Clinical and demographic risk factors associated with chronic suppurative otitis media

BACKGROUND: The incidence of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is high worldwide but increasing occurrence of complications appear peculiar to West Africa. However, knowledge of associated risk factors is sparse, we report the sociodemographic risk factors of CSOM with the aim of control of the disease and complications; and possible preventive strategies. METHOD: This is a survey of children with CSOM in five sites spread in two suburban cities in two states in Nigeria. Questionnaire was administered on the informants followed by examination of the children. RESULT: Of the 189 children, 114 (60%) had developed ear suppuration before 6 months of age, the number of attacks within the previous 18 months ranged between 2-12 with average of 7. Sociodemographic risk factors included low socioeconomic class in 153 (81%), 136 (72%) live in congested houses with more than 10 people and 79 (42%) belonged to families with more than 5 children. Indoor-cooking and infant daycare attendance were 117 (62%) while supine bottlefeeding was 115 (61%) and 34 (18%) of subjects had smoking father. The clinical risk factors were upper respiratory tract infection (URI) 85 (45%), allergy 53 (28%), adenoid 54 (28%) and malnutrition 65 (34%). The univariate analysis revealed that low social class (OR=7.33, CI=4.18-12.83, P=0.0001), malnutrition (OR=3.57, CI=1.88-6.76, P=0.00001), bottlefeeding (OR=2.93, CI=1.63-5.28, P=0.0001), indoor-cooking (OR=1.35, CI=0.88-2.10, P=0.161) and high number of people in a household (OR=0.59, CI=0.34-0.98, P=0.04) are significant in development of OM; while multivariate logistic regression analysis showed malnutrition (OR=3.48, CI=1.633-7.425, P=0.001), low social status (OR=7.74, CI=4.15-14.43, P=0.0001) and indoor-cooking (OR=2.34, CI=1.18-4.66, P=0.014), second table. Parental smoking, daycare attendance, allergy, adenoiditis/adenoidal hypertrophy and upper respiratory tract infection were not found significant. CONCLUSION: Low socioeconomic class, malnutrition, congestion from high number of children in the household and bottlefeeding constitute significant risk factor. The early onset of disease (<6 months) may suggest a prenatal predisposition. We need further research for the understanding of the biologic effect of these factors while this remains a database for prevention and control of disease.     

Characteristics of hearing impairment in Yemeni children with chronic suppurative otitis media: A case-control study

Background

Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a serious disorder particularly in low resource settings. It can lead to disabling hearing impairment and sometimes life-threatening infective complications.

Objective

The aim of the present study was to describe the characteristics of hearing impairment associated with CSOM in Yemeni children.

Methods

A case-control study of 75 children with CSOM and 74 healthy controls. Hearing was assessed by behavioural testing and audiometry.

Results

Cases had lower academic performance than controls (OR 15.31, 95% CI 1.99-322.14, p < 0.001). Disabling hearing impairment >30 dB was present in 51.5% (right ear) and 66.7% (left ear) of children with CSOM.

Conclusion

Disabling hearing impairment was identified as a major health problem in these Yemeni children with CSOM. There is a need for investment to reduce the burden of CSOM and its complications in these communities. Greater attention to the chronic disabling effects of CSOM in children is required in poor communities and low resource settings.     

The impact of chronic suppurative otitis media on children's and teenagers’ hearing

Objective

Otitis media is the most common otological condition during childhood which compromises sound conduction in the middle ear. In chronic cases, it is estimated that the degree to which hearing is compromised is directly proportional to the damage caused to the middle ear's structures. It means that hearing thresholds may be influenced by factors such as the size and location of the tympanic perforation, the presence of ossicular chain erosion or disarticulation as well as the presence of cholesteatoma and its growth patterns. The goals of this study were to compare air conduction, bone conduction thresholds and air-bone gaps of children and teenagers between those with chronic suppurative otitis media with cholesteatoma and those without cholesteatoma. To compare air-bone gap values for different cholesteatoma growth patterns. To verify the relationship between the number of perforated quadrants and the size of the air-bone gap. To compare air-bone gap values between tympanic perforations in posterior quadrants with those in anterior quadrants.

Methods

A transversal study involving 202 children and teenagers (287 ears), aged between 6 and 18, with chronic suppurative otitis media with and without cholesteatoma, submitted to digital videotoscopy and pure tone audiometry (PTA) was conducted.

Results and conclusions

Air conduction, bone conduction thresholds and air-bone gaps in children and teenagers with CCOM are significantly greater. There were no significative differences between air-bone gaps in epitympanic and posterior mesotympanic cholesteatomas. In NCCOM, the gap value is positively correlated with the number of quadrants with tympanic perforation. There was no significative difference between the air-bone gaps in tympanic perforations affecting the posterior and anterior quadrants.     

Long-term follow-up of chronic suppurative otitis media in a high-risk children cohort

Objective

Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is the leading cause of mild to moderate hearing impairment in children worldwide and a major public health problem in many indigenous populations. There is a lack of basic epidemiological facts and knowledge on the development of CSOM, as the disease primarily affects developing countries where research capacities often are limited. The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term outcome of CSOM in a high-risk population and to identify risk factors.

Methods

Follow-up study (2008) on a population-based cohort of 465 children in Greenland, initially examined (1996-8) between the ages 0 and 4 years. Follow-up was attempted among 307 children living in the two major towns. Binomial logistic regression analysis was made to identify risk factors for developing CSOM and for maintaining disease in to adolescence (odds ratios). Log linear binomial regression was used to estimate risk ratios and absolute risks.

Results

At follow-up 236 participated (77% of those available). The prevalence of CSOM was 32/236 (14%) at age group 0-4 years and 21/236 (9%) at age group 11-15 years. Thirteen had disease debut after the initial study. Of those with CSOM in the initial study 24/32 (75%) healed spontaneously. Risk factors for the development of CSOM at any time in childhood was the mother's history of CSOM OR 2.55 (95% CI 1.14-5.70; p = 0.02), and mothers with low levels of schooling OR 1.57 (1.03-2.40; p = 0.04). Once CSOM had developed boys were more likely to have persistent disease OR 5.46 (95% CI 1.47-20.37; p = 0.01). The absolute risk of CSOM if the mother had both a history of CSOM and low schooling was for boys 45.4% (95% CI 26.5-77.7) and for girls 30.7% (95% CI 17.8-53.10). The cumulative risk of CSOM was 19% at follow-up.

Conclusions

Even though a large number of CSOM cases seemed to heal spontaneously, the prevalence of untreated CSOM among school-age children in Greenland remained high as new cases were found at follow-up. Increased focus on prevention and identification of children at special risk could reduce the high prevalence of CSOM.     

耳内镜下鼓室成形术治疗慢性化脓性中耳炎术后听力恢复不良的相关因素分析

目的 分析耳内镜下鼓室成形术对静止期慢性化脓性中耳炎患者听力恢复不良的相关因素.方法 选择2017年2月-2019年11月在四川省八一康复中心治疗的静止期慢性化脓性中耳炎患者131例,所有患者均在全身麻醉下行耳内镜鼓室成形术.根据手术后6个月行纯音测听检测结果,骨气导间距(ABG)的不同将患者分为两组,ABG≤20 d...     

慢性化脓性中耳炎与感音神经性聋

目的：观察慢性化脓性中耳炎（CSOM）对感音神经性聋（SNHL）的影响。方法：测量135例（168耳）CSOM患者的骨导听阈,并以66例单侧患者的健耳为对照,比较不同类型、不同病程的CSOM的骨导听阈。结果：CSOM各组骨导听阈均值明显高于对照组,且与中耳炎的类型和病程相关。结论：CSOM可引起SNHL,且中耳病变越重,病程越长,听力下降越明显     

Early onset otitis media: risk factors and effects on the outcome of chronic suppurative otitis media

The onset of early otitis media (EOM), in the first few months of life has been reported to predict later chronic otitis media (CSOM), although the prevalence rates are increasing little is known about specific risk factors. In this survey we examined the hypothesis that higher risk factors is associated with the development of OM within 1 year compared to later onset and early onset otitis media (OM) has potential for negative outcome of CSOM. This is a survey of the age at onset of otorrhoea and associated risk factors in children with CSOM, in five sites spread in two sub-urban cities in two states in Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered on the informants followed by examination of the children. EOM was seen in 136/189 (70%) with CSOM, the age range was 1-150 months, mean of 59.25 (SD = 44.55). Of the 85 CSOM subjects with hearing loss, EOM accounted for 49 (57.7%) while 36 (42.4%) was later onset, On multivariate analysis (OR = 0.276, CI = 0.133-0.572, P = 0.001) revealing EOM was significant in the development of hearing loss however there was no correlation with the frequency of attack of otorrhoea (OR = 1.025, CI = 0.88-1.19, P = 0.75). Low socioeconomic status seen in 110/136 EOM (P = 0.000), allergy (P = 0.030) and number of people >10 in household (OR = 4.13, CI = 1.81-9.39, P = 0.001) constituted the significant risk for EOM compared to later onset. Bottlefeeding, adenoiditis/adenoid hypertrophy, indoor cooking and upper respiratory infection were not found to have statistical significance in early onset OM compared to later onset OM. This study found correlation between EOM and hearing loss and identified allergy, low social status and chronic exposure to overcrowding through increased number of children in the household significant risk factors for future research focus. This may help in controlling the prevalence of hearing loss accompanying CSOM.     

慢性化脓性中耳炎的微生物学研究进展

慢性化脓性中耳炎(CSOM)是一种常见病多发病,CSOM是一种多因素疾病,由环境、细菌、宿主和遗传危险因素等一系列因素相互作用引起,细菌感染是CSOM重要的原因之一。由于地区、民族、饮食习惯等差异,CSOM在世界各地的发病率及细菌种类也有所差异。既往基于培养技术获得CSOM部分优势菌群,但不能获得CSOM细菌群落的全貌,限制了CSOM的病原学研究。随着各项检测技术的提高,特别是16S rRNA测序及宏基因组测序等分子技术的发展,CSOM病原学研究也逐步完善,这不仅对抗生素的选择提供依据,同时也能进一步研究细菌在CSOM中的致病机制。     

慢性化脓性中耳炎患者听骨链病变与听力变化的关系

目的探讨慢性化脓性中耳炎(chronic suppurative otitis media,CSOM)患者听骨链病变特点及其与听力受损的关系。方法对146例CSOM患者术前行纯音测听、检查鼓膜穿孔部位,术中显微镜观察听骨链病变。结果 7 9例鼓膜紧张部穿孔患者听骨链完好3 6例(45.6%)、受破坏(中断或固定)43例(54.4%);67例松弛部穿孔患者听骨链完好13例(19.4%)、受破坏54例(80.6%),两组差异显著(P<0.01)。听骨链破坏组与完好组比较,各语音频道(0.5、1、2、4 kHz)气导听阈均升高(P<0.01),骨导听阈仅在2 kHz有明显升高(P<0.05),语音频道总气骨导差增大(P<0.01)。结论①CSOM紧张部穿孔者听骨链受损程度低于松弛部穿孔者。②听骨链破坏主要影响CSOM患者的气导听阈,骨导阈值仅在听骨链共振频率2 kHz处有影响。     

慢性化脓性中耳炎与感音神经性聋的相关性分析

目的：探讨慢性化脓性中耳炎与感音神经性聋之间的相关性。方法：回顾分析174例单侧慢性化脓性中耳炎患者的骨导阈值改变。采用配对t检验分析0．5kHz，1．0kHz，2．0kHz，4．0kHz患耳与健耳骨导阈值的差异，单因素方差分析法分析胆脂瘤存在及听骨链破坏对语频(0．5kHz，1．0kHz，2．0kHz)和4．0kHz骨导阈值的影响，直线回归法讨论了语频和4．0kHz骨导阈值改变与年龄和病程之间的相关性。结果：患耳与健耳各频率骨导阈值之间差异有统计学意义。语频骨导听力损失程度随着患者年龄的增加而逐渐加重。胆脂瘤的存在以及听骨链破坏亦未增加感音神经性聋的发生概率。结论：慢性化脓性中耳炎可引起感音神经性聋。高频骨导听阈较低频更易受到影响。     

Sensorineural hearing loss in patients with chronic otitis media

Chronic otitis media is generally associated with some degree of hearing loss, which is often the patient’s chief complaint. This hearing loss is usually conductive, resulting from tympanic membrane rupture and/or changes in the ossicular chain due to fixation or erosion caused by the chronic inflammatory process. When cholesteatoma or granulation tissue is present in the middle ear cleft, the degree of ossicular destruction is even greater. An issue that has recently gained attention is additional sensorineural hearing loss due to chronic otitis media. While the conductive loss can be minimized through surgery, sensorineural hearing loss constitutes a permanent after effect, attenuated only through the use of a hearing aid. However, a few groups have reported a decrease in sensorineural function in these patients as well. This survey study performed at a referral center evaluates the occurrence of sensorineural hearing loss in ambulatory patients with this disease. We reviewed the files of patients with unilateral chronic otitis media. One hundred and fifty patients met the inclusion criteria: normal otoscopy and normal hearing in the contralateral ear. Main outcome measure: bone-conduction threshold averages were calculated for frequencies of 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000 and 4,000 Hz, with comparison between the normal ear and the ear with chronic otitis media. Thresholds were examined separately for each frequency. The bone-conduction threshold averages for the normal side were lower than those for the ear with chronic otitis media. The threshold shift was statistically significant for each frequency (P < 0.0001, Student’s t test). There were differences between the groups when analyzed for age (500 and 1,000 Hz) or the presence of cholesteatoma (1,000 Hz). This study shows that chronic otitis media is associated with a decrease in cochlear function.     

Predisposing factors for inner ear hearing loss association with chronic otitis media

The aim of the present study was to investigate the consequences of chronic otitis media on inner ear function. Retrospective analysis of conventional pure-tone audiometry tests was carried out on 344 patients who were scheduled for surgical treatment of unilateral chronic otitis media without other risk factors for sensorineural hearing loss. Bone conduction thresholds of diseased ears were compared with those of contralateral, non-diseased ears. Selected clinical features were assessed among diseased ears to examine possible influences on inner ear function. Mean bone conduction threshold differences varied from 0.6?dB at 0.5?kHz to 3.7?dB at 4?kHz. These differences augmented with increasing duration of middle ear disease. Impaired hearing by bone conduction thresholds of diseased ears correlated with increased age at every frequency and with an interruption of the ossicular chain only at higher frequencies. The severity of sensorineural hearing loss correlated with longer duration of middle ear disease. Thus, surgical treatment of dry and apparently stable tympanic membrane perforation is warranted.     

Microbiological profile with antibiotic sensitivity pattern of cholesteatomatous chronic suppurative otitis media among children

Introduction

Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is the most common cause of childhood hearing impairment in the developing countries and atticoantral type is associated with increased incidence of intracranial and extracranial complications. This study was undertaken to define the microbiology of atticoantral type of chronic otitis media and the antibiotic sensitivity pattern, thereby reducing the potential risks of complications.

Materials and methods

A retrospective study was done in the Department of Otolaryngology, JIPMER, Puducherry from the year August 2003 to October 2009 using the medical record department database to retrieve the patient details. During this study period, 223 children with atticoantral type CSOM consisting of 126 males and 97 females with an age range of 1-14 years were assessed. Patients with persistent otorrhea for more than 3 months with atticoantral type of chronic otitis media were selected. The exudates were collected under sterile conditions and inoculated onto culture media; bacterial growth and antibiotic sensitivity pattern were studied.

Results

Nine species of micro organisms were isolated from the middle ear aspirate, Pseudomonas aeruginosa being the most predominant isolate constituting about 32% (72 discharging ears) of the total isolates followed by Proteus mirabilis (20% of isolates) and Staphylococcus aureus (19% of isolates). Gram negative organisms accounted 58% of total isolates and gram positive organisms constituted 22% isolates. Candida albicans and methicillin resistant S. aureus were identified in 4% and 2% of isolates, respectively.100% of Pseudomonas isolates showed susceptibility to ceftazidime and a high sensitivity (92% of isolates) to ciprofloxacin and 88% isolates were sensitive to amikacin. 100% of P. mirabilis isolated from inoculates showed sensitivity to ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin. It also showed 87-97% sensitivity to ceftriaxone, amikacin and ampicillin. All (100%) of the Staphylococcus isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and 84-86% were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. In general, gram negative organisms showed increased sensitivity to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin and amikacin, while gram positive organisms to vancomycin, erythromycin and ciprofoxacin.

Conclusion

Continuous and periodic evaluation of microbiological pattern and antibiotic sensitivity of cholesteatomatous CSOM is necessary to decrease the potential risks of complications by early institution of appropriate systemic and topical antibiotic alongside mastoid exploration. We believe that our data may contribute to an effective medical management of chronic suppurative otitis media with cholesteatoma. Since the most common organisms in our clinical set up being P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis and S. aureus, which showed a percentage susceptibility of 100% to ceftazidime and vancomycin, thus making it an empirical antibiotic combination therapy of choice in the recent times.     

Nasopharynx as a microbiologic reservoir in chronic suppurative otitis media: preliminary study

ObjectivesThe present study was designed to identify the correlations of bacterial strains of the middle ear and the nasopharynx in chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) patients who were scheduled for operations.MethodsSixty-three patients with CSOM were enrolled in the study. Culture specimens were collected from the middle ear and nasopharynx of patients who were admitted for operation. Samples collections were performed 3 times; from the middle ear and nasophaynx at the admission day, from the middle ear during the operation, and from the external auditory canal post-operatively. Bacteria were identified by gram staining and biochemical tests. The correspondence rate of organisms which simultaneously exist in the middle ear and the nasopharynx was measured.ResultsSixty-eight organisms were isolated from the middle ear and 57 organisms from the nasopharynx among 63 patients. Of 68 bacteria identified in middle ear, 26.52% (18 bacteria) corresponded with those of nasopharynx. MRSA had the high correspondence rate, and of 18 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from middle ear, 33.3% (6 bacteria) corresponded with nasophaynx. Meanwhile, 3 organisms of MRSA were detected from the external auditory canal post-operatively, although they were only found in nasopharynx pre-operatively.ConclusionThe current trend of middle ear swab alone for bacterial detection would be insufficient to identify the potent MRSA and impede early antibiotic intervention for the effective middle ear surgery. Therefore, it is necessary to perform nasopharynx cultures together with conventional middle ear culture to control potent risk for infection pre-operatively.     

慢性化脓性中耳炎并发迷路瘘管20例

目的 :探讨慢性化脓性中耳炎并发迷路瘘管的临床特征及治疗方法。方法 :回顾性分析 1992～ 1999年收治的慢性化脓性中耳炎患者 45 0例的临床资料 ,全部病例均行乳突根治术。结果 :45 0例中并发迷路瘘管 2 0例 (4 .4% ) ,18例 (90 % )有主观听力下降 ,13例 (6 5 % )有眩晕史。 9例 (4 5 % )瘘管试验阳性。患耳全聋 2例 ,患耳纯音测听骨导平均听阈≤ 30 d B 11例 ,31～ 5 0 d B 3例 ,≥ 5 1d B 4例。瘘管试验阳性患者患耳听力较瘘管试验阴性者差 (P <0 .0 1)。 CT检查的 9例中 ,2例发现迷路瘘管。术中发现 18例 (90 % )为胆脂瘤性中耳炎 ,2例 (10 % )为骨疡型中耳炎 ,瘘管均发生在外半规管。结论 :迷路瘘管术前尚无可靠的诊断方法 ,最可靠的方法是在手术中探查。对迷路瘘管区的处理应视瘘管的大小、部位、病变性质及患者的具体情况而定。     

Sensorineural hearing loss in chronic otitis media

Although many studies have demonstrated an association between chronic otitis media (COM) and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), there still remains disagreement about the relationship. A retrospective study was conducted to examine the relationship between sensorineural hearing loss and chronic otitis media. Forty-one patients met the following criteria: unilateral COM and no history of head injury, meningitis or previous otological surgery. The differences in preoperative bone conduction threshold between diseased and control (contralateral normal) ear were statistically significant (P < 0.01) and varied from 5.24 to 9.02 dB across the frequency range. The effect of duration of disease on the degree of SNHL was also analysed but no correlation was found. The presence of cholesteatoma and/or ossicular erosion was not associated with a significantly increased risk of sensorineural hearing loss.     

The role of retinol in the etiology and outcome of suppurative otitis media

Vitamin A deficiency is still a serious public health problem affecting an estimated 127 million preschool children. The resulting immunological dysfunctions lead to increased risks of respiratory tract infections, diarrhoeal diseases and blindness, among others. The aim of this study is to determine the significance of the role of serum retinol in the etiology of acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM) and its chronicity (CSOM). In a prospective follow-up of patients with ASOM for 6–9 months, serum retinol determination was done using the high performance liquid chromatography. Participants comprised 358 ASOM and 52 control subjects. Six-month follow-up was achieved in 264 subjects (74%); of these, there was persistence of otorrhoea (CSOM) in 116, while 148 had resolved ASOM. Of the 264 subjects, 146 were males and 118 were females, between the ages of 6 months and 9 years and a mean of 7 years (SD = 2.32), whereas the control subjects comprised 29 males and 22 females, between the ages of 6 months and 11 years and a mean of 7.8 years (SD = 3.6). The range of serum retinol in the ASOM subjects was 1.63–2.64 μg/L, mean of 1.53 μg/L, median value of 2.61 μg/L and (SD = 0.16). Among control subjects, the range was 2.5–2.8 μg/L, mean of 2.58 μg/L and median value of 2.61 μg/L (SD = 0.14) (Table 1). The range of serum retinol in the resolved ASOM subjects was 1.61–2.63 μg/L, mean of 2.07 μg/L and median value of 2.09 μg/L (SD = 0.16) while the CSOM subjects ranged between 0.8–2.86 μg/L, mean of 1.58 μg/L and median value of 1.28 μg/L, (SD = 0.48) (Table 2). Univariate analysis using unpaired t test to compare the mean serum retinol revealed significant difference between ASOM and control (P = 0.0000) and between resolved ASOM and CSOM (P = 0.0000). In conclusion, hyporetinolaemia was a significant etiological factor in the etiology ASOM and CSOM, suggesting retinol supplementation as one strategy in control of SOM.     

Susceptibility of microorganisms isolated from chronic suppurative otitis media to ciprofloxacin

In order to evaluate the susceptibility of the microorganisms isolated from chronic suppurative otitis media to ciprofloxacin, cultures of specimens from 127 patients with chronic suppurative otitis media and their antibiotic sensitivity results were examined. The most common aerobic isolates were Pseudomonas sp., Proteus sp. and Staphylococcus aureus with recovery rates of 40.7%, 21.6% and 19.1% respectively. Sensitivity results showed that 6.2% of Pseudomonas isolates, 2.9% of Proteus isolates, 10% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates and 8.3% of Escherichia coli isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin.