Aesthetic Breast Surgery with Inverted-T Scar Placed above the Inframammary Sulcus

This article describes the inverted-T incision technique with the scar placed above the inframammary sulcus for cases of pexy, breast reduction, and augmentation–reduction mammaplasty. This technique preserves the inframammary fold as an important factor in natural breast suspension; the breast mound is easily shaped independent of the skin tension. The gland- and skin sutures are placed separately and independently. This technique has been used on 380 patients in the last 13 years.     

Objective evaluation of the results of interventions for breast hypertrophy]

It would appear to be impossible to compare completely different techniques of mammaplasty performed in very different clinical situations. However, we thought it would be useful to approach the result of mammaplasties from a more "orthopaedic" point of view. Such an approach distinguishes populations of patients with different results and in whom the postoperative assessment must take into account the result obtained, the residual scars and the final breast shape. A formula has been developed after multiple attempts: [formula: see text] This formula expresses positive factors: the quantity of glandular tissue removed (in grams), the final appearance of the scars, the appearance of the overall shape of the two reconstructed breasts and the reappearance of ptosis measured from the edges of the breast below the inframammary sulcus (in the erect position). In this way, it is possible to express these positive factors by the multiplying the scores attributed to each of the factors. For example, a resection of 150 g will be scored as 1.5 and a resection of 1,200 g will be scored as 12, i.e. the weight in grams is simply divided by 100 to give the score for weight. The scar will be scored according to an individual scale of 1 to 5. The shape will also be scored according to an individual scale of 1 to 5. The division factors include the length of the inframammary scar (segment 3); this inframammary vertical line will be included directly in the calculation. In contrast, the length of the horizontal inframammary scar will be divided by 10.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

应用斜向乳房下皱襞的肩胛旁游离皮瓣治疗面颈部瘢痕挛缩

目的 探讨如何获取较大面积的肩胛游离皮瓣,并使之更好地应用于临床,同时改善供瓣区切口瘢痕的形成。方法 以旋肩胛动脉降支及其前分支为主轴血管,皮瓣轴线通过侧胸壁斜向前方越过同侧腋前线,达乳内线水平,治疗面部颈部瘢痕挛缩4例。结果 4全完全成活,但有1例因一期行皮瓣取薄时,远端切口出现表皮血运障碍。结论 由于肩胛区血供的交叉性及丰富的吻合支血管存在,以斜向同侧乳房下皱襞的肩胛旁游离皮瓣,尽管皮瓣的长度超过了不同侧腋前线而仍能成活良好,轴型游离皮瓣移植时,其远端携带一个任意皮瓣应属可行。     

Reduction of mammaplasty scars: from a short inframammary scar to a vertical scar]

A better understanding of the vascular anatomy of the breast has drastically reduced the risk of postoperative necrosis in breast reduction. Scars however remain a major concern, and techniques to reduce these have often been considered to be less satisfactory in terms of the shape and stability of the result. Our experience with more than 1,000 breasts operated on between 1984 and 1989 with a short inframammary scar technique has proved the contrary. The next step was to eliminate the inframammary scar, as proposed by Lassus, and to leave just a periareolar scar and a lower vertical scar which does not cross the inframammary fold. One hundred and four breasts, in sixty four patients--17 to 60 years old--have been operated on according to this vertical technique between April and September 1989. Twenty seven cases of ptosis correction in seventeen patients, and seventy seven reductions in forty seven patients, with a median excision weight of 460g, have been performed. By means of an individualized preoperative drawing and several technical devices, the results have proved that vertical mammaplasty is an excellent technique particularly indicated for women with elastic skin and a firm gland. Recent experience with liposuction at the beginning of the operation, has given new possibilities for breast modelling. In fatty juvenile hypertrophies, liposuction alone may even be adequate to reduce the volume, retaining a satisfactory shape for the breast with minimal scarring.     

Seventeen Years of Experience with Reduction Mammaplasty Avoiding a Vertical Scar

BACKGROUND: It is important to reshape the breast with the least scar possible. This has led us to develop a technique for large breasts where the vertical scar was eliminated. METHODS: The new nipple is positioned at 19-21 cm. The level of the new inframammary line (IML) is marked 6 cm below the new areola. All the area between the marked IML and the present sulcus is de-epithelialized. The upper flap is undermined beginning from the new IML. The tissue excision is performed medially and laterally leaving a central pedicle that also carries the nipple-areola complex (NAC). The dermoglandular pedicle is shaped conically with breast-shaping sutures. The NAC is passed under the upper apron flap through its new opening. RESULTS: We retrospectively reviewed 145 patients who were operated on over the past 17 years. The mean age of the patients was 41 years. The mean distance preoperatively from midclavicle to nipple was 35.3 cm. The average weight of breast tissue excised was 1073 g per side. Seventeen patients (11%) suffered from minor complications. CONCLUSION: This technique works especially well in breast reduction cases where a large mass excision is required. The horizontal scar is obvious only when the patient is lying down and cannot be seen by the patient herself. There is no risk of destroying the circular feature of the areola, which is pulled inferiorly by the vertical scar in the other techniques.     

Minimal inframammary incision for breast augmentation

The inframammary approach in breast augmentation, still the most popular technique among plastic surgeons, has always been hampered by the undesirable appearance of its scar. The present paper describes a modified approach to inframammary augmentation with saline-filled prostheses. This approach uses a very short incision, thus resulting in a much less noticeable scar. The surgical technique is easy to learn, simple to execute, does not necessitate any special equipment and gives consistent results. Decreasing the scar length to an absolute minimum ensures higher patient and surgeon satisfaction.     

No-vertical-scar inferior pedicle breast reduction using the dermal suspension sling

Background

The authors previously presented favorable outcomes with the use of the horizontal dermal suspension sling and plication of the inferior pedicle in reduction mammaplasty surgical cases. We propose a modification to this technique tailored to patients with moderate to severe ptosis. The modification avoids the vertical scar inherent to the inverted T pattern.

Methods

The surgical technique utilizes portions of the dermal suspension and plication technique previously described by the authors. Minor modifications were made to take advantage of the vertical excess of skin found in patients with moderate to severe macromastia and ptotic breasts. The modification leads to a superior skin flap that drapes the inferior pedicle and newly constructed breast mound, resulting in a single inframammary scar.

Results

Thirty-eight women have undergone breast reduction using the vertical scarless inferior pedicle with horizontal dermal suspension and plication surgical technique. Breast projection and shape were sustained during follow-up with positive aesthetic results; the median follow–up time was 7 months.

Conclusions

The modifications to our surgical technique allowed for an improved appearance in the postoperative breast scar and in the overall cosmetic outcome in patients who underwent large-volume breast reductions. Level of Evidence: IV, therapeutic study     

不同入路行假体隆乳术的效果比较

目的:比较不同入路下假体隆乳术的术后效果。方法:2016年1月至2018年1月,长沙雅美医疗美容医院美容外科收治隆乳患者211例(年龄18~52岁,平均)。根据手术入路将患者分为腋窝入路组、乳晕入路组、乳房下皱襞入路组,对3个组患者术后疼痛、切口瘢痕、引流量及其他并发症进行观察。结果:乳晕入路组与乳房下皱襞入路组患者术...     

Central pedicle reduction mammaplasty with a vertical scar: a technical modification

Background: This study introduces a central pedicle reduction mammaplasty with a vertical scar technique.

Objectives: This study is aimed to create a more conical breast shape and long-lasting better projection by modifying reduction mammaplasty by central pedicle flap.

Method: Preoperative markings were made including the meridian line of breast and the new location of the nipple-areola complex (NAC). The new location of the inframammary fold was marked ～2?～?4?cm above the original inframammary fold. An incision was made around the areola, the area between the resection margins and NAC was excised en bloc. The breast parenchyma was excised circumferentially, so that a cone shaped central mound was formed. An inferior and inferolateral glandular resection was performed to reduce the area of the breast base by elevating the position of the inframammary fold. After completion of dissection, the central pedicle surmounted by the NAC was transposed to its new location.

Result: Fifty-six patients were operated with our modified central pedicle technique. The mean amount of resection was 475?g (range?=?130–1080?g). The mean length of follow-up was 18?months (range?=?12–53?months). The mean postoperative satisfaction score was 4.23 (SD?=?0.81). The breast parenchymal ratio significantly increased from 1.2 preoperatively to 3.9 postoperatively.

Conclusion: The modified central pedicle reduction mammaplasty with a vertical scar technique is a versatile breast reduction technique for all shapes and tissue conditions, by providing an attractive conical shape of the breast with minimum scar burden and maximum preservation of breast function.     

Breast reconstruction with perforator-based inframammary de-epithelized flap: a case report

Patients with silicon gel-injected breasts sometimes appear even now, demanding removal of this foreign body. These requests are often challenging for us—the removal leaves distortion of the breast contour. Musclocutaneous flap transfer is a good method for reconstruction, but scar formation for flap harvest is a problem. Most patients are reluctant to accept these scars. Reconstruction with prostheses has been another method. But the absence of subcutaneous tissue and degenerated muscle make implantation difficult. For one of these patients, the authors applied a method for breast reconstruction with perforator-based inframammary flap. After the removal of the siliconoma with surrounding degenerated tissues, a crescent-shaped skin flap was designed on the inframammary area. Preserving perforators into the flap, it was elevated with adipose tissue. After the skin was de-epthelized, the adipose tissue and skin flap were turned over to make the breast protrusion. The donor site is closed primarily. Ten months after the operation, there was little atrophy of the reconstructed breast, and the patient is satisfied with the result, especially with the softness of the reconstructed breast. Although this method has limitation for volume, less morbidity for donor site and volume reduction in inframammary area are advantageous. In conclusion, this inframammary flap seems to be a good tool for breast surgery.     

An alternative technique for managing the lower breast skin during secondary breast reconstruction with a TRAM flap

During secondary breast reconstruction with a transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap, the native breast skin between the mastectomy scar and inframammary crease is usually left intact, excised, or deepithelialized. The authors have developed transposition flaps utilizing this skin and subcutaneous tissue in selected patients. This technique is most useful in patients who present for secondary reconstruction whose remaining lower breast skin may have contracted or in patients who should have a vertically inset TRAM flap but do not have a wide enough flap relative to the length of the inframammary crease. Although the authors use this technique infrequently due to additional scars placed on the breast, it is a useful technique to add to the armamentarium of the reconstructive surgeon.     

应用扩张后皮瓣修复乳房下部瘢痕

目的 探寻乳房下部瘢痕挛缩的较佳治疗方法. 方法 对2000年7月-2007年7月笔者单位收治的9例乳房下部瘢痕挛缩女性患者,行乳房周围皮肤扩张术.扩张器埋置切口多选择在乳房下部瘢痕处,置入部位以乳房周围侧胸部、胸部中央剑突附近为佳,且侧胸部置入时尽量使扩张器位置向上,与乳房上级水平齐平.扩张器埋置层次在深筋膜下及腺体表面.Ⅱ期充分松解挛缩的瘢痕,使腺体及乳房恢复正常解剖位置,将扩张后皮瓣设计成直接推进或易位皮瓣修复缺损,或直接拉拢缝合封闭创面. 结果 除1例患者皮瓣尖端4.0 cm×3.0 cm范围发生血运障碍,经植皮后创面愈合外,其余8例皮瓣均成活,创面愈合;所有患者乳晕、乳头均恢复正常解剖位置.其中3例6个月～2年后复诊,效果满意. 结论 应用扩张后皮瓣修复乳房下部瘢痕挛缩,效果良好.     

乳房下皱襞上提法治疗巨乳缩小后乳房畸形

为矫正倒 T 形切口巨乳缩小术后常出现的乳头乳晕过高、乳房呈上小下大畸形,应用下胸皮瓣上推,使乳房下皱襞上提与深面肋骨膜、肋软骨膜或肋间筋膜固定的方法,共治疗4例7侧乳房,矫正良好。认为本方法是矫正 T 形切口巨乳缩小术后畸形的良好方法。     

乳房下皱襞上提法治疗巨乳缩小后乳房畸形

为矫正倒Ｔ形切口巨乳缩小术后常出现的乳头乳晕过高、乳房呈上小下大畸形，应用下胸皮瓣上推，使乳房下皱襞上提与深面肋骨膜、肋软骨膜或肋间筋膜固定的方法，共治疗４例７侧乳房，矫正良好。认为本方法是矫正Ｔ形切口巨乳缩小术后畸形的良好方法。     

The inframammary extending lateral intercostal artery perforator flap for reconstruction of axillary contractures: a case report

SUMMARY: Release and reconstruction of axillary scar contractures can be challenging due to the specific anatomic site and contouring of the axillary region. Pliable and unscarred skin coverage of resulting defects after scar release is needed which enhances the postoperative recovery and revalidation. When traditional donor regions of fasciocutaneous flaps are involved in the scarred area, options are few. We describe the design and versatility of an inframammary extended lateral intercostal artery perforator (LICAP) flap to reconstruct an axillary defect after wide scar release and debridement. The postoperative recovery was uneventful with restoration of the range of motion of the shoulder joint.     

Mammaplasty for Mild and/or Ptotic Breast Through Short Incision at the Inframammary Sulcus: A Personal Approach

Small to moderate pexy and breast reduction have been treated through a 5-cm length access view incision placed at the inframammary sulcus. Resection of up to 450 g in each breast are obtained. Overlapping and plication of two glandular flaps dissected from the lower breast quadrants complete the suspension and fixation of the breast in its ideal position. The areola remain untouched.     

Creation of a male chest in female transsexuals

This paper describes the indications for operation, the choice of operation, and the results in 9 patients evaluated by a gender identity clinic and referred for breast removal and construction of a male chest. These patients have lived for an average of ten years in their cross-gender identity and were found to be stable, nondemanding, cooperative, and responsible in their life as males. A different operation is recommended for each of three types of breasts. None of the patients was suitable for a simple gynecomastia-type operation. Patients with excess skin should have a procedure that produces an inframammary crease scar not connected to the nipple. Patients with less skin require a procedure that results in a C-shaped scar curing downward and laterally from the nipple.     

Augmentation mammaplasty approach to pacemaker implantation

A technique for pacemaker implantation using the inframammary approach for augmentation mammaplasty is described. This technique avoids alteration of body contour and produces a highly acceptable scar. Its use is described in a 16-year-old patient who has been followed for 3 years.     

Reduction Mammaplasty and Mastopexy Using the Vertical Scar and Thoracic Wall Flap Technique

Breast surgery has been greatly modified in the past few years as surgeons sought to shorten scars and improve and maintain of breast shape in the late postoperative period. Working with both the periareolar technique and vertical scar technique, it is possible to reduce scar length, avoiding the area below the inframammary crease by compensating skin excess around the areola. From January 2001 to July 2002, 53 patients underwent reduction mammaplasty and/or mastopexy using the vertical scar technique associated to a thoracic-based flap kept under a bipedicled flap of the pectoralis major muscle. The goal of this combination is to achieve a good aesthetic result: a reduced scar, minimal breast descent, and good upper pole fullness.     

Mammaplasty with a short horizontal scar. Evaluation and results after 9 years

To obtain a shorter horizontal branch of the inverted T used in mammaplasties, the senior author has developed a technique based on a vertical skin resection stopping above the inframammary line. An evaluation of the results after 9 years of experience has been carried out in 176 patients. Results were satisfactory overall because the shape obtained was pleasing and stable in most cases; the horizontal scar remained hidden beneath the breast in the standing position. Modifications and refinements of the technique since its first publication in 1980 are discussed.