The relationship between bruxism and occlusal factors among seven- to 19-year-old Turkish children

The aim of this study was (1) to investigate the relationship between occlusal factors and bruxism among 965 Turkish subjects (472 boys and 493 girls) with a mean age of 12.8 years (range, seven to 19 years); and (2) to identify possible sex differences between girls and boys. This sample was divided into two groups of bruxers or nonbruxers based on a clinical examination and self-reports. The examiner recorded the Angle molar classification bilaterally, severity of anterior crowding, existence of anterior and posterior crossbite, open and deep bite, functional shift, and excessive overjet. The relationships between occlusal factors and bruxism and sex differences between boys and girls were evaluated with chi-square analysis (chi2) using the SPSS software package. The results showed that bruxism was diagnosed in 12.6% of all subjects. The evaluation of the findings indicated that no statistically significant relationships were determined between bruxism and occlusal factors. No sex differences were found between occlusal factors in relation to bruxism. The prevalence of bruxism in boys and girls was similar, and no statistically significant differences were found. It is concluded that none of the occlusal factors seem to play a role in the development of bruxism. However, additional longitudinal studies with larger samples need to be conducted to determine if there is any relationship between occlusal factors and bruxism.     

Investigation of the relationship between oral parafunctions and temporomandibular joint dysfunction in Turkish children with mixed and permanent dentition

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction, bruxism and oral parafunctions in the permanent and mixed dentition of Turkish children. Examinations were performed on 59 children (26 girls and 33 boys) without TMJ dysfunction and 123 children (54 boys and 69 girls) with TMJ dysfunction in the mixed dentition. In the permanent dentition 89 children without TMJ dysfunction (45 girls and 44 boys) and 123 children with TMJ dysfunction (69 girls and 54 boys) were inducted into this study. The children with oral parafunctions (bruxism, nail biting and thumb/finger sucking) were determined through questionnaires. The Z-test was used for the analyses of the correlation between variables and differences between the groups. Generally a significant correlation was found between finger/thumb sucking and nail biting and TMJ dysfunction in the mixed dentition and bruxism was observed significantly to be associated with TMJ dysfunction in the permanent dentition (P < 0.05). The evaluation of the results showed that in the mixed dentition groups nail biting was significantly higher in the girls with TMJ dysfunction and finger or thumb sucking was significantly higher in the boys with TMJ dysfunction compared with those without TMJ dysfunction (P < 0.01). In the permanent dentition; bruxism and thumb/finger sucking were significantly higher in girls with TMJ dysfunction higher than those without TMJ dysfunction (P < 0.05). However, thumb/finger sucking was significantly higher in boys without TMJ dysfunction than with TMJ dysfunction (P < 0.05). The results of this study showed that the association of parafunctions and TMJ dysfunction is present in the mixed (thumb/finger sucking and nail biting) and the permanent dentitions (bruxism).     

Prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction in Turkish children with mixed and permanent dentition

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction in mixed and permanent dentition and to evaluate the sex distribution in Turkish children. One hundred and eighty-two children with mixed dentition and 212 with permanent dentition were selected for the study, which used a questionnaire and clinical examination. Children with one or more signs (TMJ sounds, TMJ tenderness, muscle tenderness, restricted mouth opening) and/or symptoms (TMJ pain during mastication and mouth opening, restriction of the jaw opening and TMJ sounds) met the criterion of TMJ dysfunction. The total prevalence of signs and symptoms of TMJ dysfunction in the studied population was 68% (68% in girls and 68% in boys) in mixed dentition and 58% (61% in girls and 56% in boys) in permanent dentition. The Z-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for statistical analysis of the difference between the results. The total prevalence of signs and symptoms of TMJ dysfunction in mixed dentition was found to be higher than in permanent dentition (P < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in the total prevalence of TMJ dysfunction between girls and boys.     

The relationship between body balance function and occlusal function during the mixed dentition period

The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between body balance and occlusal balance during the mixed dentition stage. Fifty-six healthy children with Hellman's Dental Age IIIA: (31 boys and 25 girls) with an average age of 8.1 years, were selected from an elementary school. The body balance, distance and area of gravity center movement (GCM) were measured with automatic posture analytical devices. Occlusal abilities were measured with pressure-sensitive sheets (Dental Prescale^®), including occlusal contacts area, average occlusal pressure, maximum occlusal pressure, occlusal force and occlusal balance. Analysis of occlusal balance was determined by separating the middle group (| x | ≤ 5 mm) from the deflection group (| x | > 5 mm) based on the position of occlusal balance center. Similarly, the children were instructed to perform the GCM area of eyes-closed exercise. The first 25% of the participants with the best balance were grouped as the good balance group; and the last 25% with the worse balance were grouped as the bad balance group. Results showed that occlusal contact area and occlusal force of the middle group were more than the deflection group, GCM distance and area of the middle group were less than the deflection group. occlusal contacts area and occlusal force of the good balance group were more than the bad group. Body balance function and occlusal balance function were observed to have mutual influence during Hellman's Dental Age IIIA stage in this study.     

Relationships between occlusal or free-smooth and approximal caries in mixed dentition

This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relationships between free-smooth or occlusal surfaces and approximal caries in 104 schoolchildren between 6 and 8 years of age. Caries diagnosis was clinically and radiographically assessed, and white spot lesions, evident caries lesions or restorations, as well as radiolucence in enamel were considered to be caries. In the studied subjects, the correlations were analyzed in the 1st primary molars (Ds), the 2nd primary molars (Es), the 1st permanent molars (6s), and all molars. The data were statistically analyzed by chi-square test. Significant correlations between occlusal surface caries and approximal surface lesions were observed in Ds and Es teeth and in all molars, but not for 1st permanent molars. For free-smooth surface, these correlations were significant only for Es and all molars. Sensitivity and specificity for occlusal surface as an indicator of approximal caries in the same tooth type ranged from 73% to 83% and 51% to 58%, respectively. Similarly, for free-smooth surface the values varied from 22% to 60% and 57% to 90%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity for occlusal surface caries in identifying subjects with approximal caries were 78% and 70%, respectively; for free-smooth surface, the corresponding values were 59% and 65%, respectively. The results suggest that visually detected caries lesions are indicative of approximal caries. Thus, if a certain risk limit is defined and the corresponding number of caries lesions in different surfaces is reached, the risk is above the threshold and could be a practical guideline on the need for radiography in this age group of patients with “moderate caries experience”.     

Relationships between occlusal or free-smooth and approximal caries in mixed dentition

This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relationships between free-smooth or occlusal surfaces and approximal caries in 104 schoolchildren between 6 and 8 years of age. Caries diagnosis was clinically and radiographically assessed, and white spot lesions, evident caries lesions or restorations, as well as radiolucence in enamel were considered to be caries. In the studied subjects, the correlations were analyzed in the 1st primary molars (Ds), the 2nd primary molars (Es), the 1st permanent molars (6s), and all molars. The data were statistically analyzed by chi-square test. Significant correlations between occlusal surface caries and approximal surface lesions were observed in Ds and Es teeth and in all molars, but not for 1st permanent molars. For free-smooth surface, these correlations were significant only for Es and all molars. Sensitivity and specificity for occlusal surface as an indicator of approximal caries in the same tooth type ranged from 73% to 83% and 51% to 58%, respectively. Similarly, for free-smooth surface the values varied from 22% to 60% and 57% to 90%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity for occlusal surface caries in identifying subjects with approximal caries were 78% and 70%, respectively; for free-smooth surface, the corresponding values were 59% and 65%, respectively. The results suggest that visually detected caries lesions are indicative of approximal caries. Thus, if a certain risk limit is defined and the corresponding number of caries lesions in different surfaces is reached, the risk is above the threshold and could be a practical guideline on the need for radiography in this age group of patients with "moderate caries experience".     

The changes of the occlusal relationship from deciduous to the permanent dentition in the longitudinal sample

The examination of the dynamics of the changes in sagittal, vertical and transversal occlusal relationship has been carried out on the sample of the 66 examinees of the both sexes. The children were examined for the first time at the age of 3.7 years, the again three times repeatedly (within a year) during the first period of the change of teeth. The occlusal changes were registered on the plaster models using the regular standard equipment. The results of the examination of the 4 gnathometric variables (class, overjet, overbite and the transversal occlusal relationship) have demonstrated the following: in 50% examinees the class remained unchanged; the total number of the examinees with class II as well as with uneven occlusal relationship, in the right and left quadrant have increased visibly; the early findings of class II have demonstrated very high stability; the inclination toward the increase of the overjet has been higher in the relation to the reduction; somewhat greater number has been recorded in the group on the overjet above 3 mm; overbite in the major part of the examinees has become deeper; the change from the open, tete a tete, minimal bite to the normal and deep bite has been recorded; the transversal occlusal relationship have remained unchanged in 60% of the cases; the frequency of the new transversal disarrangement in the mixed dentition has been three times higher in the relation to the earlier findings; also the cases of the spontaneous correction of the transversal disarrangement in the deciduous dentition have been recorded.     

Relationship between occlusal findings and orofacial myofunctional status in primary and mixed dentition

Aim

The aim of this study was to provide basic representative data on the prevalence of malocclusions involving space deficiency in both primary and early mixed dentition and to examine the relationship between these malocclusions and orofacial dysfunctions. The results should be viewed from an orthodontic prevention and early treatment perspective.

Subjects and methods

Orthodontic findings in the maxilla and mandible as well as the myofunctional status of 766 children in primary dentition and 2,209 children in mixed dentition were examined clinically in a cross-sectional study. The following parameters from each jaw were subjected to orthodontic analysis: crowding in the anterior and posterior regions of the maxilla and mandible in primary and mixed dentitions, deviations from normal maxillary arch forms in the primary dentition, deviations from normal anterior maxillary arch width in mixed dentition and maxillary apical base morphology in mixed dentition. Static and dynamic orofacial dysfunctions were documented with reference to specific parameters and clinical tests.

Results

Crowding was observed in every tenth child in primary dentition (10.8%) and in every second child in mixed dentition (49.7%). Habitual open mouth posture, visceral swallowing, articulation disorders and oral habits were statistically significantly more frequent in children in primary dentition presenting a narrow maxillary arch. Reduced anterior maxillary arch width (compression) was statistically more frequent in children in early mixed dentitions with habitual open mouth posture. A narrow maxillary apical base correlated positively with all the orofacial dysfunctions analyzed.

Conclusions

Deviations from a regular arch form become apparent very early during dentition development and coexist with specific orofacial dysfunctions. They are thus important indicators for the early detection of functional abnormalities, causing deviations from normal dentition development. In children with orofacial dysfunctions the development of a narrow maxillary dental arch should be prevented by myofunctional therapy and by educating the parents. Interceptive orthodontic measures to treat a narrow maxillary arch in primary and early mixed dentition should also focus on eliminating functional disturbing factors, such as orofacial dysfunctions. Interdisciplinary cooperation with specialists in other fields of medicine, e.g. otorhinolaryngology and speech therapy, is essential to achieve this goal.     

Intra-arch occlusal indicators of crowding in the permanent dentition.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to identify the intra-arch occlusal characteristics that best discriminated 3 groups with different grades of dental arch discrepancies. This cross-sectional analysis was conducted in Lima, Peru, in 2003. METHODS: Intra-arch measurements were made on 150 sets of dental casts of high school students (aged 12-16; 75 boys, 75 girls). Stepwise multiple discriminant analysis (SMDA) was used to obtain a better understanding of the morphological relationships between tooth and dental-arch variables and their relationship with crowding. RESULTS: Mesiodistal tooth sizes and crown proportions of some teeth differed among significantly crowded, mild-to-moderately crowded, and spaced dental arches. Buccolingual tooth sizes were similar in the 3 groups. Of the arch dimensions evaluated, only intermolar arch width and arch length differed between the groups. An SMDA was developed to classify dental-arch discrepancies in the permanent dentition based on several intra-arch occlusal characteristics. The variable with the highest discriminatory capability between groups was arch length. When arch length was taken out of the SMDA, the explanatory capability from the variability on the dental arch discrepancies diminished from 51% to 14%. When the remaining arch dimension variable (intermolar width) was taken out, the explanatory capability diminished more (from 14% to 8%). CONCLUSIONS: Although other tooth-size and arch dimensions are indicators of crowding, arch length is the most important factor.     

Longitudinal occlusal changes from primary to permanent dentition in children with normal primary occlusion.

This purpose of this research was to examine the stability of normal occlusion during the transition from primary to permanent dentition. The sample consisted of 128 children (83 boys and 45 girls) 4.5 to 5.5 years old with normal occlusion in the primary dentition. The subjects were reexamined at 12.5 to 13.5 years. None had received orthodontic treatment. Although all the subjects had normal occlusion in the primary dentition, 72.7% (73.5% boys and 71.1% girls) had developed anomalies following eruption of the permanent teeth. These anomalies included crowding, Class II Division 1 or Class II Division 2 malocclusion, mesial occlusion complex, lateral crossbite, anterior crossbite, premature tooth loss, openbite or other anomalies.     

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目的探讨乳牙列夜磨牙症影响因素。方法选取2007年1月至2010年11月在云南省人民医院口腔预防保健科门诊就诊的32例乳牙列夜磨牙症患儿为病例组,随机抽取与病例组同期、同地点就诊的32例除外夜磨牙症的其他乳牙列口腔疾病患儿为对照组,并且病例组与对照组患儿在年龄、性别上相匹配。对研究对象进行口腔检查,对其父母进行问卷调查,并以Achenbach儿童行为量表进行心理行为检测。采用SPSSl0.0统计软件分析各项因素与夜磨牙症的相关关系。结果两组儿童在父母磨牙、龋患情况、牙本质磨耗、心理行为量表总分方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在咬合关系、特定的睡眠姿势等方面差异无统计学意义。结论儿童夜磨牙症的发生与精神心理因素、遗传因素可能有相关关系;与咬合关系、特定的睡眠姿势等可能无关。     

A survey on the potential relationships between TMD,possible sleep bruxism,unilateral chewing,and occlusal factors in Turkish university students

Objective: To evaluate whether there is a relationship between possible sleep bruxism (PSB), temporomandibular disorders (TMD), unilateral chewing (UC), and occlusal factors in university students recruited from Cumhuriyet University in Turkey.

Methods: For this cross-sectional survey, 519 (223 males, mean age 21.57 ± 2.3 years, 296 females, mean age 21.02 ± 2 years) university students who admitted to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology of the Faculty of Dentistry, Cumhuriyet University for dental care between 2012 and 2014 were selected randomly. Students were asked to complete a questionnaire form including questions about TMD, PSB and UC. Presence and direction of malocclusion were recorded during clinical examination. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis.

Results: It was found that 96.6% of the students with PSB had TMD (p < 0.05). The prevalence of severe TMD was high among students with PSB. There was a significant association between UC, PSB and TMD (p < 0.05). No statistically significant association was found between occlusal factors and PSB and TMD (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: Sleep bruxism, which heavily depends on self-report, is significantly associated with TMD. Unilateral chewing seems to be a common factor for development of SB and TMD. However, further studies are needed to corroborate this finding. Additionally, this study supports the hypothesis that occlusal factors are not related to self-reported sleep bruxism.     

The dentition and occlusal development in children of african american descent

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to (1) determine normative dental arch dimensions (arch length [AL], arch width [AW], arch perimeter [AP], and amount of interdental space [IDS]) in the primary dentition of African American (AA) children; (2) compare the established normative arch dimensions in AA children with their European American (EA) cohorts; and (3) contrast a theoretical construct of mandibular transitional occlusal development between children of AA and EA descent on the basis of normative values. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred seventeen sets of AA primary dental casts (110 boys, 107 girls) made from alginate impressions were measured and compared with historical EA standard values. Independent group t-tests were used to analyze sample differences. RESULTS: AA children showed significant (P = .001) sex differences in each respective dental arch dimension with the exception of the mandibular canine AW. AA boys and girls revealed statistically larger (P = .001) arch dimensions (AP, AL, AW) and amounts of IDS compared with their EA cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: The total amount of IDS within the primary dental arches is approximately equal in AA boys and girls, but significant site-specific gender dimorphism existed. The primary dental arch dimensions of AA children were significantly larger than those of EA children in AW, AL, AP, and IDS.     

Mesiodistal root angulation of permanent teeth in children with mixed dentition and normal occlusion

Objective

There is little information regarding the mesiodistal angulation of permanent teeth in mixed dentition. The aim of this study was to evaluate mesiodistal root angulation of permanent incisors, canines and first molars of 100 Brazilian children, using a new horizontal reference plane based on the midpoint of the intercuspation of primary canines and permanent first molars in panoramic radiographs during the mixed-dentition phase.

Material and methods

Children were equally divided between the genders with a mean age of 8.9 years (SD=0.76), normal occlusion and no eruptive disturbances.

Results

The angulation of the permanent maxillary first molars was close to the vertical, whereas the mandibular molars presented approximately 25 degrees of distal root angulation. The maxillary canines were the most distally angulated teeth, whereas the permanent mandibular canines were vertically positioned. The evaluation of the anterior maxillary area showed vertical position of permanent lateral, and central incisors with a slight distal angulation, whereas the permanent mandibular incisors tended to a mesial radicular convergence.

Conclusions

The proposed reference line could be useful in mixed dentition root angulation evaluation; there was a slight asymmetry in the mesiodistal angulation among homologous teeth, and also a small variation between the male and the female groups, but no difference between 8-and 10-year-old children.     

乳牙列及混合牙列儿童夜磨牙症相关因素的分析

目的 研究夜磨牙症儿童的心理、咬合等特点,探索儿童夜磨牙症发生、发展的影响因素.方法 收集北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院儿童口腔科门诊117例4～10岁乳牙列和混合牙列儿童,其中59例符合夜磨牙症的诊断标准,为病例组;58例未患夜磨牙症,为对照组.通过口腔检查和问卷调查,研究其口腔、颞下颌关节和心理等,分析各项因素与夜磨牙症发生的关系.结果 经Logistic回归分析得出:精神心理因素、咬合关系、特定的睡眠姿势、父母遗传和亲属遗传等因素的OR值分别为1.074、1.528、4.472、11.164和8.757.结论 精神心理因素、咬合关系、特定的睡眠姿势和遗传因素是儿童夜磨牙症发病的相关因素.     

Salivary innate defense system in type 1 diabetes mellitus in children with mixed and permanent dentition

Abstract

Objective. It should be expected that type 1 diabetes mellitus may disturb innate and acquired immunity. There are no data on type 1 diabetes mellitus-related changes in the salivary flow and the protein output responsible for the innate immunity of saliva depending on the quality of dentition reflecting the age of child. The aim of this work was the evaluation of parameters responsible for the innate immunity of saliva in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods. In diabetic children, adolescent and healthy volunteers, the salivary flow, the output and the concentration of the activity of peroxidase (colorimetry), lysozyme (radial immunodiffusion) and lactoferrin (ELISA) were determined. Results. In children with mixed and permanent dentition, type 1 diabetes mellitus significantly decreases (as compared with the appropriate controls) the unstimulated salivary flow, the output, concentration of peroxidase and the output of the lysozyme and lactoferrin. Conclusion. In conclusion, it may be stated that type 1 diabetes mellitus causes functional changes in the salivary glands, resulting in a decrease of the salivary flow and weakening of the salivary innate defense system, thus creating a threat to the oral and general health of type 1 diabetes mellitus children. The results showed that the salivary glands of younger children, when compared to adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus, are more susceptible to the injurious effects of the disease.     

Localization of first permanent molars in lateral cephalometric and panoramic radiographs from early mixed dentition to early permanent dentition

Changes in position and mesiodistal angulations of maxillary and mandibular first permanent molars from early mixed dentition to early permanent dentition were measured on panoramic radiographs and compared with the values measured on lateral cephalometric radiographs. It was found that the maxillary and mandibular first permanent molars were uprighted gradually, drifted mesially and vertically, and that the changes in mesiodistal angulations were clearly on the panoramic radiographs in comparison with the cephalometric radiographs.     

Temporomandibular joint dysfunction and occlusion in the mixed and permanent dentition

The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between occlusal factors: Angle classification, overbite, overjet, openbite, anterior and posterior crossbite, scissors bite or buccal crossbite and lateral openbite--and the presence of mandibular dysfunction in a sample of 359 Turkish children with mixed and permanent dentition. Z Test was used to compare the results. It was found that, Class III malocclusion in the permanent dentition and openbite, overbite = 0, overjet = 0, anterior-posterior crossbite in the mixed dentition were related with TMD.