Open common bile duct exploration — end of an epoch?

With the advent of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and the impending replacement of open common bile duct exploration, we have reviewed our ten year experience of conventional common bile duct exploration. Open cholecystectomy was performed in 1681 patients and the common bile duct was explored in 325 (19%). Following initial duct exploration, rigid choledo identified residual choledocholithiasis in 58 and periampullary neoplasia in 2 patients. Unexpected retained stones were identified in 3 patients (0.9%). In a further 4 patients, stones which could not be dislodged from the hepatic ducts were confirmed on 10 day T-tube cholangiogram - transduodenal sphincteroplasty had been performed at the time of original surgery in all four. The mortality was 1.9% overall and 1% during the last 5 years. Endoscopic exploration must compare favourably with these data for safe transition to less invasive techniques.     

经十二指肠低位胆总管十二指肠吻合术

介绍经十二指肠低位胆总管吻合术的手术方法和4例患者的满意治疗效果。本术式减少了传统的胆总管十二指肠吻合术造成的胆总管下部的盲管,避免了胰管损伤等并发症。本术式能保证胆汁持久的通畅引流,且操作简单易行,手术时间短。为一种颇具优点的新术式。     

Effects of Bile from Patient with Transduodenal Sphincteroplasty on the Growth of Human Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Line

It is reported that transduodenal sphincteroplasty (TS) had a closely relationship with malignancies of the biliary tract, and cholangiocarcinoma has been suggested as a TS possible long-term complication. We used bile from patient with transduodenal sphincteroplasty (TSB) to act directly on the cholangiocacinoma cells QBC939 to see the effects of TSB on the growth of QBC939 cells. TSB was obtained from a patient who had undergone TS, and normal bile (NB) was obtained from another patient who had not undergone TS.     

胆胰十二指肠结合部复杂病变的处理

目的：探讨胆胰十二指肠结合部复杂病变的临床特点及处理。方法：对我科1995年6月至2012年6月收治的42例胆胰十二指肠结合部复杂病变进行回顾复习,讨论其诊断、分类、治疗和结果及经验。结果：胰头十二指肠良性病变24例,医源性损伤15例,外伤3例。采取局部修补11例,胰腺-十二指肠-空肠吻合17例（夹心饼式胰腺前、后方双胰肠吻合术3例）,括约肌切开6例,胰腺空肠吻合5例,胰十二指肠切除1例,术中未发现2例医源性损伤,仅置引流治疗。医源性损伤术中未发现,术后发生胆漏感染、胰腺炎各1例;术后发生十二指肠漏、腹膜后脓肿1例;全部治愈出院。术后随访6月~9年,全组生活质量优良。结论：对胆胰十二指肠结合部良性病变/损伤采取修补、吻合术式,可取得保留重要结构功能的效果。     

十二指肠后壁胆总管纵切口吻合T管引流术的应用

目的：寻找使总胆管下端狭窄合并其它并存病的患者缩短手术时间，减少术后并发症的途径。方法：采用十二指肠后壁胆总管纵切口吻合Ｔ管引流的方法，解除总胆管下端梗阻。结果：术后经６个月～７ａ随访，除２例失访，１例术后１ａ死于并存病，其余１１例均获得满意疗效。结论：此术式对于胆总管内泥沙样结石、慢性胰腺炎所致的狭窄段过长、反复多次手术史、老年人或并存病较重不宜手术时间过长的患者是一种较好的方法。     

重症急性胆管炎急症手术中胆总管末端狭窄的处理(附37例分析)

目的探讨急诊手术中胆总管末端狭窄的手术方法.方法回顾性分析553例急诊胆总管切开探查术中并发胆总管末端狭窄37例的临床资料.结果37例中行胆总管十二指肠吻合术29例;例出‘s括约肌切开成形术3例;单纯T管引流5例.随访27例,随访率75.7%,疗效满意.结论胆总管十二指肠吻合术及Oddi‘s括约肌成形术是治疗胆总管末端良性狭窄的良好术式,但各有利弊,而胆总管十二指肠吻合术更适于急诊手术及基层医院开展.严格掌握其适应症及手术原则是减少术后并发症的关键.     

双重对比超声造影在壶腹周围病变检出中的临床应用

摘 要:【目的】与常规超声和胃肠水对比超声互相作比较,探讨双重对比超声造影对壶腹周围病变的检出诊断能力?【方法】回顾性分析在我院均行常规超声?GI-US和D-CEUS检查的67例壶腹周围病灶患者共69个病灶的临床资料,所有患者均签署知情同意书,符合医学伦理学规定?其中40 个为恶性病灶,包括十二指肠乳头癌19 个,胆总管下段癌9 个,胰头钩突癌6 个,壶腹癌6 个;29个为良性病灶,包括28个胆总管下段结石和1个十二指肠绒毛管状腺瘤?所有病灶均经手术病理活检或胆道镜直视证实?比较以上3种超声检查方法对壶腹周围病灶的检出率和病灶清晰显示率?【结果】 常规超声?胃肠水对比超声和双重对比超声造影的检出率分别为59.42%?95.65%?98.55%,清晰显示率分别为17.39%?60.87%和84.06%?双重对比超声造影在病灶检出率和清晰显示率均优于常规超声(P < 0.001),双重对比超声造影与胃肠水对比超声相比较,检出病灶能力相当(P = 0.619),但病灶清晰显示率则前者优于后者(P = 0.006)?【结论】 双重对比超声造影可提高壶腹周围病变的检出诊断能力及清晰显示病灶的边界,可作为壶腹周围梗阻性病变的重要影像学检查方法?     

胆道运动的临床观察

本文应用电视X线录象术对胆道运动进行动态观察。排胆动作表现为胆总管末端括约肌呈周期性、节律性的舒缩活动,排胆频率为4～8次/分,十二指肠往返蠕动以4～10次/分的频率进行,和括约肌舒缩活动以同步最常见。胆总管充满结石,壶腹嵌顿结石时,排胆动作减弱或消失。壶腹部肿瘤时排胆动作消失且胆总管末端呈僵硬状态。胆总管肠道吻合术后原来排胆频率依然存在。括约肌成形术呈完全性者,注射吗啡后无反应,十二指肠逆蠕动时肠内容物可倒入胆总管,不完全性者功能仍存在,注射吗啡后起痉挛作用。     

TREATMENT OF PRIMARY PIGMENTED GALLSTONES AN ANALYSIS OF l,415 CASES

The appropriate treatment of primary pig- mented gallstones, which occur mainly in the common bile duct and are the kind of gallstones most commonly seen in the coia.stal are'as of China, differs from that of cholesterol stones. An analysis of l,425 cases of bilirubin stones treated during the past 20 years disclosed that choiledo- chostomy wit,h T-tube drainage is useful only in simple cases. In more complicated cases (i.e., those in which the stones c.onsisted of soft con- cretions or muddy substance or the bile duct or sphincter of Oddi was narrowed), the reo;pera- tions rate after concurrent cholecytectomy and .choledochostomy (5.69%) was much lower than that after cholecystectomy (13.84%) or choledo- chostomy (15.18%) alone but still far greater (P< 0.01) than that after internal drainage (0.82%). Thus, during the initial operation the gallbladder :should be extirpated, the biliary system tho- roughly explored, and the proper procedure chosenb Each different mode of biliary-intes- tinal anastomosis is indicated in some types of cases. Roux-en Y choledocho- or hepatico-jejuno- stomy is called for when there is associated he- patic duct stricture; in such cases ordinary cho- ledochoduodenostomy usually is not feasible after the strict.ure is repaired. Sphincterotomy or sphinctproplasty is indicated in patients with impacted stones in the ampulla of Vater and with strictures of the sphincter of Oddi. For mud-like st.ones in the common bile duct, choledochoduodenostomy is still useful, provided the anastomotic stoma iS large enough and will remain patent. In particular, posterior choledochoduodenostomy with round or oval anastomotic stoma, an operation that we devised is quite satisfactory.     

应用可降解腔内支架的无缝合吻合术在狗胆肠吻合模型的实验研究

目的 传统的手工缝合行胆肠吻合术操作困难、费时,尤其在小胆管吻合和腹腔镜手术时明显。为简化和改良手术操作,我们设计了一种新的应用可降解腔内支架的无缝合胆肠吻合术。本文拟在狗胆总管十二指肠吻合模型中评估该无缝合方法的可行性和安全性。方法 为无缝合胆总管十二指肠吻合术设计一种腔内吻合支架管,这种专利支架管直径3mm和4mm,材料为可降解聚乳酸。38条毕格犬随机分为支架组（SG n=20）和对照组（CG n=18）。SG组应用无缝合支架法行胆总管十二指肠端侧吻合,CG组行传统可吸收缝线间断一层胆总管十二指肠端侧吻合。动物分术后1、3、6、12月4个亚组,比较两组术中吻合手术时间、术中吻合口耐受压、胆漏发生率、术后吻合口爆破压差异,观察两组术后胆红素和肝酶变化、术后1,3,6,12月取材的吻合口组织病理形态学改变,包括HE染色和Masson染色,比较两组吻合口羟脯氨酸含量,观察两组吻合口疤痕纤维组织增生状况。MRCP了解术后6月,12月两组吻合口状况。结果 手术均顺利完成,支架组吻合时间明显小于对照组(SG19.2±4.3min VS CG29.2±7.1min, P 0.000);两组各有1例胆漏并死亡（SG5.0% VS CG 5.6%,P=0.695)。两组间术中吻合口耐受压、术后胆漏发生率、术后各时期吻合口爆破压、吻合口羟脯氨酸含量、胆红素和肝酶测定均无显著性差异。MRCP检查及病理检查未发现吻合口狭窄和梗阻。结论 在狗胆总管十二指肠吻合模型中,无缝合腔内可降解支架胆吻合方法具有可行性和安全性。     

Sutureless choledochoduodenostomy with an intraluminal degradable stent in dog model

Background  It is difficult and time-consuming for carrying out conventional hand-sewn bilioenteric anastomosis, especially for small bile duct anastomosis and laparoscopic procedure. In order to simplify it, we have developed a novel procedure of sutureless bilioenteric anastomosis with an intraluminal degradable stent. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and safety of this technique with cholangioduodenostomy in dog model.

Methods  A patent intraluminal degradable stent tube for sutureless choledochoduodenostomy in dog model was made with polylactic acid in diameter of 3 mm or 4 mm. Thirty-eight dogs were randomly divided into to a stent group (SG, n=20) and a control group (CG, n=18). Dogs in the SG underwent sutureless choledochoduodenostomy with intraluminal stent, while the CG underwent conventional choledochoduodenostomy (single layer discontinuous anastomosis with absorbable suture). Dogs of each group were divided into 4 subgroups according to time of death (1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively) to evaluate the healing of anastomosis. Operation time, intraoperative tolerance pressure of anastomosis, rate of postoperative bile leakage, bursting pressure of anastomosis were compared between the two groups. Anastomosis tissue was observed afterwards by pathology evaluation, hydroxyproline content, serum bilirubin, liver enzyme level and magnetic resonance cholangio-pancreatography (MRCP) to assess the stricture.

Results  All procedures were completed successfully. The surgical time of the SG was significantly less than the CG (SG: (19.2±4.3) minutes, vs. CG: (29.2±7.1) minutes, P=0.000). One bile leakage was occurred in either group. No significant difference of intraoperative tolerance pressure of anastomosis, rate of bile leakage and postoperative bursting pressure of anastomosis, anastomotic stricture, hydroxyproline content, serum bilirubin and liver enzyme level was found between the two groups. MRCP showed no anastomosis stricture and obstruction during months of follow-up.

Conclusion  The technique of sutureless choledochoduodenostomy with a degradable intraluminal stent is feasible and a safe procedure in this dog model.

     

医源性肝外胆管损伤的诊治体会(附 29 例报告)

目的：探讨医源性胆道损伤的预防和诊治方法。方法：对２９例医源性胆道损伤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：对２９例共施行手术３１次,其中２次手术者４例。手术方式为胆管端端吻合１０例,胆总管十二指肠吻合术２例,胆管壁缺损修补５例,胆管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－ｅｎ－Ｙ吻合１０例,单纯缝线拆除２例。１５例随访１～５ａ,优良率７３．３３％。结论：胆囊切除术是医源性胆道损伤的主要原因,是可以避免的,肝管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－ｅｎ     

十二指肠憩室手术治疗42例分析

目的 探讨十二指肠憩室定位性诊断和术式选择。方法 用胃肠钡餐，低张钡十二指肠或胆道造影，术中十二指肠内充气等方法，确定憩室形态，大小和部位后，行内翻，切除，胃肠转流或胰十二指肠切除术。结果 ４２例中，１例肠瘘，１例肝硬化出血，腹水死亡，１例胰胆瘘，２例胃肠转流吻合口梗阻再手术治愈，其他患者效果满意，总治愈率９５．２４％，结论：切除憩室是根治的基础，旷置胃肠流也是可取性术式，但胰十二指肠切除一般不选     

AN EXPERIENCE IN MANAGEMENT OF SURGICAL OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE

One hundred and five patients of surgical obstructive jaundice were admitted to Army Hospital, Delhi from July 1991 to June 1994. Patients were investigated as per the diagnostic protocol. The causes of obstruction were choledocholithiasis (24 patients), periampullary carcinoma and carcinoma head of pancreas (32 patients), carcinoma gall bladder and cholangiocarcinoma (11 patients each). The procedures performed to relieve obstructive jaundice in 89 cases included choledochojejunostomy (17), pancreato-duodenectomy (15), hepaticojejunostomy (15), choledocholithotomy (12) and choledochoduodenostomy (12). Mortality was 7 per cent in pancreatoduodenectomy and 8 per cent in palliative procedures.KEY WORDS: Biliary duct obstruction, Obstructive jaundice, Surgical technique     

肝胆管残余结石29例临床分析

目的 探讨肝胆管残余结石的预防和治疗。方法 回顾29例肝胆臂残余结石病例资料。结果 病情特殊、术者疏忽、未作必要的检查或寄希望于术后胆道镜取石以及术式选择不当是发生肝胆管残余结石的主要原因。结论 术中、术后胆道镜检查取石以及合理选择术式是防治肝胆管残余结石的有效方法。     

肝叶切除治疗肝胆管狭窄及结石的疗效观察

目的：本文主要研究对于肝胆管狭窄及结石患者治疗时采用切除肝叶措施，分析治疗疗效以及临床的应用。方法：选择本院从2011年1月-2013年1月接受治疗的40例肝胆管狭窄及结石患者的资料开展回顾性的总结。结果：40例肝胆管狭窄及结石患者经过接受肝叶切除手术治疗后，均没有严重的并发症发生，更没有出现死亡病例，没有发生一例肝衰竭以及休克或者是败血症等不良并发症。结论：切除肝叶手术对于治疗肝脏内胆管结石以及肝胆管狭窄具有重要意义，是一种安全且高效方法，治疗效果明显啊，值得在临床加以推广应用。     

Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy and the management of common bile-duct calculi

Endoscopic sphincterotomy is the treatment of first choice for stones that remain in the bile duct after cholecystectomy. There is a small group of patients in whom this technique is not successful; many of these patients carry a high risk for surgery because of their age or associated medical conditions. A variety of non-surgical techniques is available; however, none is well established. We have used an in-vitro model to show that human gallstones are fragmented readily by shock-wave lithotripsy. Two elderly frail patients with difficult bile-duct stones have been treated successfully by extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. The bile ducts were cleared of stones and the patients suffered no adverse effects. Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy is a new and promising alternative to the current non-surgical techniques for the management of bile-duct stones.     

胆囊切除致胆管损伤防治的探讨

目的探讨胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的预防和防治方法.方法回顾性分析27例开腹胆囊切除术致胆管损伤的临床资料.结果27例医源性胆管损伤,均行再手术治愈.单纯缝线拆除3例;胆管壁缺损修复,T管引流4例;胆管端端吻合术加T管支撑引流3例;胆总管或肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合16例;左肝管撕裂原位修补并置U管支撑引流1例;胆总管十二指肠吻合术(CD)2例;1例肝门部胆管损伤作左右肝管切开整形、大口径肝胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术.其中3例两次手术,1例CD效果差改Roux--en--Y;2例为胆管壁缺损修复,T管引流效果差,改Roux-en-Y.26例获随访,优良率88.8%.结论胆囊切除术是胆管损伤的主要原因,但可以预防,术中胆道造影可以减少或避免胆道损伤,胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合是胆管损伤修复重建的首选方法.     

胆囊切除术致高位胆管损伤的原因及手术处理

目的探讨胆囊切除致高位胆管损伤的原因、处理方法及注意事项.方法回顾性分析1998年1月至2005年12月对12例胆囊切除致高位胆管损伤病例的临床资料.12例中腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)7例,开腹胆囊切除(OC)5例.肝总管横断伤4例,其中2例对端吻合术,另2例胆管缺损一段者,采用高位胆肠吻合术;右肝管损伤2例,1例行右肝管修补内置支架管引流,另1例行右肝管空肠吻合术;左右肝管汇合部部分切除及汇合部完全切除各3例,采用"肝门板"下降、胆管整形,胆管空肠超高位吻合.结果无手术死亡,随访5个月至5年,无黄疸及胆道感染等并发症.结论:高位胆管损伤一旦发生应及时处理,根据术中损伤类型,采取不同的处理方法,可获得满意的效果.     

医源性胆道损伤首次处理与再手术

目的 探讨医源笥胆道损伤首次处理常见错误。方法 对1990－2001年以来笔者参与处理的院内院外25例医源性胆道损伤病例分析。结果 术中发现损伤者16例，术后发现者9例。首次处理情况：未处理裂口3例，裂口缝合4例，肝胆管端端吻合3例，胆总管十二指肠吻合6例，肝胆管空肠吻合9例。平均每例手术次数3.3次，死亡3例，其余22例，随访最短时间1年，最长3年，效果良好者10例，效果一般者8例，效果差者4例。结论 医源性胆道损伤发生时，术者由于技术水平和心理素质的影响，选择处理方式常带有侥幸性和盲目性，常见错误有：不重视胆道修复技术，不重视手术方式的选择，不重视支撑管的作用，不重视引流。