2006—2013年广州地铁集中空调系统嗜肺军团菌的污染状况

目的调查广州地铁集中空调系统冷却水和冷凝水中嗜肺军团菌的污染状况。方法对2006—2011年和2013年采集的广州地铁集中空调冷却水和冷凝水的水样,进行嗜肺军团菌的检测和血清分型,并对其中19株嗜肺军团菌分离株做PFGE分型鉴定,用BioNumerics软件进行聚类分析。结果共计采集水样609份,嗜肺军团菌的平均检出率为17.73%（108/609）,其中冷却水的检出率为23.01%（101/439）,冷凝水检出率为4.12%（7/170）。有采集检测样品的年份均检出嗜肺军团菌,检出率在11.83%～22.73%,其中2013年检出率为最高,达22.73%（10/44）。在108份阳性水样中,共计分离到120株嗜肺军团菌,有12份水样在同一份样品中同时分离出2种不同血清型的嗜肺军团菌;从血清型分布来看,以LP1为主占55.00%（66/120）,其次为LP14占29.17%（35/120）。19株嗜肺军团菌分离株PFGE分型相似性在79.9%～100.0%,可分为3个聚类群10个PFGE型。结论广州地铁集中空调系统存在一定程度嗜肺军团菌污染。应加强广州地区地铁集中空调系统的监测力度,制定定期清洗和消毒计划,防止人群感染。     

石家庄市部分集中空调公共场所从业人员嗜肺军团菌感染状况调查

目的了解石家庄市集中空调公共场所从业人员军团菌感染情况及其影响因素。方法对石家庄市集中空调公共场所从业人员1011份血清标本,采用ELISA法检测军团菌抗体,并对受检者进行流行病学调查。结果石家庄市集中空调公共场所从业人员嗜肺军团菌感染率10.19%(103/1011)。结论石家庄市集中空调公共场所从业人员存在嗜肺军团菌隐性感染,并已对从业人员构成潜在危险,应加强军团菌监测。     

杭州市某区星级酒店集中空调冷却水及冷凝水中军团菌表型及基因分型特征研究

目的了解杭州市某区星级酒店集中空调系统军团菌优势菌群和优势基因特征。初步建立军团菌PFGE分型数据库,为该地区军团菌分子流行病学调查提供重要依据。方法采用传统的血清分型结合PFGE聚类分析的方法,应用BioNumerics 6.0软件进行聚类分析。结果 75株军团菌,血清分型结果嗜肺军团菌6种、非嗜肺军团菌3种,其中88%为嗜肺军团菌(66/75),以LPl型为主。来源为冷却水占85.33%(64/75),冷凝水仅占14.67%(11/75)。经聚类分析分为39种PFGE型,菌株间相似系数在29.9%～100.0%。每种带型包含1株～10株菌,存在13组带型一样的菌株,结论 2008年-2017年从杭州市某区星级酒店集中空调系统分离的军团菌呈多态性分布,不同年份分离的军团菌存在同源性菌株。     

石家庄市集中空调冷却塔水中嗜肺军团菌的基因序列分型研究

目的采用基因序列分型方法(sequence-based typing,SBT)研究石家庄市集中空调冷却塔水中军团菌基因特征。方法将石家庄市集中空调冷却塔水中分离出的35株Lp1血清型嗜肺军团菌提取基因组DNA,选取嗜肺军团菌7个管家基因flaA、pilE、asd、mip、mompS、proA、neuA进行PCR扩增,将扩增产物纯化后测序。测序结果上传欧盟军团菌感染工作组(EWGLI)数据库进行比对,得到基因型别(sequence type,ST),对结果进行基因序列分型和系统进化分析。结果 35株Lp1血清型嗜肺军团菌共分为4个ST型,其中1株由于neuA基因不能被扩增而未分型;1株为新的ST型,已获EWGLI分配序号(ST1021);其余为ST1型32株,ST345型1株。结论石家庄市集中空调冷却塔水中嗜肺军团菌分离株的流行以ST1型为主,ST345型和ST1021型为特有型别。SBT分型可以作为研究嗜肺军团菌进化关系的重要手段之一。     

深圳市集中空调系统军团菌污染状况分析

目的了解深圳市地铁和部分宾馆集中空调系统军团菌污染状况。方法按照《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》要求,检测未经消毒处理的宾馆水样8份、专业消毒公司处理过的水样78份,未开通运营的地铁空调系统水样53份,用传统细菌分离培养法分离鉴定,用PCR法加以验证。结果 78份消毒处理过的水样和53份地铁空调系统水样未检出军团菌;8份未经消毒处理的水样中检出1株嗜肺军团菌LP6型,3株LP1型,总阳性率为3.10%。结论深圳市未经消毒处理的宾馆集中空调系统中嗜肺军团菌阳性率较高,专业消毒公司处理后的水样未检出嗜肺军团菌,建议有关部门加强对空调系统的监管,以降低嗜肺军团菌感染的隐患。     

公共场所集中空调水系统中嗜肺军团菌传统分离和PCR检测

目的了解江干区公共场所集中空调水系统中嗜肺军团菌的污染状况,比较传统分离和PCR 2种检测方法的检出率。方法依据WS 394—2012《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》对样品进行分离培养及鉴定;同时对样品进行荧光定量PCR检测。结果共采集20份样品,传统分离和PCR法洗脱液中嗜肺军团菌检出率分别为10.0%和45.0%,2种方法检出率差异有统计学意义(P0.05);冷却水中嗜肺军团菌检出率显著高于冷凝水;分离出38株嗜肺军团菌,其血清型以LP7和LP1为主,分别占44.7%和21.1%。结论本区集中空调水系统嗜肺军团菌污染较严重,应加强冷却水塔的规范清洗消毒。在嗜肺军团菌检测中,传统分离和PCR检测可根据需要结合使用。     

山东省济南市公共场所集中空调冷却塔水军团菌污染状况调查

目的 了解2013-2022年山东省济南市公共场所集中空调冷却塔水的军团菌污染状况,分析菌株毒力基因携带情况,为军团菌污染防控提供科学数据。方法 参照《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》,2013-2022年对山东省济南市113家公共场所集中空调冷却塔水进行军团菌分离,通过生化培养及飞行时间质谱对疑似菌株进行鉴定。使用诊断血清对嗜肺军团菌进行分型。采用PCR方法扩增菌株的毒力基因lvh和rtxA,产物通过毛细管电泳判读。结果 2013-2022年采集山东省济南市113家公共场所集中空调冷却塔水样216份,47份分离到军团菌,检出率为21.8%(47/216)。获得军团菌81株,其中嗜肺军团菌占90.1%(73/81)。73株嗜肺军团菌中,有84.9%(62/73)同时携带lvh和rtxA两种毒力基因,1.1%(8/73)仅携带一种毒力基因。其余3株嗜肺军团菌及8株非嗜肺军团菌均未检出lvh和rtxA。结论 济南市公共场所集中空调冷却塔水军团菌污染较为严重,存在公共卫生危害。分离的嗜肺军团菌大多数均携带lvh和rtxA两种毒力基因,可能导致军团菌病。     

辽宁省空调冷却水中非嗜肺军团菌基因分型与毒力初探

目的了解辽宁省集中空调冷却水中检出的非嗜肺军团菌基因分型,并对其携带的毒力基因情况进行调查。方法采用16SrDNA和mip基因作为引物对2013～2017年辽宁省各大公共场所空调冷却水中分离到的9株非嗜肺军团菌基因分型鉴定,同时对它们分泌的系统毒力岛基因组进行了检测。结果检出4株茴芹军团菌(L.anisa),2株吉斯特军团菌(L.geestiana),1株沃斯利军团菌(L.worsleiensis),2株红光军团菌(L.rubrilucens);9株非嗜肺军团菌中有8株携PAI毒力基因。结论辽宁省公共环境集中空调冷却系统中存在非嗜肺军团菌,以茴芹军团菌居多,且多数分离菌株携带毒力基因,是可致病性病源菌。     

深圳市罗湖区公共场所集中空调通风系统冷却水、冷凝水卫生状况分析

目的探讨分析深圳市罗湖区公共场所集中空调通风系统冷却水、冷凝水卫生状况。方法采集2013-2014年深圳市罗湖区公共场所集中空调通风系统冷却塔的冷却水和机房冷凝水,水样经过处理后依据《中华人民共和国卫生部.公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》进行分离,培养鉴定嗜肺军团菌。结果 2013年86分,2014年88份,夏秋季130份,冬春季44份,宾馆/饭店124份,商场/超市50份,2013年冷却水、冷凝水嗜肺军团菌检出率与2014年冷却水、冷凝水嗜肺军团菌检出率对比差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05),冬春季冷却水、冷凝水嗜肺军团菌检出率与夏秋季冷却水、冷凝水嗜肺军团菌检出率对比显著降低,差异具有统计学意义(P﹤0.05),宾馆/饭店冷却水、冷凝水嗜肺军团菌检出率显著高于商场/超市冷却水、冷凝水嗜肺军团菌检出率,差异具有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。结论该区2013-2014年公共场所集中空调通风系统冷却水、冷凝水嗜肺军团菌检出率无明显差异,但是宾馆/饭店和夏秋季嗜肺军团菌检出率仍较高,因此公共场所集中空调通风系统冷却水、冷凝水嗜肺军团菌污染状况仍然不容乐观,应加强公共卫生监测。     

上海市闵行区公共场所集中式空调军团菌污染状况及其血清型分布

目的掌握上海市闵行区公共场所集中空调冷却水、冷凝水中军团菌污染状况及其血清型的分布情况。方法按《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》(2006)和DB 31/405-2008《公共场所空调通风系统运行卫生要求》于2011—2013年对该区40家单位的集中空调冷却水、冷凝水进行采样检测。结果抽检40家公共场所集中式空调水,军团菌检出率为43.92%(47/107),其中办公大楼检出率为52.94%,超市商场为43.18%,宾馆酒店为34.48%,三者之间的差异无统计学意义;共分离到嗜肺军团菌77株,其中同1份水样分离出2个以上血清型的比例为总检出的48.94%(23/47),以嗜肺军团菌血清型1型为主(51.95%),其次是嗜肺军团菌血清型7型(19.48%)。结论闵行区公共场所集中空调冷却塔存在较严重军团菌污染,菌型呈现多样性,但以嗜肺军团菌血清型1型为主。应加强集中空调通风系统清洗消毒和卫生监督。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.