汽车尾气对人精子运动能力影响的探讨

西文分析了交警和男性师生精液的精子运动能力参数和血铅水平。结果显示：与对照组比较，精子活动能力降低、精子琥珀酸脱氢酶活性明显抑制。而且ＳＤＨ活性与血铅水平呈铡相关。交警精子活动能力减弱可能和铅干扰精子线粒体能量代谢有关。     

人精子冷冻前后超微结构及受精能力的变化

目的了解人精子冷冻前后超微结构及受精能力的变化。方法对10名志愿者的精液分别在冷冻前、冷冻后进行人精子低渗膨胀试验(HOS)、活动率及穿卵率(SPA)测定,并利用电镜对精子进行微细结构观察。结果冷冻后SPA及精子活动率与冷冻前相比显著下降(P<0.05),精子微细结构的变化主要局限于头部顶体,而精子形态、生物膜及亚细胞结构基本完整。结论人精子冷冻后虽然微细结构及功能受到一定程度的损伤,但部分精子的顶体内膜和中纬段未丢失,精子尾部的动力装置未受到损害。     

输精管吻合术后精子超微结构观察

目的:观察输精管吻合术后精子超微结构的变化。方法:采用光学显微镜、扫描和透射电子显微镜对20例接受输精管吻合术者和10例正常生育男性精子的形态和超微结构改变进行观察、统计、分析。结果:①光镜和扫描电镜分析显示吻合术后精液中正常形态精子显著减低;②两组精子尾畸在光镜下有明显差异,在扫描电镜下无差异;③两组精子头畸在扫描电镜下有显著性差异;④在透射电镜下吻合术后精子多数均属于复合型精子结构异常,大部分均有多个部位和多个细胞器结构异常。结论:吻合术后精子有多种类型和复合型的异常改变,这些改变与不育男子精子的改变相似。提示:输精管结扎术后精子形态学的改变,是使吻合术后生育能力降低的主要原因之一。     

汽车尾气的生殖毒性及对微量元素的影响

目的了解使用无铅化汽油后汽车尾气的生殖毒性效应。方法30只SD大鼠等分为实验和对照组,根据染毒时间4、6和8周不等各分为3个亚组,对照组用空白吸收液灌胃,实验组用汽车尾气吸收液灌胃,每周5 d,每天1次,灌胃量0.1 ml/L。观察大鼠生殖毒性及睾丸组织微量元素的变化。结果尾气吸收液染毒大鼠体重变化不明显;睾丸、附睾的脏器系数低于同时相对照组（P〈0.05）,且随时间呈下降趋势;精子含量和存活率显著降低,而畸形率增高（P〈0.05）;睾丸中Zn、Mn代谢紊乱,出现Zn低、Mn高,有时间-效应关系。结论汽车尾气具有明显的生殖毒性,微量元素代谢紊乱对生殖腺的损害起了重要作用。     

精子尾部超微结构异常的男性采用胞浆内单精子注射治疗结果分析

精子的运动依赖于精子尾部线粒体提供能量和微管结构的正常形态。严重的精子活力低下可导致男性不育，胞浆内单精子注射（ICSI）可以解决这一问题，但精子尾部结构的异常是否会影响胚胎发育是一个有争议的问题。     

男性不育症精子的运动参数与超微结构关系的研究

为探讨不育症精子的运动规律及其超微结构的改变,运用计算机辅助的精液分析(CASA),结合扫描电镜检查。结果发现,不育症精子的运动参数:活率、活动力、平均径速度(VAP)明显下降,而运动方式参数直线分离度(STR)却无明显差异,进一步用扫描电镜观察其头颈部,特别是顶体的超微结构,发现不育症精子顶体较大。顶体膜、质膜不完整,不光滑,环状沟不清晰,多呈锯齿状,但胞浆小滴二者大多<1/2且无明显差异(P>0.05)。本文就这些结构差异对生育力的影响作了进一步的探讨,为某些不育症的诊断及疗效的评价提供有效的手段。     

汽车尾气对人体健康的影响

自本世纪60年代以来,汽车作为一种普通的交通运输工具在全世界得到大量普及。人们在享受快捷运输服务的同时,也越来越感到汽车排出的尾气对人体健康构成了严重的威胁,成为大气污染的主要来源之一。仅香港地区1999年用于治疗由于空气污染引起的呼吸道疾病的费用就高达36亿港元。 汽车排出的污染物主要包括CO、CH化合物、NO_X、SO_2、微粒。这些污染物严重地危害着人体的健康。1 一氧化碳(CO) 一氧化碳是一种无色、无臭的有毒气体。它虽然对人的呼吸道无直接作用,但被吸入体后,能以比氧强240倍的亲和力同血液中的血红蛋白结合,形成碳氧血红蛋白,阻碍血液向心、脑等器官输送氧气,使人发生头痛、恶心、头晕、无力、活动后呼吸困难等症状,严重时会发生昏迷,甚至死亡。主要表现为中枢神经受损,记忆力衰退等。为保护人不受一氧化碳的毒害,应将24h内吸入的CO浓度限制在5ppm以内,在1h短期暴露情况     

汽车尾气对交通警察健康影响的研究现况

近年来 ,随着经济的发展 ,城市汽车的数量在直线上升。我国机动车数量已从 1978年的 14 0万辆增加到 1998年的 13 2 0万辆。机动车保有量的快速增加使我国城市大气污染从煤烟型转向煤烟与汽车尾气混合型污染。汽车尾气对人群健康的危害已不容忽视。交通警察由于职业的性质 ,长期暴露在汽车尾气的环境中 ,因此研究汽车尾气对交通警察健康的影响 ,对了解汽车尾气的健康危害程度具有典型意义。以下从几个方面进行综述。1　汽车尾气中的主要成分及其危害汽车尾气是成分极其复杂的混合物 ,含有上千种化学物质 ,一般可分为CO、挥发性碳氢化合物 (…     

人类精子培养液中果糖对精子动力学的影响观察

目的:探讨精子培养液中果糖对人类精子活力及活率的影响。方法:以人类输卵管液(Human Tube Fluid,HTF)为培养液,以果糖25mg替代HTF中的葡萄糖(果糖组)及不含葡萄糖的HTF(无糖组)作为实验组,HTF液为对照组,观察3组中精子的活力、活率。3组培养精子48h的精子活力、活率及培养72h的精子活力比较,果糖组优于对照组,对照组优于无糖组(P<0·05)。培养精子24h内实验组与对照组精子活力学指标无显著差异,但随着培养时间的延长,精子的活力、活率出现差异,果糖组优于对照组,对照组优于无糖组。结论:提示培养液中以果糖代替葡萄糖可显著改善精子的活动能力。     

男性不育患者精液分析和精子形态学分析

目的：回顾性分析助孕门诊男性不育患者精液分析与精子形态学检测，为防止临床对女方过度治疗提供依据。方法：选择2007年10月1日～2008年2月29日在本院助孕门诊就诊的不孕夫妇，男方至少行精液分析2次，在第一次精液分析即进行精子形态学分析。精液分析采用清华同方精液分析系统，精子形态学分析采用改良巴氏法染色，应用Microsoft Excel进行分析。结果：进行精液分析共1206人次，进行精子形态学分析共517人次。精子密度0-180^★10^9／L，平均55．3±32．2^★10^9／L，75．1％的病例精液密度为20-100^★10^9／L，仅13．3％为少精症，无精症占1．5％；a级精子为14．0％±9．9％，b级精子为10．6％±7．8％，a级＋b级〉50％者仅占0．6％，超过半数的为30％-50％（51．1％），精子形态学分析，仅有20．5％病例是正常的（〉14％）。结论：除无精症显然与不育相关外，精液密度可能不是评估男性不育的一个很好的指标，精子活动力低下或精子畸形率过高更能预示不孕因素，精液分析和精子形态学分析可以作为助孕门诊男性不育的首要筛查手段，防止对女方的过度治疗。     

The Effect of Ambient Air Pollution on Sperm Quality

Background

Research has suggested an association with ambient air pollution and sperm quality.

Objectives

We investigated the effect of exposure to ozone (O₃) and particulate matter < 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM_2.5) on sperm quality.

Methods

We reexamined a previous cohort study of water disinfection by-products to evaluate sperm quality in 228 presumed fertile men with different air pollution profiles. Outcomes included sperm concentration, total sperm per ejaculate (count), and morphology, as well as DNA integrity and chromatin maturity. Exposures to O₃ and PM_2.5 were evaluated for the 90–day period before sampling. We used multivariable linear regression, which included different levels of adjustment (i.e., without and with season and temperature) to assess the relationship between exposure to air pollutants during key periods of sperm development and adverse sperm outcomes.

Results

Sperm concentration and count were not associated with exposure to PM_2.5, but there was evidence of an association (but not statistically significant) with O₃ concentration and decreased sperm concentration and count. Additionally, a significant increase in the percentage of sperm cells with cytoplasmic drop [β = 2.64; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.21–5.06] and abnormal head (β = 0.47; 95% CI, 0.03–0.92) was associated with PM_2.5 concentration in the base model. However, these associations, along with all other sperm outcomes, were not significantly associated with either pollutant after controlling for season and temperature. Overall, although we found both protective and adverse effects, there was generally no consistent pattern of increased abnormal sperm quality with elevated exposure to O₃ or PM_2.5.

Conclusions

Exposures to O₃ or PM_2.5 at levels below the current National Ambient Air Quality Standards were not associated with statistically significant decrements in sperm outcomes in this cohort of fertile men. However, some results suggested effects on sperm concentration, count, and morphology.     

人类精子库的建立及管理

为了给人类精子库的建立和管理及供者精液人工授精(AID)提供符合国情的,可以参考的资料。根据作者的临床经验,参考国内外有关文献,讨论了人类精子库的建立、应用和管理的要点,精液的冷冻方法,AID的应用和实施,以及相关的社会问题。另外,评论了共同关心的新鲜及冷冻精液AID问题,指出了AID中罹患性传播疾病的相对危险。最后,强调了加强精子库管理和制定严格制度的必要性和紧迫性。     

蜱类精子的形态

作者从蜱总科的两科5属中共观察蜱精子8种,并对科、属和种之间精子的差别做了比较。硬蜱和软蜱两科精子的主要区别是:前者纤细,后者粗大,后者长度为前者的1.5～6.9倍。除血蜱属外,头尾分明是两科精子的共同特征。在硬蜱科,不同属的精子,其长度不同,其中以血蜱属的长角蜱为最长,以硬蜱属的全沟硬蜱为最短。同属不同种的精子,其类型相同,但长度各异。     

Natural Sperm Birefringence Can be Used to Estimate Sperm Viability and Morphology

Semen parameters were evaluated by a variety of tests. A polarizing microscope (PM) which allows, in a single step, for the evaluation of the number, motility, viability of sperm using the phenomenon of birefringence was used. This approach avoids a Papanicolaou staining procedure modified for sperm (PAP) performed in fixed material. The aim of this study was to examine the birefringence of sperm structures, in live cells, for the direct analysis of morphology on fresh samples. Semen samples from 15 men of recently proven fertility and from 66 male patients who attended our center for semen analysis were examined by polarization microscope (PM) analysis in order to find an index representing a pool of sperm with normal morphology and progressive motility. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were used to determine the performance of the proposed diagnostic method. The difference between the two areas under the ROC curves (PAP=0.76 and PM=0.82) was quantitatively not significant (P=0.308); however, the curve of the PM method was always higher than the curve of PAP, revealing that, qualitatively, PM was more sensitive than PAP. The PM index can represent the percentage of motile sperm with normal morphology, which is the actual pool of sperm that can reach and fertilize the oocyte. We suggest a PM diagnostic cut-off value of 20%, since this value was the lowest found for individuals of proven fertility.     

Human Sperm Velocity and Postinsemination Cervical Mucus Test in the Evaluation of the Infertile Couple

Homologous artificial insemination (A1H) followed by postinsemination cervical mucus test (PIT) was performed in 100 couples in a prospective study to evaluate suspected cervical or male factor infertility. A portion of the ejaculate was submitted for standard semen analysis as well as turbidimetric analysis of sperm velocity. In a review of 333 cases evaluated for infertility, the average sperm velocity in a normal semen analysis was 96.5 μ/sec, for those with normal postcoital test (PCT) 96.6 μ/sec, and in those that established a pregnancy 91.6 μ/sec. These are significantly higher than the values obtained for abnormal semen analysis and abnormal PCT (64.6 and 63.6 μ/sec, respectively; p < 0.001).

Patients with normal PIT (WHO criteria for normal PCT consisting of ≥ 7 motile sperm/hpf) had sperm velocity of 87 μ/sec compared to velocities of 46 μ/sec for abnormal PIT (p < 0.001). Four of the five patients with abnormal PIT (in spite of normal semen analysis and normal cervical mucus) had sperm velocities < 75 μ/sec. Likewise, all 8 patients who had normal PIT in spite of abnormal semen analysis had sperm velocities > 75 μ/sec, even though the sperm motility was below normal in 5 of them. Sperm velocity is a more sensitive indicator of sperm function when compared to standard semen analysis results.     

低温冷冻和孵育对人精子氧化应激水平的影响

目的：探讨低温冷冻和孵育对人精子氧化应激水平的影响。方法：60份精液，每份分成5份分别列入5组（处理前对照组、低温冷冻空白实验组、低温冷冻样本组、孵育空白实验组和孵育样本组）。以晚期氧化蛋白产物（AOPP）为蛋白氧化指标，丙二醛（MDA）为脂质过氧化指标，用分光光度法分别检测AOPP和MDA的水平。结果：低温冷冻样本组MDA水平明显高于处理前对照组和低温冷冻空白实验组（P〈0．05），但AOPP水平无明显差异（P〉0．05）。孵育样本组AOPP和MDA水平均高于处理前对照组、孵育空白实验组及低温冷冻样本组（P〈0．05）。结论：精子的低温冷冻和孵育，均存在氧化应激损伤。低温冷冻主要造成精子的脂质过氧化损伤，孵育可致精子的脂质过氧化损伤和蛋白氧化损伤。     

In Vitro Effect of Ginseng Extract on Sperm Count

Ginseng is the root of the perennial herbs which contain a series of tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins (ginsenosides) as active ingredients. It is considered a tonic or adaptogenic that enhances physical and sexual performance. To fulfill that study, the author hereby performed an in vitro study to assess the effect of ginseng on sperm count in vitro. Ten test and 10 control semen samples were used to assess the effect of aqueous ginseng extract.There is no significant difference of average sperm counts at 0 minutes for both groups but there is a significant difference of average sperm counts at 30 minutes. The control group show significant decreasing in the sperm count at 30 minutes. According to this study, the ginseng extract can help preserve the sperm count.     

Effect of Migration and Capacitation on the Nuclear Stability of Human Sperm

A possible change in the nuclear stability of the human spermatozoa further than ejaculation was investigated. A nuclear chromatin decondensation ability test using 1% SDS + 6 mM EDTA was used on spermatozoa migrated for 1 h in a swim-up migration (in BWW + human serum albumin 0.8%) and capacitated for 5 h in the same medium. The results, analyzed as paired series, showed that (1) capacitated and migrated spermatozoa have a greater nuclear stability than that of the control population (total sperm), (2) there was no significant difference of the nuclear stability between migrated and capacitated spermatozoa, and (3) there was no effect of the media used (BWW + HSA) on the nuclear stability. Thus, it seemed that migrating spermatozoa definitely selects a specific resistant population to decondensing reagents.