗后血糖均得到良好控制。但治疗组胰岛素日需求量明显低于对照组（P〈0．01）；与对照组相比，治疗组血甘油三酯下降，而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇升高（P〈0．05），空腹及餐后2h血浆胰岛素水平减少（P〈0．05），B细胞功能指数升高（P〈0．05），胰岛素抵抗指数显著降低（P〈0．01）。结论：马来酸罗格列酮与胰岛素联用能使2型糖尿病患者血糖、血脂改善，增加胰岛素敏感性，降低胰岛素抵抗。减少心血管疾病发生的危险因素，优于单用胰岛素治疗。     

吡格列酮联合胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的观察吡格列酮联合胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病的疗效。方法对64例应用口服降糖药血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者随机分为治疗组32例及对照组32例。治疗组予吡格列酮联合门冬胰岛素30治疗,对照组予门冬胰岛素30治疗,疗程均为12周。观察两组患者治疗前后的空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2 h血糖（2 hPBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）及胰岛素用量的变化。结果两组治疗后与治疗前比较FBG、2 hPBG、HbA1c水平明显下降（P〈0.05）,且治疗组各项指标明显优于对照组。治疗组胰岛素用量明显低于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论对于口服降糖药治疗不佳的2型糖尿病患者,采用吡格列酮联合门冬胰岛素30治疗,可有效地控制血糖,减少胰岛素用量,改善胰岛素抵抗和减少低血糖的发生。     

罗格列酮联合二甲双胍治疗合并2型糖尿病的非酒精性脂肪肝疗效观察

目的:观察胰岛素增敏剂罗格列酮及二甲双胍对合并2型糖尿病的非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)的治疗效果.方法:60例合并2型糖尿病的NAFLD患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,两组均在饮食治疗基础上加用口服降糖药,治疗组给予二甲双胍500 mg,3次/d,罗格列酮4 mg/d,晨服,如血糖控制不佳,再加用胰岛素;对照组给予磺脲类降糖药口服,如血糖控制不佳,再加用胰岛素,两组直至空腹及餐后血糖达到理想或尚可水平,所有患者均在治疗前及治疗24周后分别检测体重、体质指数(BMI)、肝功能(AST、ALT、GGT)、OGTT(同步抽血化验空腹及早餐后2 h血糖、胰岛素)、血脂(TC、TG)、HbA1c、肝脏B超,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),并判断两组患者治疗效果.结果:两组患者的TC、TG、AST、ALT、GGT、HOMA-IR均较治疗前明显改善(P ＜ 0.01),治疗组更明显(P ＜ 0.05),差异有统计学意义,治疗组有效率为93%,对照组有效率为50%,两者的差异有统计学意义(P ＜ 0.01).治疗后两组血糖均有明显下降,差异无统计学意义.结论:罗格列酮与二甲双胍联用治疗合并2型糖尿病的NAFLD安全有效,优于磺脲类药物.     

胰岛素强化治疗初诊2型糖尿病的临床观察

目的 探讨短期胰岛素强化治疗初诊2型糖尿病患者的效果。方法 30例初诊2型糖尿病患者随机分为胰岛素强化治疗组和口服降糖药治疗组,根据血糖水平调整胰岛素及口服降糖药物剂量。胰岛素治疗组于血糖控制良好后改为口服降糖药物治疗。测定两组患者治疗前后血清胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、空腹及餐后2h血糖。结果 胰岛素治疗组患者血糖控制达标快,停用胰岛素后需用胰岛素促泌剂降糖药治疗者少,HomaA胰岛素抵抗指数及HomaB胰岛素分泌指数改善较对照组明显。结论 短期胰岛素强化治疗可使初诊2型糖尿病患者β细胞功能得到改善,机体自身对血糖的调控可得到恢复。     

口服磺脲类、二甲双胍联合胰岛素治疗控制不良的2型糖尿病患者加用罗格列酮的疗效观察

目的:探讨口服磺脲类、二甲双胍联合胰岛素治疗控制不良的2型糖尿病应用罗格列酮的疗效.方法:将52例磺脲类、二甲双胍联合胰岛素治疗控制不良的2型糖尿病患者随机分为罗格列酮组和对照组.治疗12周后,观察两组的血糖控制、胰岛素用量、血脂、体重的变化.结果:治疗12周后,与对照组相比,罗格列酮组血糖控制良好,明显优于对照组(P＜0.01),且胰岛素剂量减少21.7%,而对照组胰岛素剂量却增加了19.1%.罗格列酮组甘油三酯较前有明显下降(P＜0.01),胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、体重与治疗前无明显变化(P＞0.05).结论:对于口服磺脲类、二甲双胍药联合胰岛素控制不良的2型糖尿病患者,加用罗格列酮能使血糖得到较好的控制,是一种有效安全的选择.     

罗格列酮治疗肥胖型2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的　观察罗格列酮治疗肥胖型 2型糖尿病的疗效。方法　选择 4 0例肥胖、2型糖尿病患者 ,使用较大剂量其他降糖药 ,血糖控制稳定但水平较高 (FBG >7 5mmol/L ,但 <12mmol/L) ,加服罗格列酮 4mg/d ,6周后 ,观察血糖血脂变化。结果　罗格列酮降低空腹和餐后 2h血糖有效率分别达 95 %和 72 5 % ,且能降低TG ,提高HDL C ,不良反应少。结论　肥胖型 2型糖尿病患者在使用其他降糖药效果不理想时 ,加用罗格列酮可进一步降低血糖 ,改善血脂 ,且服用方便、安全 ,值得临床应用     

甘精胰岛素联合二甲双胍治疗血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病疗效观察

目的探讨甘精胰岛素联合二甲双胍治疗血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者的疗效和安全性。方法采用自身前后对照的方法,对86例口服降糖药血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者,用甘精胰岛素加二甲双胍治疗3个月,观察治疗前后血压、体质量指数、腰臀比、血糖、血脂、肝功、肾功、胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、胰岛素抵抗指数、β细胞功能指数的变化情况,同时观察治疗过程中低血糖及其他副作用发生情况。结果治疗3个月后血糖、糖化血红蛋白、胰岛素抵抗指数、β细胞功能指数、血脂有显著改善（P〈0.05）,血压、体质量指数、腰臀比、肝肾功无明显变化,低血糖及消化道副作用发生率低。结论对血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者采用甘精胰岛素联合二甲双胍治疗能有效降低血糖及糖化血红蛋白,显著改善胰岛β细胞功能,具有较好的安全性和降糖效果。     

胰岛素治疗初诊2型糖尿病的临床观察

目的：探讨胰岛素治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者血糖控制及胰岛β细胞功能的影响。方法：42例初诊2型糖尿病患者接受胰岛素治疗1个月，观察治疗前后血糖、糖化血红蛋白及血C肽水平的情况，并随访胰岛素治疗后对长期血糖控制的影响。结果：胰岛素治疗1个月后，患者空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2小时血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）均明显下降（P〈0．05），空腹及餐后2小时血C肽水平明显升高（P〈0．05），有35例患者停用胰岛素，改口服降糖药物治疗，随访6个月，血糖控制理想。结论：胰岛素治疗初诊2型糖尿病不仅能较好控制血糖及明显降低HbA1C，而且在一定程度上能恢复胰岛β细胞的功能。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。