孝感市HIV感染人群的戊肝血清流行病学特征分析

目的 了解孝感市人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus,HIV）感染人群的戊型肝炎病毒（hepatitis E viral,HEV）流行情况,为更有效地开展艾滋病和戊肝防治工作提供科学依据。方法 采集2015年5月~2016年9月203份HIV感染人群的血清样本,从中国疾病控制信息系统收集孝感市203名HIV感染人群的人口学资料、其他疾病感染史、实验室数据,血清进行抗-HEV IgG、抗-HEV IgM、HEV抗原（HEV antigen,HEV-Ag）筛查,并对抗-HEV IgM阳性进行肝功能筛查。结果 203名HIV感染人群抗-HEV IgM阳性率为2.46%,抗-HEV IgG阳性率为46.31%（94/203）。抗-HEV IgG阳性率在性别上差异无统计学意义（χ²=0,P=0.996）。离异组抗-HEV IgG阳性率高达80%,与其他婚姻状况组的差异有统计学意义（均有P<0.05）。CD4值≤ 200 cell/μl的人群抗-HEV IgG阳性率与CD4>200 cell/μl的人群抗-HEV IgG阳性率差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.286,P=0.593）;2个抗-HEV IgM阳性患者的CD4值分别为189 cell/μl和199 cell/μl,且1个肝功能异常。7个县市区抗-HEV IgG阳性率差异无统计学意义（χ²=5.906,P=0.551）。结论 孝感市HIV感染人群HEV感染较高,积极开展两病双向筛查的同时需采取有针对性地预防和治疗措施。     

湖南省HIV感染流行病学分析

艾滋病（ＡＩＤＳ）是由艾滋病毒（ＨＩＶ）引起的一种对人体危害极大的传染病。自８０年代被发现以来，在全球四处蔓延，已成为当今世界关注的公共卫生热点问题之一。我省１９８６年底始开展ＨＩＶ／ＡＩＤＳ监测工作，１９９２年在归国援外人员中检出首例ＨＩＶ感染者，...     

豫南某县献血浆人群HIV感染流行病学分析

目的　了解豫南有偿献血浆员HIV感染率及其流行因素。方法　对豫南某县两个村 18— 5 0岁村民进行HIV感染率调查 ,并进行定群研究。结果　 1997年调查了 96 3人 ,发现HIV抗体阳性者 17人 ,HIV感染率为 1 8%。其中有偿献血员 88人 ,15人为HIV抗体阳性 ,HIV感染率为 17 0 % ,显著高于非献血人群 (0 2 % )。HIV感染者CD4细胞计数逐年下降 ,对 5名HIV感染者进行了基因序列分析 ,全部为HIV - 1泰国B亚型毒株。结论　豫南局部地区有偿献血员中有较高的HIV感染率。献血浆是其感染HIV的主要危险因素     

HIV感染的分子流行病学

1　全球ＨＩＶ感染和艾滋病 (ＡＩＤＳ)ＷＨＯ和联合国ＡＩＤＳ规划署 (ＵＮＡＩＤＳ)估计 ,到1999年底全球共有 3376 0万人成为ＡＩＤＳ患者或是ＨＩＶ携带者 ,其中妇女 1480万 (4 4 0 5 % ) ,小于 15岁的儿童12 0万 (3 5 7% ) ,死亡人数已达 16 30万 (4 8 5 1% )。1999年当年有 5 6 0万人感染ＨＩＶ (相当于每天新感染ＨＩＶ的人数是 15 0 0 0人 ) ,其中妇女 2 30万 (4 1 0 7% ) ,小于 15岁的儿童 5 7万 (10 18% ) ,死亡人数 2 6 0万(4 6 43 % )。现今 ,ＡＩＤＳ在全球各地区的蔓延速率有所变化。1999与 1998年相比 ,美国、西欧和太平洋…     

中山市HIV感染孕产妇流行病学特征分析

目的了解中山市艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染孕产妇的流行病学特征和感染途径,为预防HIV母婴传播提供依据。方法对2006～2012年中山市新发现的93例确诊HIV感染孕产妇的个案卡资料进行基本的流行病学特征和感染途径分析。结果 HIV感染孕产妇年龄19～41岁,年龄中位数为27岁;86.02%HIV感染孕产妇是初中以下文化程度;户籍以外省为主,占52.69%;职业构成以家务、工人为主,各占56.99%和23.66%。镇区分布以小榄镇报告最多,占发现病例数的19.35%,其次是石岐区(12.90%)和东升镇(9.68%)。感染途径以性接触感染为主,占81.72%,其次是共用注射器静脉吸毒,占3.23%。73.04%的感染孕产妇经过咨询后选择继续妊娠,27.96%选择终止妊娠。结论本市HIV感染孕产妇以外来流动人口为主,预防艾滋病母婴传播工作的重点人群是流动人口中的育龄妇女。HIV感染孕产妇感染途径主要以性接触感染为主。及时对感染孕产妇开展预防艾滋病母婴传播咨询服务可以有效提高预防艾滋病母婴传播的成功率。     

广西HIV感染流行分析

目的 对广西HIV感染流行性进行分析，了解广西HIV感染在广西的流行特点，为制定有效的预防措施提供依据。方法 采用哨点监测结果和历年预测HIV感染进行分析。结果 静脉吸毒是目前广西HIV感染的主要流行传播模式。经过11年的时间，广西HIV感染的流行从局部流行到广泛流行。结论 对于目前广西日趋严重的HIV感染流行状况应采取有有效的干预措施以减缓流行速度。     

口岸人群HIV感染者流行病学分析

目的：调查分析武汉口岸不同人群HIV感染情况，控制艾滋病的传播。方法：用酶标和金标法检测血清中抗－HIV，并确认。结果：1997－2001年血检36114人，检出12例HIV感染者，其中涉外婚检人员8例，入境人员2例，归国人员及其配偶各1例。年龄有22－39岁之间，7例男性中6例有性乱史，异性伴人数3－23人，性乱时间5－10年。12例中有两对为配偶和婚前同居感染。结论：HIV的传播可能更依赖于异性伴人数和异性性行为暴露的时间：感染者均无临床症状，如何早期发现并管理好HIV感染者是值得重视的问题。     

丰县性病门诊就诊者支原体感染的流行病学研究

目的了解江苏省丰县STD门诊就诊者的常见支原体感染状况及其分布特征。方法以丰县地区5所医院皮肤性病门诊就诊者为研究对象,开展流行病学调查,采集泌尿生殖道分泌物标本,通过培养法检测解脲脲原体和人型支原体。结果五所医院门诊就诊者解脲脲原体(Uu)、人型支原体(Mb)总检出率为70%,女性检出率高于男性。患者集中在20~40岁组,文化程度集中在初中水平,职业分布主要是民工和工人。患者多因非性病来医院就诊,非淋患者支原体感染情况严重。结论支原体在STD门诊就诊者中感染情况严重,应当引起临床医生注意,并加强检测和治疗工作。     

玉林市艾滋病目标人群HIV血清流行病学研究

目的了解玉林市艾滋病目标人群HIV感染状况,为制定防治措施提供依据。方法1995~2005年对玉林市艾滋病目标人群进行了血清流行病学研究。结果除青少年外,7个不同类型的目标人群均发现HIV感染者,分别为吸毒者4.53%(102/2251);性服务小姐0.44%(3/681);性病就诊者0.38%(9/2389);长途卡车司机0.07%(1/1453);有偿供血员0.004%(6/139784);无偿义务献血员0.013%(14/106645);肺结核患者0.75%(6/805);孕产妇0.1%(2/2001)。结论玉林市已从无偿献血员、孕产妇查出HIV感染者,说明艾滋病已从高危人群向普通人群扩散,流行形势严峻,防治工作刻不容缓。     

湖北省HIV感染人群戊型肝炎流行病学调查

目的  了解湖北省人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染人群中戊型肝炎病毒(hepatitis E virus,HEV)的流行情况,为戊型肝炎和艾滋病防治提供有效依据。 方法  于2017年1~6月在湖北省不同地域收集335例HIV感染人群血清样本并进行抗-HEV IgM、抗-HEV IgG检测。 结果  335名HIV感染人群的抗-HEV IgG阳性率为41.49%(139/335),抗-HEV IgM阳性率为0.89%(3/335)。抗-HEV IgG阳性率与年龄无线性相关(χ_趋势²=0.756,P=0.385),各年龄组间差异均无统计学意义(均有P>0.05)。男女性抗-HEV IgG阳性率差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.085,P=0.771)。CD4 ≤ 200 cell/μl与CD4>200 cell/μl两组间抗-HEV IgG阳性率差异无统计学意义(χ²=1.016,P=0.314)。三例抗-HEV IgM阳性CD4值分别为222 cell/μl,446 cell/μl和198 cell/μl。湖北省东部(30.77%,32/1 041)与中部(47.92%,46/96)HIV感染人群抗-HEV IgG阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ²=6.169,P=0.013),与东南部抗-HEV IgG阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ²=5.034,P=0.025)。 结论  湖北省HEV病毒在HIV感染人群中流行度较高,需要进行进一步研究并及时采取有效措施进行预防控制。     

天津市2016-2020年性传播疾病门诊男性就诊者HIV感染状况分析

目的:了解2016-2020年天津市性传播疾病（STD）门诊男性就诊者HIV感染状况及其相关因素。方法:采用横断面调查方法,2016-2020年的每年4-6月,每个哨点样本量为400人,连续监测并收集天津市STD门诊男性就诊者的艾滋病知识知晓率、相关性行为,以及HIV、梅毒、HCV感染等信息。结果:STD门诊男性就诊者...     

HIV seroprevalence surveys in sexually transmitted disease clinics

The Centers for Disease Control, in cooperation with State and local health departments, is conducting human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV), seroprevalence surveys, using standard protocols, in sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in selected metropolitan areas throughout the United States. The surveys are blinded (serologic test results not identified with a person) as well as nonblinded (clients voluntarily agreeing to participate). STD clinics are important sentinel sites for the surveillance of HIV infection because they serve persons who are at increased risk as a result of certain behaviors, such as unprotected sex, homosexual exposure, or intravenous drug use. HIV seroprevalence rates will be obtained in the sentinel clinics each year so that trends in infection can be assessed over an extended period of time. Behaviors that place clients at risk for infection, or protect against infection, are being evaluated in voluntary, nonblinded surveys to define groups for appropriate interventions and to detect changes in response to education and prevention programs. Although inferences drawn from the surveys are limited by the scope of the clinics and clients surveyed, HIV trends in STD clinic client populations should provide a sensitive monitor of the course of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic among persons engaging in high-risk sexual behaviors.     

昭阳区1997-2014年HIV感染者和患者空间自相关分析

目的 探讨和分析云南省昭通市昭阳区人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,mV)感染者和患病者空间自相关及空间分布特征,并分析报告病例热点区域随时间的变化趋势.方法 对昭阳区1997-2014年报告的HIV感染者和患者进行全局空间自相关分析和局部空间自相关分析.结果 2002年以后,历年全局Moran’sⅠ值均＞0,均有统计学意义(均有P＜0.05),提示昭阳区HIV感染者和患者空间自相关为正相关,存在聚集性.局部空间自相关分析显示,昭阳区HIV感染者和患者聚集性逐年增大,热点区域逐年增加.双变量全局自相关分析显示,2003年以来昭阳区历年新报告HIV感染者空间聚集性与经异性性接触HIV感染者呈正相关.结论 昭阳区HIV感染者和患者分布以城区和城乡结合部为热点,并且以异性性接触传播为主要传播方式逐年向周边乡村蔓延.今后应加强对城区和城乡结合部等热点区域进行艾滋病监测和干预,防止热点区域的扩大和HIV/AIDS的蔓延,同时应加强对农村地区艾滋病的宣传教育.     

Unrecognized HIV infection among patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics

OBJECTIVES: This study examined voluntary HIV testing rates in sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics. METHODS: Anonymous, unlinked surveys of HIV seroprevalence and medical chart abstractions were conducted in 28 STD clinics in 14 US cities in 1997. RESULTS: Among the 52 260 patients included in the anonymous HIV serosurveys, voluntary HIV testing rates by clinic ranged from 30% to 99% (median = 58%). Patients not tested were more likely to be HIV infected than were patients who were tested, even after those with documented HIV infection were excluded, regardless of demographic characteristics, risk group, or STD diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: HIV infection is unrecognized in substantial numbers of patients with HIV infection visiting STD clinics. Efforts are needed to increase HIV testing and counseling of all patients visiting these clinics.     

Contraception and sexually transmitted infections

This contribution considers links between different methods of contraception and the risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This is a major public health issue, because STIs cause a huge disease burden that affects women disproportionately. Worldwide each year, there are 340 million new cases of curable STIs in 15-49-year-olds. In developing countries, STIs, even excluding HIV, are second only to maternal factors as causes of disease, death and life lost. There is particular concern about a putative link between hormonal contraception and STIs. However, the methodological problems facing investigation of a putative link are formidable. They include confounding between sexual behaviour and choice of contraceptive, choice of appropriate control group, and lack of precise measures of level of HIV/STI exposure and other risk factors. The current situation can be summarized as follows. The risk of acquiring HIV/STIs is substatially reduced by barrier methods of contraception. Hormonal contraception is a widely used, safe and highly effective method of preventing unintended pregnancy. Its relationship to HIV/STI transmission remains uncertain. In the absence of better evidence, current approaches to promoting hormonal contraception should continue. The importance and effectiveness of consistent condom use to protect against HIV/STI should be stressed, regardless of whether other contraceptive methods are being used. Future contraceptive research should focus on the dual goal of protection against HIV/STIs and unintended pregnancy.     

Risk factors for HIV infection in adults attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in Italy

We assessed prevalence and risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in 637 patients (506 men, 131 women; median age 30 years, range 17-64) attending between September 1988 and July 1989 for the first time two sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Northern Italy, for suspected or STD treatment. A total of 44 subjects (6.9%, 95% confidence interval, (Cl): 4.9-8.9) were seropositive for HIV antibodies. The prevalence of HIV infection decreased with age, from 9% in patients aged 24 years or less to 3% in those aged 45 years or more (chi 21 trend 4.97, p less than 0.05). Women tended to have a lower prevalence of infection than men (5.3% versus 7.3%) but this was not statistically significant. Compared with men reporting no homosexual intercourse, HIV infection risk was about 50% higher in those reporting bisexual intercourse (age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.5,95% Cl: 0.6-3.6) and about fourfold in those reporting only homosexual intercourse (OR 3.8, 95% Cl: 1.7-8.5). No clear trend in risk was observed with number of sexual partners both in men and in women. Intravenous drug users had an increased risk of HIV infection; compared with non-users, the OR was 5.6 (95% Cl: 3.0-10.5) in users, and the point estimates increased with frequency of use, from 3.3 (95% Cl: 0.8-11.5) in occasional users to 6.4 (95% Cl: 3.2-12.8) in regular users. The risk of HIV infection was 2.2 (95% Cl: 1.1-4.3) in patients reporting a history of STD, and 1.6 (95% Cl: 0.8-3.3) in those reporting syphilis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

越南籍跨境暗娼艾滋病性病感染及危险因素调查

目的 了解越南籍跨境暗娼人群艾滋病(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS)性病(sexually transmitted diseases,STD)感染情况,高危行为特征及危险因素,为制定有针对性的预防控制措施提供依据。 方法 采用"滚雪球、同伴推动"等方法,由经培训懂双语的外展人员对越南籍跨境暗娼人群进行面对面问卷调查,调查内容包括人口学特征、艾滋病知识、高危行为、安全套使用情况等,并采集静脉血3～5 ml进行艾滋病病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)、梅毒抗体检测,应用SPSS 19.0 软件分析其中HIV、梅毒感染状况及探讨影响越南籍跨境暗娼人群商业性行为不使用安全套的可能因素。 结果 92例调查对象中,未发现HIV抗体阳性者,梅毒抗体阳性1例,阳性率为1.09%。调查对象均存在有多国商业性伴情况,每日接客数量为3个及以上者高达60.87%,最近1次和最近1个月商业性行为每次都使用安全套的比例分别为80.44%和68.48%;有54.35%的调查对象,在最近1个月内与固定性伴(熟客)发生过性关系, 最近1次和最近1个月每次性行为均无人使用安全套。通过多因素logistic回归分析显示,高档/中档服务场所(OR=15.021, 95%CI:2.820～80.023)是越南跨境暗娼商业性行为使用安全套的保护因素,首次性服务年龄≥30岁(OR=0.165, 95%CI:0.042～0.651)、每日接客数量≥3个(OR=0.129, 95%CI:0.023～0.737)是越南跨境暗娼商业性行为使用安全套的主要危险因素。 结论 越南籍跨境暗娼人群普遍存在多国商业性伴情况,低档服务场所、每日接客数量较多、高年龄组的暗娼安全套使用频率较低。提示在今后干预工作中,应充分考虑不同档次高危娱乐场所和高危性行为特征,开展有针对性的综合干预工作。     

Routine communication in sexually transmitted disease clinics: an observational study.

Sixty STD patients were followed during the course of their clinic visit which averaged 2.75 professional contacts. Based on audiotape analysis, virtually all patients received a diagnosis; however, 25 percent of the patients did not receive any information about treatment or prevention, and only 57 percent of patients were given complete information. Patient recall of the information they were given averaged about 43 percent. Patients not seen by a physician during their clinic visit achieved higher recall rates than patients seen by a physician.     

Epidemiology of HIV and sexually transmitted infections in China

As the most populous country in the world, China has been confronted with the huge challenges that HIV and sexually transmitted infections pose. The HIV infection rate among adults is lower than 0.1%, however, the estimated number of HIV infections sits around one million, according to the estimation of some experts. HIV infection is highly prevalent in some regional areas of China and the incidence rate of sexually transmitted infections has sharply increased since the 1980s. The number of HIV infections may reach 10 million if no effective measures are taken. This article aims to outline the profile of the epidemic in China as well as to elaborate on the contributing factors and the response of the government and community.