Pleasant or Unpleasant: Attentional Modulation of Odor Perception

Using positron emission tomography, we investigated whether regional brain activations differ as a function of attending to pleasant versus unpleasant components of odors. There were two experimental (attention to pleasantness and attention to unpleasantness) and one control (baseline) condition. The stimuli presented during the two experimental conditions were exactly the same (three binary mixtures, each consisting of one pleasant and one unpleasant compound), but the affective property to which participants?? attention was directed was different: They indicated with a mouse click whether each stimulus contained a pleasant (during attention to pleasantness) or unpleasant (during attention to unpleasantness) odor. During baseline, odorless stimuli were presented, and participants pressed the mouse button randomly after each one. Several brain regions were involved in both types of attention, and these included ventral striatum, right orbitofrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. Subtle differences were also revealed: Attending to pleasantness was associated preferentially with a sensory/perceptual network (piriform cortex and amygdala), whereas attending to unpleasantness engaged a component of the attentional (right parietal) network. Thus, we delineate neural substrates of attending to olfactory pleasantness and unpleasantness, some of which are common to both and others that are specific to pleasantness or to unpleasantness. Our results suggest that the view of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system as the reward network that responds selectively to positive reinforcers is somewhat limited: Our findings are more in keeping with a view of this set of structures as the salience system of the brain.     

压力接种联合森田疗法治疗维持性血液透析患者的临床疗效研究

目的 探讨压力接种联合森田疗法在维持性血液透析(MHD)患者中的临床疗效.方法 选择2018年2月～2020年2月我院收治的100例MHD患者为主要研究对象,按随机数字表法将研究对象随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各50例.对照组患者给予常规护理,观察组患者在此基础上给予压力接种联合森田疗法干预.比较两组患者干预前后抑郁自...     

心理干预对精神分裂症患者亲属心理状况的影响

目的：探讨心理干预对精神分裂症患者亲属心理状况的影响。方法：采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）和自编精神分裂症健康知识调查问卷对83名精神分裂症患者的亲属进行调查,并对其进行为期4周的心理干预。结果：精神分裂症患者亲属心理干预前的SAS和SDS评分分别为（53.90±2.02）分和（61.40±1.07）分,显著高于全国常模的（41.90±2.60）分和（41.40±1.83）分（P〈0.05）;心理干预后患者亲属的SAS和SDS评分分别为（41.00±1.56）分和（41.50±1.08）分,较干预前有显著降低（P〈0.05）;干预后亲属对患者疾病相关知识的知晓度明显提高。结论：心理干预可有效改善患者亲属的心理状况。     

持续性心理疏导护理对脑梗死合并糖尿病患者失能"非失智"状况的效果

目的研究分析持续性心理疏导护理对脑梗死合并糖尿病患者失能"非失智"状况的干预效果。方法选取2018年06月~2020年01月我院收治的150例脑梗死合并糖尿病患者为主要研究对象,按随机数字表法将研究对象随机分为研究组和对照组,每组各75例。对照组75例患者给予常规护理,研究组75例患者在对照组基础上给予持续性心理疏导护理。对比干预前后两组患者的抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、匹茨堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)评分、Barthel指数评定量表评分、FuglMeyer评定量表(FMA)评分、心理弹性量表(CD-RISC)评分。结果干预后,研究组患者的SAS、SDS和PSQI评分低于对照组(P<0.05),Barthel指数、FMA评分和CD-RISC评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论持续性心理疏导能够有效缓解脑梗死合并糖尿病患者的负面情绪,改善睡眠质量,提升其心理弹性程度,进一步促进患者临床症状的恢复,值得临床推广应用。     

2型糖尿病患者负性情绪研究

目的：探讨负性情绪与2型糖尿病的关系。方法：对51例2型糖尿病患者与50例正常对照者进行负性情绪比较，采用生活事件量表（LES）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）、症状自评量表（SCL-90）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）及焦虑自评量表（SAS）测评。结果：与对照组比较，糖尿病组的负性生活事件刺激量和总刺激量得分均显著较高（P均〈0．01）；而社会支持总分、主观支持分及支持利用度分均显著较低（P均〈0．01）。糖尿病组SCL-90总分及躯体化、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐惧6个因子分与SDS、SAS评分均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论：2型糖尿病患者存在明显的负性情绪，有针对性的心理干预可能对其防治起重要作用。     

线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作患者抑郁的相关因素分析

目的 分析线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作(MELAS)患者抑郁的相关因素。方法(1)采用抑郁自评量表( SDS)调查32例MELAS患者的抑郁状况;(2)将患者分为抑郁组与非抑郁组,比较2组患者SDS各分项的评分;(3)以性别、发病年龄、受教育年限、病程、MMSE 评分及主要症状作为可能的相关因素进行单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析。结果(1)MELAS患者抑郁的总发生率为62.5%,其中轻度抑郁发生率34.4%,中度抑郁18.7%,重度抑郁9.4%;(2)MELAS患者SDS评分显著高于国内常模评分(P<0.01);(3)抑郁组患者SDS 3个分项(精神性-情感症状、精神运动性障碍、抑郁的心理障碍)评分分别显著高于非抑郁组(P<0.05或0.01);(4)抑郁组与非抑郁组之间的病程、胃肠道损害及癫痫例数的比较均有显著差异(P<0.05或0.01);(5)Logistic回归分析显示MELAS患者伴发抑郁与病程、胃肠道损害及癫痫显著相关(P<0.05或0.01)。结论 MELAS患者伴发抑郁不少见,其发生可能与病程、胃肠道损害及癫痫有关。     

Gustatory and olfactory function in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression

Although the crucial distinction between unipolar depressive disorder and bipolar disorder is the presence of mania (or hypomania) in the course of the latter, significant differences between unipolar and bipolar depression have also been found in clinical studies. The primary aim of the present investigation was to assess pleasantness/unpleasantness ratings of chemosensory stimuli in depressed patients, including subjects with unipolar and bipolar depression. Sensory aspects (thresholds and identification abilities) of gustatory and olfactory function were also assessed. There were no major differences between a depression group, as a whole, and healthy controls in terms of gustatory and olfactory thresholds and identification abilities. Similarly, pleasantness ratings of various gustatory and olfactory stimuli did not differ between the control and depression group. Gustatory and olfactory thresholds and identification abilities did not differ between individuals with unipolar and bipolar depression. Bipolar patients tended to rate less gustatory stimuli as unpleasant and more olfactory stimuli as pleasant compared to unipolar patients. The present results suggest that: i) depression is not associated with any major deficit in sensory aspects of gustatory and olfactory function or altered hedonic ratings of chemosensory stimuli; ii) hedonic responses to chemosensory stimuli tend to be increased in bipolar as compared to unipolar depressed patients.     

艾司西酞普兰对女性灼口综合征伴焦虑抑郁患者的疗效及细胞因子的影响

目的 探讨艾司西酞普兰对女性灼口综合征伴焦虑抑郁患者的疗效及细胞因子的影响.方法 选取2017年6月～2019年6月我院收治的91例女性灼口综合征伴焦虑抑郁患者作为主要研究对象,采用随机数字表法将患者分为观察组和对照组,两组患者均给予维生素B口服治疗,对照组(45例)给予心理治疗,观察组(46例)在对照组基础上增加艾司...     

新型冠状病毒肺炎病人康复早期心理应激状态调查及影响因素分析

目的 探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）病人康复早期心理应激状态及其影响因素。方法 以2020年3月1日至2020年3月14日由专科医院治愈出院并转入我院隔离观察病房的COVID-19康复者126例为研究对象,通过网络问卷调查采集心理学信息,问卷包含创伤后应激障碍自评量表（PTSD-SS）、抑郁自评量表和焦虑自评量表。采用多元线性回归分析检验影响因素。结果 126例PTSD-SS评分平均（45.5±18.9）分,39例（31.0%）存在应激障碍;创伤性再体验评分平均（15.4±6.8）分,52例（41.3%）有反复重现体验症状;回避症状评分平均（11.9±5.7）分,35例（27.8%）存在回避症状;警觉性增高评分平均（11.3±5.0）分,51例（40.5%）警觉性增高。28例（22.2%）有焦虑情绪,48例（38.1%）有抑郁情绪。多因素线性回归分析发现,退休、心理支持与PTSD-SS评分及其三个症状评分呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,女性、焦虑情绪与PTSD-SS评分及其三个症状评分呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,抑郁情绪与警觉性增高评分呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。结论 近1/3的COVID-19病人康复早期存在应激障碍,女性、未退休、缺乏心理支持、存在焦虑抑郁情绪这四大类人群应激障碍症状尤为严重,建议所有康复病人定期接受心理评估     

长期佩戴胰岛素泵的1型糖尿病患儿主要照顾者的心理调查

目的调查长期佩戴胰岛素泵的1型糖尿病患儿主要照顾者心理状况,并分析其影响因素。方法应用一般情况调查表、焦虑自评量表(self-rating anxiety scale,SAS)、抑郁自评量表(self-rating depression scale,SDS)对96例长期佩戴胰岛素泵的1型糖尿病患儿主要照顾者进行问卷调查,并分析人口学特征对其心理状况。结果患儿主要照顾者的SAS为(37.67±6.25)分,SDS为(39.79±6.74)分,有焦虑和抑郁倾向。多元线性回归分析结果显示,患儿佩戴胰岛素泵时间、患儿血糖控制情况是影响照顾者焦虑和抑郁的主要因素。结论长期佩戴胰岛素泵的1型糖尿病患儿主要照顾者存在焦虑和抑郁的倾向,对其心理健康的关注应从佩戴胰岛素泵时间和血糖控制方面进行,从而减少因主要照顾者的焦虑和抑郁影响患儿治疗效果。     

渐进性肌肉放松训练对四肢骨折患者精神心理状态的影响

目的 分析四肢骨折患者应用渐进性肌肉放松训练治疗后精神心理状态及睡眠质量变化.方法 选取我院2018年6月至2019年9月收治的111例四肢骨折患者作为主要研究对象.采用随机数字表法分组,对照组55例给予心理治疗,在此基础上,观察组56例增加渐进性肌肉放松训练,对比两组患者治疗后抑郁自评量表(self-rating d...     

企业职工主观抑郁情绪调查

目的 通过对某国有企业职工进行抑郁情绪、职工应激压力调查,了解企业职工的抑郁发生现况及其相关影响因素.方法 采用Zung抑郁自评量表(SDS)、Cawte量表,对上海市某国有企业的550例职工进行调查.结果 获得有效问卷508份.SDS白评量表总评分≥53分的有126例,发生率为21.3%.职工抑郁自评总分高于国内常模,抑郁评分与应激评分直线相关.婚姻情况、工种、工作制和应激评分对职工抑郁发生有影响.结论 企业职工的抑郁发生率较高,需要重视企业职工的心理卫生保健.     

汶川地震1年后北川干部创伤后应激症状及其与焦虑抑郁的关系

目的探讨汶川地震1年后北川干部创伤后应激症状及其与焦虑抑郁状况的关系。方法采用焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表、PCL-C对北川县事业单位的2055名干部进行调查。结果①1341人(65.3%)再体验症状阳性,780人(38.0%)回避/麻木症状阳性,1076人(52.4%)警觉性增高症状阳性,695人(33.8%)三大症状均呈阳性。②北川干部SAS总粗分(37.22±9.20)高于中国常模(29.78±10.07),有差异显著性(P<0.001);③SDS总粗分(41.97±8.30)与标准分(52.47±10.37)均高于国内常模(33.46±8.55,41.88±10.57),有差异显著性(P<0.001);④PCL、SDS、SAS得分在受教育程度、亲人遇难、房屋倒塌、身体受伤方面均存在差异显著性;⑤PCL-C总分及各分量表得分与SDS标准分、SAS标准分均显著正相关(P<0.001)。结论汶川地震发生1年后,北川干部创伤后应激症状、焦虑症状、抑郁症状仍广泛存在,其中丧失明显者更为显著,而且创伤后应激症状常共病抑郁等其他心理问题。提示,在干预创伤后应激症状时,应同时改善合病的抑郁等状况。     

Posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of sexual assault--related to depression or physical symptoms]

To clarify the clinical characteristics of mental disorders in sexual assault victims, we investigated the victims focusing on PTSD, depression, physical symptoms, and their relationships. SUBJECTS: Participants were 46 treatment-seeking female victims of sexual assault who consulted four hospitals, one clinic and one psychological services center, between February 2000 and April 2001. The mean +/- SD age of the participants was 28.0 +/- 8.9 years, the mean +/- SD period from the traumatic event was 94.5 +/- 88.0 months. PTSD was diagnosed and evaluated using a structured interview (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV: CAPS). Depressive symptoms were assessed using Self-rating Depression Scales (SDS). Physical symptoms were assessed using the Physical symptom scale developed by the authors. RESULTS: Thirty-two participants (69.6%) met the criteria for PTSD in their current diagnosis, and 41 (89.1%) had the disorder at some point during their lives. SDS score and Physical symptom scale score of the PTSD group were significantly higher than those scores of the non-PTSD group. The SDS score correlated with the Avoidant-numbing score. The Physical symptoms scale score correlated with the Intrusion score and Hyperarousal score. We think that the PTSD group had the co-existing depression secondary to PTSD. Although previous studies have discussed the relationship between physical symptoms and Hyperarousal symptoms, this study suggested that physical symptoms were related to Intrusion symptoms as much as Hyperarousal symptoms. We found 2 patterns when PTSD patients reported physical symptoms related to Intrusion symptoms. The patterns were caused (1) by physiological reactivity on exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize an aspect of the traumatic event, and caused (2) by somatic reenactment symptoms. CONCLUSION: We discuss the importance for clinicians to distinguish Intrusion symptoms from physical symptoms as well as Avoidant-numbing symptoms from depressive symptoms on PTSD diagnosis. Because sexual assault victims have difficulty in talking about the traumatic experience, clinicians should pay attention to these findings in developing therapeutic plans for the victims.     

氟西汀联合奥扎格雷钠对急性缺血性卒中后抑郁患者神经功能及心理状态的影响

目的 分析氟西汀联合奥扎格雷钠对急性缺血性卒中后抑郁患者神经功能及心理状态的影响.方法 选取2018年2月～2020年2月期间本院收治的113例急性缺血性卒中后抑郁患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将研究对象分为观察组和对照组.对照组56例患者给予奥扎雷纳静脉滴注治疗,观察组57例患者增加氟西汀联合治疗,均持续治疗12...     

行为激活疗法对冠心病合并焦虑抑郁患者的效果

目的探讨行为激活疗法对冠心病合并焦虑抑郁患者的效果。方法观察对象为2018年1月~2020年1月我院收治的96例冠心病合并焦虑抑郁患者,随机分为对照组与观察组,各48例。对照组给予常规护理,观察组在常规护理基础上给予行为激活疗法。比较护理前后两组抑郁自评量表(SDS)、西雅图心绞痛生活质量量表(SAQ)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)以及多维疲劳量表(MFI-20)。结果护理后两组SAS评分、SDS评分均明显下降,且护理后观察组低于对照组(P<0.05);护理后两组SAQ评分各维度均显著增加,且护理后观察组活动受限、心绞痛发作情况、心绞痛稳定情况、治疗满意度、疾病认知均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论行为激活疗法有助于降低冠心病合并焦虑抑郁患者的不良情绪,同时提升心绞痛相关生活质量。     

心理干预对癫患者焦虑抑郁情绪的影响

目的:探讨心理干预对癫患者焦虑抑郁情绪的影响。方法:对163例成人癫患者在抗癫治疗的同时实施为期3个月的心理干预;采用中文版Zung焦虑自评量表(SAS)及抑郁自评量表(SDS)分别于干预前、干预后1个月和3个月进行评定。结果:163例癫患者实施心理干预后焦虑和抑郁情绪改善显著,并随干预时间延长而显著下降。与干预前比较,干预1周,SAS及SDS评分与干预前差异无统计学意义(P=0.469、0.272);干预1个月和3个月,SAS及SDS评分与干预前比较差异有显著统计学意义(F=15.196、16.207,P均<0.001)。结论:癫患者焦虑抑郁情绪明显;心理干预能够显著改善患者焦虑抑郁情绪;干预时间越长,效果越好。     

脑梗死患者的生活质量与其焦虑、抑郁情绪的相关性研究

目的 探讨脑梗死患者的生活质量与其焦虑、抑郁情绪的关系。方法 采用Zung焦虑自评量表（SAS）、Zung抑郁自评量表（SDS）及生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）对80例脑梗死患者（脑梗死组）及80名健康人（对照组）进行问卷调查，并对生活质量与其焦虑、抑郁情绪作相关分析。结果 脑梗死患者的生活质量总分及躯体功能、心理功能、社会功能3个维度评分均明显低于对照组（P〈0．01），而SAS及SDS评分均明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）。脑梗死患者的生活质量总分及躯体功能、心理功能、社会功能3个维度评分均与SAS及SDS评分呈显著性负相关。结论 脑梗死患者的生活质量较差，焦虑、抑郁情绪明显；其生活质量与焦虑、抑郁情绪密切相关。     

焦点解决模式对梅尼埃病患者康复训练依从性及焦虑抑郁情绪的影响

目的 分析焦点解决模式对梅尼埃病患者的焦虑抑郁情绪及康复依从性的影响.方法 选取我院2017年3月～2020年3月收治的131例梅尼埃病患者作为本次研究的主体对象,按随机数字表法将研究对象随机分为观察组和对照组,两组患者均给予基础治疗,对照组65例患者接受常规护理,观察组66例患者增加焦点解决模式联合干预,对比两组患者...     

分娩前后孕产妇心理状态调查

目的:了解初产妇在分娩前后的焦虑、抑郁情况。方法:采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)和爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(EPDS)进行评定分析,测定血雌二醇和孕酮值。结果:分娩前后均有一定的焦虑和抑郁发生率。结论:应重视孕产妇的心理状态。