Coronary artery perforation: a rare complication of coronary angiography.

We report perforation of two side branches of the right coronary artery during selective coronary angiography.We suppose that forceful injection of contrast into a non-dominant artery with severe proximal stenosis could have led to this complication.To the best of our knowledge this is the second reported case of coronary perforation during angiography.     

Management of coronary perforation after percutaneous balloon angioplasty with a new membrane stent

A 59 year old patient underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of a de novo stenosis of the proximal right coronary artery. Vessel perforation occurred after balloon angioplasty and was successfully treated by implantation of a new stent graft, which completely covered the perforation without residual leakage. Emergency coronary surgery could, thus, be avoided.     

Treatment of rotablation‐induced ostial left circumflex perforation by papyrus covered stent and its fenestration to recover the left anterior descending artery during CHIP procedure

Coronary artery perforation is a rare complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Covered stents have been successfully used in these situations. We report a case of ostial left circumflex (LCx) artery perforation during rotablation PCI of left main coronary artery (LMCA) and LCx artery. After failed attempts to balloon tamponade the perforation, a PK Papyrus covered stent was deployed from proximal LCx into LMCA. This resulted in acute exclusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery from coronary circulation. Using a dual lumen catheter, a stiff wire was advanced through the side port toward the occluded LAD to fenestrate the membrane of the covered stent. A series of balloons were used to dilate the fenestration in the covered stent to restore a normal flow into the LAD.     

Successful treatment of distal coronary guidewire-induced perforation with balloon catheter delivery of intracoronary thrombin.

Distal coronary artery perforation with a coronary guidewire is a relatively rare but potentially fatal complication during PTCA. Historically, these types of perforations have been easy to control with reversal of heparin anticoagulation combined with prolonged distal balloon inflation. In the modern era, with widespread use of potent glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, this type of distal wire perforation has become more difficult to manage and potentially lethal. In this article, we report two cases of guidewire-related distal coronary artery perforation, successfully treated using a new technique using localized, distal intracoronary thrombin injection. During prolonged low-pressure balloon inflation, a small dose of thrombin was injected just proximal to the wire perforation site via the lumen of a coronary balloon catheter. This approach appears to be a relatively rapid and effective way to control this troublesome complication.     

Novel application of the hemostatic device TOMETA KUN.

A 79-year-old woman was admitted with worsening chest discomfort and diagnosed as having an acute myocardial infarction. She underwent emergency coronary angioplasty via the transradial artery, but during surgery the proximal portion of the radial artery was perforated by a wire injury. The TOMETA KUN compression system (Zeon Medical, Tokyo, Japan) was used for hemostasis at the perforation site and enabled an anterograde flow to be maintained in the radial and ulnar arteries without extravascular leakage. In addition to stabilizing the arterial perforation, the device allowed the successful completion of the percutaneous coronary intervention procedure without the need to cease anticoagulant therapy.     

An alternative treatment strategy for large vessel coronary perforations

The standard treatment for large vessel coronary perforations is implantation of a covered stent. Antegrade attempts for crossing a right coronary artery chronic total occlusion resulted in guidewire and microcatheter exit with pericardial bleeding. A balloon was inflated proximal to the perforation site to achieve temporary hemostasis. Retrograde crossing of the chronic total occlusion was achieved through an epicardial collateral using the reverse controlled antegrade and retrograde tracking technique. Stent implantation resulted in hemostasis, likely due to creation of a subintimal flap that sealed the perforation site. If technically feasible, subintimal recanalization can be an alternative treatment strategy for coronary perforations occurring during chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention.     

Spontaneous closure of a perforation-induced coronary artery pseudoaneurysm

We describe an unusual case of a coronary perforation presenting as a large pseudoaneurysm. An elderly woman who had undergone percutaneous coronary intervention several months earlier presented with shortness of breath. Cardiac catheterization revealed a large pseudoaneurysm arising from the proximal circumflex artery. At follow-up angiography a few days later, the pseudoaneurysm had spontaneously closed. In the discussion, we describe the incidence and treatment of this rare complication.     

Coronary artery perforation into the upper gastrointestinal cavity due to gastric ulceration

An 82-year-old man who had previously undergone a proximal gastrectomy with jejunal interposition surgery for stomach cancer was transferred to our hospital for massive hematemesis and hypotension. His electrocardiogram showed ST-segment elevation in lead ΙΙ, ΙΙΙ, aVF, which confirmed inferior myocardial infarction. Due to active hematemesis, upper endoscopy was performed initially. A visible vessel of gastric ulceration was discovered, and hemostasis was achieved using hemoclips. Subsequently, coronary angiography was performed since the right coronary artery (RCA) segment 4 atrioventricular (AV) was occluded. After thrombectomy and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), 2.0 mm balloon angioplasty was done, and coronary perforation occurred. During coronary angiography, extravasation of the contrast material into the gastrointestinal cavity was noted. A covered stent was placed across segment 3 to segment 4 descending posteriorly (PD) to stop the blood supply to the perforation site of segment 4 AV. After stenting, adequate re-hemostasis was achieved. The patient was discharged after 28 days. This is the first report of a coronary artery perforation into the gastrointestinal cavity.     

成角近段旋磨对严重钙化成角冠状动脉病变的治疗价值

目的:在严重钙化成角冠状动脉(冠脉)病变患者中,对比成角近段旋磨和全程旋磨的手术成功率、术中并发症及临床预后,评估成角近段旋磨对该类病变的治疗价值。方法:连续纳入我院2017年1月至2019年12月接受冠脉旋磨介入治疗且冠脉均存在严重钙化伴成角(≥45°)的患者共245例,依据旋磨手术策略分为全程旋磨组(n=179)和成角近段旋磨组(n=66)。比较两组手术成功率和术中并发症发生率,观察两组患者的临床转归,观察终点包括院内和1年主要不良心血管事件(MACE,包括心原性死亡、靶血管再次血运重建、支架内血栓)发生率。结果:成角近段旋磨组的手术成功率为97.0%,2例(3.0%)患者因术中球囊无法扩张而最终转换为全程旋磨;全程旋磨组的手术成功率为99.4%,1例(0.6%)患者因冠脉穿孔导致手术失败而行急诊冠脉旁路移植术。全程旋磨组发生旋磨头嵌顿和心包填塞各2例(1.1%)、冠脉穿孔4例(2.2%),而成角近段旋磨组未出现这些严重并发症;两组术中慢血流/无复流的发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但全程旋磨组术中冠脉夹层的发生率显著高于成角近段旋磨组(43.6%vs.19.7%,P<0.05)。两组的院内总MACE发生率相当,但全程旋磨组1年MACE发生率明显高于成角近段旋磨组(27.4%vs.13.6%,P<0.05)。结论:对于严重钙化伴成角的冠脉病变,成角近段旋磨联合球囊扩张的手术成功率和临床转归与全程旋磨相似,而术中并发症尤其严重并发症的发生风险明显低于后者,说明仅采用成角近段旋磨治疗此类病变是安全和有效的。     

成角近段旋磨对严重钙化成角冠状动脉病变的治疗价值

目的:在严重钙化成角冠状动脉(冠脉)病变患者中,对比成角近段旋磨和全程旋磨的手术成功率、术中并发症及临床预后,评估成角近段旋磨对该类病变的治疗价值。方法:连续纳入我院2017年1月至2019年12月接受冠脉旋磨介入治疗且冠脉均存在严重钙化伴成角(≥45°)的患者共245例,依据旋磨手术策略分为全程旋磨组(n=179)和成角近段旋磨组(n=66)。比较两组手术成功率和术中并发症发生率,观察两组患者的临床转归,观察终点包括院内和1年主要不良心血管事件(MACE,包括心原性死亡、靶血管再次血运重建、支架内血栓)发生率。结果:成角近段旋磨组的手术成功率为97.0%,2例(3.0%)患者因术中球囊无法扩张而最终转换为全程旋磨;全程旋磨组的手术成功率为99.4%,1例(0.6%)患者因冠脉穿孔导致手术失败而行急诊冠脉旁路移植术。全程旋磨组发生旋磨头嵌顿和心包填塞各2例(1.1%)、冠脉穿孔4例(2.2%),而成角近段旋磨组未出现这些严重并发症;两组术中慢血流/无复流的发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但全程旋磨组术中冠脉夹层的发生率显著高于成角近段旋磨组(43.6%vs.19.7%,P<0.05)。两组的院内总MACE发生率相当,但全程旋磨组1年MACE发生率明显高于成角近段旋磨组(27.4%vs.13.6%,P<0.05)。结论:对于严重钙化伴成角的冠脉病变,成角近段旋磨联合球囊扩张的手术成功率和临床转归与全程旋磨相似,而术中并发症尤其严重并发症的发生风险明显低于后者,说明仅采用成角近段旋磨治疗此类病变是安全和有效的。     

Radial artery perforation after coronary intervention: Is there a role for covered coronary stent?

We report a case of right radial artery perforation observed after successful stenting of left anterior descending artery through right radial access. This was noticed immediately after completion of the procedure, when the patient described right forearm pain and we noticed swelling of the right forearm. She was treated by a prolonged guiding catheter positioning proximal to the perforated segment, external compression by sphygmomanometer cuff followed by prolonged balloon inflation across the perforation. All these measures failed to stop the bleeding. Complete reconstruction of the perforation was achieved by PTFE covered coronary stent. To our knowledge, this is the first case to be managed utilizing this approach. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Bailout polytetrafluoroethylene‐covered stent implantation for left main bifurcation perforation using the kissing stent technique

Coronary artery perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention is a rare, but potentially lethal complication. Immediate balloon expansion at the perforation site can halt the bleeding. Implantation of a coronary polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)‐covered stent enables the efficient endovascular repair of a coronary artery perforation. However, if the perforation occurs at a bifurcation, a PTFE‐covered stent may jail the side branch. We report a difficult case of blowout coronary perforation (Ellis type III) at a left main coronary artery bifurcation, which was successfully sealed with a PTFE‐covered stent without interference with the side branch coronary artery circulation. This new strategy might represent a useful salvage option for some patients with a coronary bifurcation perforation. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Management of radial artery perforation complicating coronary intervention: a stepwise approach

The radial approach is an elegant alternative to femoral access for diagnostic and interventional coronary procedures; this access site is infrequently associated with vascular complications, although less than the femoral approach. We present our experience in management of iatrogenic radial artery perforation in 3 cases; one case managed conservatively through prolonged guiding catheter positioning proximal to the perforated segment and external compression by sphygmomanometer cuff. The second case required prolonged balloon inflation after failure of conservative management mentioned above. In the third case, the above-mentioned conservative measures and prolonged balloon inflation failed to seal the perforation; complete reconstruction of the perforation was achieved by a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coronary covered stent. To our knowledge, this is the first case to be managed utilizing this approach.     

Guidewire‐Induced coronary perforation successfully treated with subcutaneous fat embolisation: A simple technique available to all

A 62‐year‐old man presented with an anterior ST elevation myocardial infarction and underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention to an occluded diagonal artery. Following stenting, a type III distal guidewire‐induced coronary perforation of the diagonal branch was recognized with extravasation of contrast into the pericardial space. Prolonged balloon inflations proximal to the site of the perforation were unsuccessful. Subcutaneous fat was therefore harvested from the patients upper thigh under local anesthetic and embolized through an Export catheter into the distal diagonal vessel, resulting in the immediate cessation of leak through the site of perforation. We discuss the technical aspects of this technique as well as alternative methods of distal embolization and the potential complications that must be considered. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Laser recanalization of acutely thrombosed coronary arteries in live dogs: early results

Laser recanalization was attempted in thrombosed coronary arteries of 10 dogs. In all dogs a coronary thrombus was obtained by passing a low grade electrical current through a guide wire advanced into the artery. Recanalization was then attempted using an argon laser with energy levels ranging from 3 to 30 J. In six dogs a 140 micron core optical fiber was positioned proximal to the thrombus and lasing was done during fiber advancement. The thrombosed artery was recanalized in one dog, perforated in four and neither recanalized nor perforated in one. In the remaining four dogs a steerable guide wire was advanced across the thrombus and a catheter was passed over the guide wire and exchanged for a 200 micron core optical fiber. After fiber withdrawal, mechanical recanalization without lasing was performed in one of the four dogs. In the remaining three dogs, both the fiber and the catheter were again advanced distal to the thrombus and lasing was done during withdrawal; this caused coronary perforation in all dogs. Laser recanalization of thrombosed coronary arteries in dogs using currently available techniques is feasible but results in a very high incidence of perforation.     

Coronary perforation after excimer laser coronary angioplasty: The excimer laser coronary angioplasty registry experience

Objective. This study assessed the frequency of perforation with excimer coronary angioplasty.Background. Coronary artery perforation after conventional percutaneous trasluminal coronary angioplasty is extremely rare. Because laser coronary angioplasty involves actual tissue ablation, it has an Increased potential for perforation.Methods. All patients in the Excimer Laser Coronary Angioplasty Registry were included in this prospective study. Those who had a perforation related to the procedure were compared with those who did not have this complication.Results. Of 2,759 consecutive patients in the Excimer Laser Coronary Angioplasty Registry, 36 (1.3%) had perforation. In these patients, the left anterior descending coronary artery was the most frequently treated vessel (53%). There were no differences in fiber sizes between patients with and those without perforation. Among the patients with perforation, 36.1% required coronary artery bypass surgery, 16.7% experienced an infarction and 5.6% had a fatal outcome. Among the patients without perforation, the rates were 3.1%, 3.8% and 0.6%, respectively. However, 41.7% of the patients with documented coronary artery perforation did not need coronary artery bypass surgery or experience myocardial infarction or death. No angiographic characteristics distinguished lesions with from those without perforation. The frequency of coronary artery perforation declined over time with increasing operator experience, from 1.6% in the first 1,888 patients to only 0.4% in the last 1,000 patients (p = 0.002).Conclusions. With increasing operator experience, the rate of perforation with excimer laser coronary angioplasty has decreased. When perforation occurs, subsequent event rates increase.     

Successful treatment of coronary artery perforation in an abciximab-treated patient by microcoil embolization.

We describe a case of type 2 coronary artery perforation in a 73-year-old man undergoing coronary artery rotablation and stenting with abciximab therapy. The coronary artery perforation was successfully treated by coil embolization with Trufill pushable coils made from platinum alloy and synthetic fibers to promote maximum thrombogenicity.     

Experimental intracoronary Excimer laser angioplasty

To determine the feasibility of intracoronary application of pulsed ultraviolet laser light 38 coronary arteries of 18 in situ hearts were treated with the bare fiber technique and a specially constructed catheter device. Eight hearts had no coronary artery disease, in 10 hearts coronary artery disease of one or more vessels could be documented angiographically. Total time of laser irradiation varied from 30-490 seconds. Radiation was performed until vessel wall perforation was documented. In all cases a reduction of the stenotic area was realized using the bare fiber technique. Due to a lack in the flexibility of the bare fiber only proximal lesions could be treated and the time of perforation could not be precisely predicted. Dissections were observed in six coronary arteries. The handling of the catheter device was comparable to the conventionally used balloon technique. Ablative treatment of distal vessel lesions was possible. Perforations did not occur. The histologic specimens documented smooth lumen margins not revealing thermal damage. It can be expected that the innovative catheter device will enhance the intracoronary use of pulsed laser light.     

The first spontaneous coronary artery perforation due to disruption of atherosclerotic plaque

Spontaneous coronary artery rupture is rarely seen and most of the reorted cases in the world literature are related to rupture of a coronary artery aneurysm or of a saphenous vein graft. There is no report in the literature of a patient with spontaneous coronary artery perforation due to disruption of coronary atherosclerotic plaque. We can confirm that our patient is the first to be successfully treated with intracoronary grafted stent implantation for spontaneous coronary artery perforation as a result of disruption of atherosclerotic plaque.     

Perforation of the descending aorta by the tip of an intra-aortic balloon pump catheter.

Perforation of the proximal descending aorta occurred in a patient on intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) support after emergency coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. The IABP catheter was inserted under fluoroscopic guidance into the right femoral artery without difficulty, but after 8 h on IABP support the patient went into shock with a left hemothorax. Emergency surgery was performed with cardiopulmonary bypass and a perforation of the proximal descending aorta with active bleeding was found and successfully repaired. A distorted descending aorta in which the IABP catheter was kinked, as in the aortic arch, was discovered during surgery and confirmed postoperatively with 3-dimensional computed tomography scans, particularly in the lateral view. Not only the antero-posterior but also the lateral fluoroscopic view is recommended to prevent aortic perforation by a kinked IABP catheter.