蒿甲醚引起小鼠体内日本血吸虫和曼氏血吸虫皮层变化

目的：研究蒿甲醚（Ａｒｔ）对血吸虫皮层的作用。 方法：小鼠于感染日本血吸虫尾蚴后７ｄ和３５ｄ或感染曼氏血吸虫尾蚴后４９ｄ，每ｄｉｇ Ａｒｔ２００－３００ｍｇ·ｋｇ＾－１，共２ｄ，并于治后不同时间取虫作扫描电镜观察。 结果：Ａｒｔ引起日本血吸虫和曼氏血吸虫皮层的变化相仿，主要是皮层褶嵴肿胀和融合，皮层表面的糜烂与剥落，以及空泡的形成和盘状感觉器的破溃，且日本血吸虫７ｄ童虫开始出现皮层损害的时间较３５     

蒿甲醚对日本血吸虫葡萄糖摄取和糖元含量的影响

目的：研究蒿甲醚（Ａｒｔ）对血吸虫摄入葡萄糖和糖原含量的影响，方法；用Ａｒｔ－３００ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１ｉｇ治疗感染小鼠后２４－４８ｈ取虫，作体外培养，测定♀，♂虫糖原含量，对（Ｕ＾１４Ｃ）葡萄糖的摄入及（Ｕ－＾１４Ｃ）葡萄糖掺入虫糖原的量，结果：感染小鼠用Ａｒｔ治疗后２４－４８ｈ取虫人作体外培养１－２４ｈ，♂和♀虫的糖原含量分别减少２７％－６１％和３９％－７８％，６组♂虫中，仅３缚的葡萄糖摄入减少２     

秋水仙碱对日本血吸虫感染的小鼠肝葡糖胺基降糖代谢的影响

研究秋水仙碱对日本血吸虫感染的小鼠肝葡糖胺基聚糖（ＧＡＧ）代谢的影响，方法：被日本血吸虫感染６－１６ｗｋ的小鼠用秋水仙碱治疗，测量小鼠肝ＧＡＧ的含量，显微镜观察感染后第６，１０，１３ＷＫ小鼠肝脏组织切片。结果：感染６ｗｋ以后，小鼠肝ＧＡＧ含量显高于未感染的对照线组。ＧＡＧ含量在第１０ｗｋ达到最高峰，约为正常水平的６倍；感染组为５６±９μｇ／ｇ，无感染组为１０±１μｇ／ｇ，１０ｗｋ后，无感染组ＧＡ     

2，2，6，6－四氯环己酮的制备

２，２，６，６－四氯环己酮的制备叶发青，周和平（咸宁医学院，湖北４３７１００）ＰＲＥＰＡＲＡＴＩＯＮＯＦ２，２．６，６－ＴＥＴＲＡＣＨＬＯＲＯＣＹＣＬＯＨＥＸＡＮＯＮＥ￥ＹＥＦａ－Ｑｉｎｇ，ＺＨＯＵＨｅ－Ｐｉｎｇ（ＸｉａｎｎｉｎｇＭｅｄｉｃａｌＣｏｌ...     

Effect of artemether on glucose uptake and glycogen content in Schistosoma japonicum

研究蒿甲醚（Ａｒｔ）对血吸虫摄入葡萄糖和糖原含量的影响．方法：用Ａｒｔ３００ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１ｉｇ治疗感染小鼠后２４－４８ｈ取虫，作体外培养，测定♀、♂虫糖原含量，对［Ｕ１４Ｃ］葡萄糖的摄入及［Ｕ１４Ｃ］葡萄糖掺入虫糖原的量．结果：感染小鼠用Ａｒｔ治疗后２４－４８ｈ取虫作体外培养１－２４ｈ，♂和♀虫的糖原含量分别减少２７％－６１％和３９％－７８％；６组♂虫中，仅３组的葡萄糖摄入减少２３％－３５％，而♀虫各组的均明显减少，减少率为１８％－３８％．除２组♂虫外，［Ｕ１４Ｃ］葡萄糖掺入虫的糖原量无明显变化．结论：Ａｒｔ引起血吸虫糖原的减少，可能与干扰糖酵解而不是与葡萄糖的摄入有关．     

小析血吸虫

“北边艾滋病,南边血吸虫”这种说法有些人可能听说过。在长江流域以及以南的12个省市自治区均有血吸虫的感染。血吸虫与艾滋病并重可见其严重性。在湖南的沅江芦苇种植场有700名村民,感染血吸虫的便有630人。在武汉从1990年到现今共治愈28．7万人占病愈总数的99．14％,但现今仍有38万人感染。血吸虫在我国是有很长的历史的。70年代在湖南长沙马堆西汉女尸及湖北江陵西汉男尸体内发现典型血吸虫卵。推断在2100余年前,我国长江流域已有血吸虫病的流行。我国最早于1905年Logan在湖南省常德县检查一下痢的18岁渔民的粪便中发现血吸虫卵。血吸虫在我国可谓是“渊远流长”了。     

用吡喹酮早期治疗小鼠的血吸虫感染

小鼠于感染血吸虫尾蚴后不同时间给予首剂吡喹酮（Ｐｒａ）３００－５００ｍｇ·ｋｇ＾－１，然后每隔１－３ｗｋ ｉｇ １次相同剂量的Ｐｒａ，共给２－３次，并根据残存虫数和肝脏变化评价疗效。结果认为宿主自感染后ｄ２１开始用Ｐｒａ治疗，每隔１－２ｗｋ给药１次，共给２－３次时，可杀灭宿主体内绝大部分或全部♀虫，从而达到保护宿主或降低宿主感程度的目的。     

用蒿甲醚和吡喹酮早期治疗兔的血吸虫感染

兔于感染血吸虫尾蚴后ｄ７或２１分别开始ｉｇ１次蒿甲醚（Ａｒｔ）１０ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１和吡喹酮（Ｐｒａ）４０ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１，然后每隔１ｗｋｉｇ１次相同剂量的Ａｒｔ或Ｐｒａ连给３－４次，减♀虫率达９８％以上，且部分兔无♀虫，上述兔相仿，或仅有轻度变化，一些与急性血吸虫病有关的指标测定亦为阴性。     

脑型血吸虫肉芽肿23例临床分析

脑血吸虫肉芽肿是血吸虫卵异位入脑引起的病变，流行于我国长江流域，影像学检查可以发现病变，结合流行病学和免疫学可作出初步诊断。国内外虽已有少量报道，但在实际工作中常常被误诊或不被人们所认识。笔者收集23例脑血吸虫肉芽肿病例资料，分析其临床特征，报告如下。     

严重脑外伤后动脉血氧分压与肺泡动脉氧化压差的变化及意义

对５１例急性重型脑外伤病人伤后７天内动脉血氧分压（ＰａＯ２）和肺泡动脉氧分压差（ＰＡ－ａＯ２）进行连续测定。发现低氧血症的发生率为６８．６％。ＰａＯ２与ＧＣＳ显著正相关，与病人的预后显著负相关。外伤组ＰＡ－ａＯ２明显高于正常值，ＰＡ－ａＯ２与ＧＣＳ显著负相关，与病人的预后显著正相关，ＰａＯ２和ＰＡ－ａＯ２在不同预后组各有其变化规律。伤后２４小时内ＰａＯ２与ＰＡ－ａＯ２显著负相关。     

Immunoregulation by Schistosoma mansoni

Schistosoma mansoni is known to release an inhibitory factor lymphocyte proliferation elicited in vitro. The effect of this dialyzable schistosome incubation product (DSIP) was tested in vivo on different aspects of the cell-mediated immune response. First, the DSIP injected into C57B1/6 mice markedly inhibited the delayed type hypersensitivity to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Furthermore, the DSIP injected into S. mansoni infected Fischer rates at the beginning of the infection induced an inhibition of the specific lymphocyte response to S. mansoni antigen and of the spleen cell response to concanavalin A (Con A). The DSIP injected into uninfected rats also inhibited the spleen cell response to Con A. In unifected as in infected rats injected with the DSIP, the lymphocyte response to Con A was restored after purification of the spleen cells on a nylon wool column. Moreover spleen cells from rats injected with the DSIP reduced the proliferative response of normal syngeneic spleen cells induced by Con A. This inhibition was not observed when cells from DSIP-injected rats were previously passed through a nylon wool column. In contrast, nylon wool depletion of spleen cells from infected rats injected with the DSIP did not restore the lymphocyte response to S. mansoni antigen. It seems that DSIP could partly explain the modulation of the cellular immune responses observed during S. mansoni infection and could represent one of the mechanisms of this parasite's survival in the immunized host.     

A benzodiazepine derivative and praziquantel: Effects on musculature of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum

Summary The benzodiazepine derivative (Ro 11-3128) which has central nervous effects similar to other benzodiazepines, and praziquantel (PZ), are two new antischistosomal drugs. At low concentrations these drugs will produce a marked spastic paralysis of male Schistosoma mansoni musculature. An analysis of the action of these drugs on the parasite's musculature shows that Ro 11-3128 and PZ produced a rapid rise in the tension of the musculature of male schistomomes. Various compounds known to interact with the schistosome's neuroreceptive sites did not block or potentiate the action of these drugs. Removal of Ca²⁺ or addition of Mg²⁺ to the incubation medium blocked the action of these drugs on the schistosome's musculature. Uptake studies of inorganic cations by male schistosome's indicate that Ro 11-3128 and PZ decrease the influx of K⁺ but stimulate the influx of Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ into the male schistosome. It is suggested that this interference with inorganic ion transport mechanisms causes the contraction of the schistosome musculature.     

Activity of epiisopiloturine against Schistosoma mansoni

Schistosomiasis, caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma, still imposes a considerable public health burden on large parts of the world. The control of this disease depends almost exclusively on the drug praziquantel, and there are no alternative drugs in sight. Natural compounds have recently attracted significant attention due to their relevance to parasitic infection and potential development into new therapeutic agents. Epiisopiloturine is an imidazole alkaloid isolated from the leaves of Pilocarpus microphyllus (Rutaceae), a native plant from Brazil. Here, we report the in vitro effect of this drug on the survival time of Schistosoma mansoni of different ages, such as 3 h old and 1, 3, 5, and 7 days old schistosomula, 49-day-old adults, and on egg output by adult worms. Epiisopiloturine at a concentration of 300 μg/mL caused the death of all schistosomula within 120 h. Extensive tegumental alterations and death were observed when adult schistosomes had been exposed to 150 μg/mL of the epiisopiloturine. At the highest sub-lethal dose of alkaloid (100 μg/mL), a 100% reduction in egg laying of paired adult worms was observed. Additionally, epiisopiloturine showed selective antischistosomal activity and exhibited no cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. This report provides the first evidence that epiisopiloturine is able to kill S. mansoni of different ages and inhibit worm egg laying.     

Amperometric immunosensor for detecting Schistosoma mansoni antibody

An immunosensor for detecting the antibody anti-apyrase of Schistosoma mansoni based on rigid composite materials, containing graphite powder and epoxy resins, developed in this work, is described. A surface modification strategy for the use of oxidized graphite in the detection of antibody-antigen interaction was developed. This modification strategy is based on silanization of conductive composite. First, the graphite powder-epoxy resin was treated with concentrated hydrogen peroxide to improve surface hydroxyl groups and to form a hydrophilic layer. Second, 3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane was subsequently used to functionalize the treated surface to form amino groups, which were further activated with glutaraldehyde to introduce a layer of aldehyde groups. Contact angle microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used as a qualitative analysis of the deposition of silane on the surface of the sensor. The effectiveness of the modification strategy was validated by amperometric immunoassays of S. mansoni. Amperometric signals related to concentrations of this immobilized protein were observed, and the effects of pH and incubation times were analyzed. This surface modification strategy provides a platform on which proteins can be directly immobilized for immunosensor and protein array applications.     

Praziquantel binds Schistosoma mansoni adult worm actin

Praziquantel (PZQ) is widely used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It induces worm muscle contractions and tegumental disruption, followed by exposure of parasite surface membrane antigens to the host immunological defence mechanisms. It may be assumed that PZQ, like cholesterol, is too hydrophobic to traverse the schistosome outer lipid bilayers by passive diffusion and probably requires binding to a surface membrane protein carrier for distribution throughout the worm. However, the PZQ binding site on the schistosome surface and the precise mechanism of action are not yet known. The Claisen condensation reaction was used to bind PZQ on cellulose acetate membranes. Triton-insoluble surface membrane antigens of Schistosoma mansoni adult worms were allowed to bind to the PZQ column. The identity of the bound molecules was examined by amino acid microsequencing and immunogenicity in outbred and inbred mice. The PZQ column was found to bind molecules of 45 kDa selectively from the Triton-insoluble surface membrane antigens of S. mansoni adult worms. Amino acid microsequencing revealed that the 45 kDa species consist predominantly of schistosome actin. This finding was supported by the poor immunogenicity of the 45 kDa molecules in outbred and inbred mice. PZQ was also shown to bind bovine actin but not bovine serum albumin. However, pre-incubation with bovine actin did not impair the effect of PZQ on adult worms in vitro. The study represents an attempt to understand how PZQ distributes across schistosome outer lipid bilayers.