北京大学医学部研究生学术规范教育的调查分析

通过对北京大学医学部研究生的学术规范教育情况的问卷调查,了解到:医学部研究生群体中确实存在一些违反学术规范的行为,研究生对学术规范的认识程度还需进一步提高,对研究生的学术规范教育有待进一步加强。针对这样的现况,高校应通过各种途径加强对研究生的学术规范教育,完善学术制度体系,从而提高研究生学术道德水准和培养质量。     

高等院校研究生学术道德现状调查

[目的]通过调查某高校研究生学术道德现状,发掘研究生学术道德培养中出现的问题,为制定研究生学术道德规范、促进学风建设提出建议。[方法]随机抽取某高校研究生270例,采用问卷调查的方法对其学术规范意识情况、学术失范行为的表现形式、引起学术失范行为原因等进行调查,利用Excle与SPSS进行数据整理分析。[结果]65％的调查者有学术规范的意识,但90％的调查对象在平时的学习中并未严格遵循学术道德规范;75％的人认为导师在平常的学习与科研活动中的表率作用比较好。研究生学术失范行为表现主要为篡改、伪造数据;抄袭、剽窃他人研究成果;发表论文“搭便车”;一稿两投或一稿多投;请别人代写或代别人写论文,网络购买学术产品,分别占30％、22％、17％、15％、12％,4％。社会风气不良与科研压力过大成为引起研究生学术道德失范的主要原因,人数分别有64人、61人。[结论]研究生学术道德培养中还存在很多问题,需要合理有效的学术道德培养机制。     

学术性期刊中的人文特色 ——《首都医科大学学报》创办《名师》栏目的体会

《首都医科大学学报》创办了《名师》栏目,阐述了做该栏目过程中的经验和体会,建议学术性期刊可以在发表科研成果的过程中,增加一些具有人文特色的栏目,丰富期刊的功能,充分发挥高校学报对高校大学生的教育和引导作用。在科研人员中宣传和弘扬人文精神和学术道德,有助于遏制学术不端现象,促进良好的社会风气的行成和发展。     

常见学术道德失范问题浅析及对策

本文主要概述了高等院校学术道德失范的常见表现形式:抄袭和剽窃;弄虚作假;一稿多投和二次发表.简要分析了学术道德失范的原因:科研监督和约束机制不够完善;科研考评机制存在缺陷;对道德教育重视程度的不足.提出了相应的解决建议:对学术行为加强监督和规范;完善科研考评制度;加强道德教育,提高科研职业素养.     

加强高校科研诚信建设的几点思考

近些年,国内外高校出现一些学术不端行为,主要有论文抄袭、成果剽窃、数据伪造、不实挂名等多种形式,高校科研诚信建设面临较多新问题和挑战,对科学的公信力和社会资源造成了巨大的危害和浪费.总体看来,科研评价体系、科研资源分配体系、社会大环境等存在的一些问题,以及个人科研诚信道德问题都导致了学术不端行为.政府、社会、高校等皆有责任改善不良、鼓励优秀,营造公平纯洁的学术环境.     

学术不端行为的制度原因与系统控制

学术不端行为层出不穷,除了道德和法律层面的问题,更有制度上的原因.本文结合现有文献,探讨学术不端行为制度层面的原因,以及针对这些原因如何进行相应的系统控制.     

科研诚信是全球永远的课题——中国科研管理与学术出版的诚信环境

【目的】基于近日在巴西召开的第四届世界科研诚信大会的主题内容,结合中国科研管理机构与期刊学术出版诚信环境的改进,确信科研诚信是一个全球课题。【方法】通过数据搜集和图释分析,客观比较了中国“211”等高校、科研院所、相关政府科研管理部门及中国学术期刊重视科研诚信建设的现状。【结果】中国科研与教育相关政府管理部门均在2006年前相继设立了科研诚信管理委员会与办公室等;截至2013年,我国各省市自治区（除港澳台）“211”等高校均在各自网站在线了学术道德奖惩政策,并相继成立了学术道德委员会等机构;中国近60%的学术期刊正在使用反剽窃软件进行重复率检查工作,以防学术抄袭,部分期刊还制定了严格的学术伦理政策。【结论】近十年来中国的科研管理与期刊学术出版的诚信环境正在发生改变,这些改变有利地提升了中国学术研究的原创性和信誉度,也对如何进一步探索学术诚信的外延和内涵的研究提出了更高的要求。     

山西医科大学第二医院加强知识产权保护与学术道德建设的做法

山西医科大学第二医院近年来通过积极组织全体员工学习国家和地方知识产权保护与学术道德建设的相关法律法规,以及医院制定的一系列加强知识产权保护与学术道德建设的规定、办法和举措,使全体员工增强了知识产权保护意识和防范学术不良风气的自觉性,促进了医院知识产权保护与学术道德建设.     

学术道德与科研管理

本文讨论了学术道德与科研管理的关系，学术不端行为、学术腐败、学术浮躁等都是学术道德失范的表现。缺乏有效的管理措施，过多行政关系和人际关系干预及过渡强调目标的科研管理体系是学术道德失范的重要原因。为加强学术道德建设，应增加透明度，依靠独立调查，将监督落到实处；同时明确管理部门职能，建立合乎科学发展规律的科研管理体系。     

高校学术腐败及学报编辑工作的应对措施

通过对高校学术领域当前存在的腐败现象的表现及其产生的主要原因进行归纳和分析,阐述了在反学术腐败斗争中高校学报编辑应起的作用及应采取的对策。提出了高校学报编辑在编辑工作中应全面提高自身素质,加强道德修养建设,严格把好从编辑初审到稿件送审等各个阶段的审稿关,防止学术腐败现象的产生。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.