中国农村老年人的生活质量和主观幸福感

目的研究当前我国农村老年人的生活质量和主观幸福感。方法依据北京大学老龄健康与家庭研究中心2002年《中国老年人健康长寿调查数据库》，以城镇老年人为参照，分析农村老年人的生活质量和主观幸福感。结果与城镇老年人相比，农村老年人的生活质量较差和主观幸福感（包括生活满意度与情感体验）较低。被调查的农村老年人中，近4/5的人依靠子孙赡养，近1/5的人生活困难和比较困难，近1/4的人收入不够用，仅有3.5%的人享受公费医疗，约1/7的人不能及时治病。此外，农村老年人的社会支持更多来自于子孙而非配偶。结论当前我国农村老年人生活质量和主观幸福感的总体水平显著差于城镇老年人。     

影响老年人主观幸福感的相关因素分析

目的　通过调查老年人的主观幸福感 ,了解老年人的一般心理状况 ,探讨各项社会因素、家庭功能、应对方式与主观幸福感的相关及影响。方法　以 1 0 7名老年大学学员为研究对象 ,用人脸测验和阶梯测验、特质应对问卷、家庭功能问卷和一般社会指标调查表为研究工具进行测验调查。结果　老年人的主观幸福感较高 ,幸福感由高到低依次是未来、现在和过去 ;老年人的职业、居住、健康 ,家庭中的情感反应、情感介入、应对方式等因素与其主观幸福感显著相关。结论　老年人的晚年生活主观幸福感较高 ,其幸福感受社会、家庭及自身多重因素的影响。     

老年人主观幸福感与社会支持的相关性

目的探讨老年人主观幸福感与社会支持的相关性。方法采用老年人主观幸福感问卷和社会支持评定量表,对苏州市沧浪区115名老年人进行逐一面对面逐题访谈式调查。结果社会支持与主观幸福感有显著相关(P<0.01);与自我满足感正相关(P<0.01),与生活满足感正相关(P<0.01),主观支持度高的老年人主观幸福感高。婚姻状况影响总体幸福感(P<0.01),在婚的老年人幸福感水平〔(87.4±13.97)分〕高于独身〔(69.38±20.435)分〕(P<0.01);男女在总体主观幸福感水平差异无显著性(P>0.05),在家庭适意感上男性略高于女性。结论老年人主观幸福感与社会支持显著相关,社会支持是老年人主观幸福感的有效预测和干预因素。     

老年人主观幸福感的影响因素及其调适的调查研究

目的 调查福州地区老年人主观幸福状况及其影响因素并提出相应调节策略.方法 采用纽芬兰主观幸福度量表和自制问卷对福州地区183位老人进行调查.结果 ①福州地区老年人主观幸福感属中上水平;②农村老年人比城市老年人认为生活更幸福;③女性老人比男性老人更感到幸福;④不同年龄段老年人总幸福感无显著差异;⑤和配偶居住的老年人觉得更幸福;⑥初中以上学历的老年人比文化层次较低的老年人觉得更幸福.结论 福州地区老年人主观幸福感总体较好,根据不同影响因素,应采取策略加强老年人主观幸福感从而提高其生活质量.     

城市空巢与非空巢老人生活和心理状况的比较

目的比较研究城市空巢老人与非空巢老人的生活和心理状况。方法以《中脉老年生活质量指数调查问卷》为材料，对7个城市2225位独居、夫妻同住和非空巢老人的调查数据进行分析。结果大多数老年人的经济收入偏低，非空巢老人给予子女经济支持和体力付出的压力较大；大多数老年人的心情较好，但超过1／4的独居老人心情较差；老年人的主观幸福感居中上水平，但独居老人的主观幸福感、与家人交流满意度较低；在养老依靠问题上空巢老人（尤其是独居老人）对于家人的期望较低；对于第三方赡养和老年人再婚的问题，夫妻同住老人比较理解和支持。结论夫妻同住老人的生活和心理状况均较好，独居老人的心理状况较差，非空巢老人的经济和体力付出的压力较大。     

老年人个体因素、社会支持与主观幸福感的关系

目的探讨陕北地区老年人的个体因素、社会支持与其主观幸福感的关系。方法采用社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、主观幸福感量表(PGC)和个体情况调查问卷对陕北地区717名老年人进行入户调查。结果老年人的主观幸福感与城乡地区、患慢性病状况、家庭关系、婚姻状况、劳动或工作状况、月收入有关(P0.05);社会支持与主观幸福感呈正相关(r=0.332,P=0.000)。结论全社会应积极关注老年人群,应根据不同影响因素,采取相应措施加强老年人主观幸福感从而提高其生存质量。     

老年人主观幸福感和孤独感现状

目的 探讨老年人主观幸福感和孤独感的影响因素及其相关关系.方法 采用纽芬兰纪念大学幸福感量表和UCLA孤独感量表对252名老年人进行访谈式的问卷调查.结果 ①男性老年人在主观幸福感上显著高于女性,而孤独感低于女性.②相比于初中、小学以及文盲文化程度的老年人,大学学历老年人的主观幸福感更高,而孤独感较低.③在老年大学学习的老人相对于其他养老方式的老人感到更幸福,孤独感更低.④有偶同居老人与其他婚姻状况的老人相比,主观幸福感更高,孤独感更低.⑤拥有退休金的老人较少感到孤独,主观幸福感较高.⑥老年人主观幸福感和孤独感之间存在显著的负相关.结论 性别、受教育程度、养老方式、婚姻状况以及经济来源是影响老年人主观幸福感和孤独感的重要因素,老年人的主观幸福感与孤独感呈反向关系.     

北京市老年人娱乐方式对其主观幸福感的影响

目的了解北京市区老年人娱乐方式的现状及其对主观幸福感的影响,为提高老年人主观幸福感提供参考。方法随机抽取北京市区60岁以上老年人61人,对其娱乐方式及主观幸福感进行问卷调查并统计分析。结果被调查老年人从事消遣类娱乐活动的人数最多(26人);选择较高层次娱乐方式的老年人,其主观幸福感显著高于选择较低层次娱乐方式的老年人(P<0.05);北京市区老年人满足体验与从事娱乐活动的数量呈负相关(r=-0.28,P<0.05)。结论不同娱乐方式对老年人主观幸福感产生影响,从事发展和创造类娱乐活动有助于老年人主观幸福感的提升。     

河北省部分城市老年人体育锻炼与生活幸福指数的相关性

目的分析老年人体育锻炼、主观体验程度和生活幸福感指数的关系。方法通过查阅文献资料获取课题研究的理论依据和前沿信息,发放调查问卷调查河北省部分城市城区老年人体育锻炼现状及与主观体验的相关性。结果河北省城市社区老年人习惯清晨在距离居住地较近的公园,以自发性小群体形式,以健步走和广场舞等动作简单、强度小的运动项目,进行较小运动量的身体锻炼。体育锻炼后老年人积极体验较高,消极情绪降低,表明适当的运动量对老年人产生良好的积极心理体验,有助于提升幸福感指数。积极主观体验与幸福感指数呈正相关关系,消极主观体验与幸福感指数呈负相关关系,主观体验提高的同时,老年人对生活的满意度和幸福感也随之提高。结论老年人在从事中小运动量的体育锻炼时,其主观锻炼体验会更加深刻,积极情绪较高、消极情绪降低,对生活充满希望和满足感。体育锻炼是帮助老年人达到身心健康、延年益寿的有效途径,是提高老年人生活质量、提升生活幸福感的一种重要手段。     

社区老年慢性病患者的社会支持、一般自我效能与主观幸福感的相关性

目的探讨社区老年慢性病患者社会支持、自我效能与主观幸福感的关系。方法随机抽取西安市城区老年人432例,根据是否患有慢性病分为慢性病组(306例),非慢性病组(126例),采用社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、一般自我效能感量表(GSES)和纽芬兰纪念大学幸福度量表(MUNSH)测量社会支持、一般自我效能感与主观幸福感。结果两组性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、经济收入等人口学特征差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。与非慢性病组比较,慢性病组主观幸福感总分及正性情感、正性体验、正性9因子总分均显著较低(均P0.01),负性情感,负性体验、负性因子总分均显著较高(均P0.01)。社会支持中客观支持、主观支持2个子维度得分、自我效能得分均与主观幸福感得分呈正相关(r=0.17～0.38,均P0.01)。对老年慢性病患者进行通径分析显示,主观支持和一般自我效能对主观幸福感有正向预测作用(β=0.17、0.33),客观支持通过一般自我效能感对主观幸福感产生间接预测作用(β=0.07)。结论患有慢性病的老年人社会支持中客观支持、主观支持2个子维度、一般自我效能均与主观幸福感相关。     

Subjective well-being among the rural elderly population

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between psychosocial factors and subjective well-being among rural elderly persons. A broad range of psychosocial factors (such as mastery, social support, and perceived health) and measures of well-being (such as positive and negative affect and life satisfaction) were employed in bivariate correlation, canonical correlation, and multiple regression analysis. The findings show significant relationships between subjective well-being measures and psychosocial factors that are concomitant with other populations, both elderly and general.     

The subjective evaluation of well-being in adulthood: Findings and implications

In recent years, a wealth of data focused on the perceived quality of life in adulthood has been produced. Strengthened by improved measures and methodologies, the findings from these research efforts have in some cases challenged, and in other cases confirmed, earlier conclusions regarding the experience of Subjective Well-Being (SWB) across the adult lifespan. Within this article, evidence indicating the importance of demographic, personality, and cultural variables to the experience of SWB is reviewed, with a particular emphasis on the experience of well-being across the adult lifespan. High SWB is related to a number of important life outcomes, such as higher levels of relationship and marital satisfaction, success and satisfaction in work settings, improved ability to cope with stress, and better health outcomes. Evidence from a number of studies indicates that average levels of life satisfaction are relatively similar for groups representing early, middle, and late adulthood, whereas the affective components of SWB show some variability. These findings and their potential implications for interventions, policies, and future research are discussed. William Pavot, Ph.D. received his B. A. in psychology from Purdue University, and completed his A. M. and Ph.D. degrees in psychology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His current position is professor of psychology at Southwest Minnesota State University in Marshall, Minnesota. Dr. Pavot has been pursing research in the area of subjective well-being for 18 years. His specific interests are focused on issues surrounding the assessment of life satisfaction. He has conducted research on the experience of life satisfaction across the adult lifespan, and has also explored cross-cultural aspects of subjective well-being. Dr. Diener received his Ph.D. at the University of Washington in Seattle in 1974. Professor Diener is past-president of the International Society of Quality of Life Studies, and has also served as past-president of the Society of Personality and Social Psychology. Dr. Diener’s research focuses on several aspects of subjective well-being, including measurement issues, the influence of personality on the experience of well-being, and cultural influences on subjective well-being. He has conducted a wide array of research exploring these topics, and his work is frequently cited by other researchers of subjective well-being.     

Gender Differentials in Subjective Well-Being Among Religious Elderly Yoruba People in Southwest Nigeria

This paper examined gender variations in subjective well-being among religious elderly populations in Yoruba community in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. Data were generated through purposive sampling of 300 elderly populations aged 60 years and above who are actively involved in religion. Self-esteem scale (with 3 items), Satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) (Pavot, 1991) (with 5 items) and Satisfaction with friendship, hobbies, place of living and family life were used to measure subjective well-being among the respondents. Ninety nine percent of females reported high self-esteem while 94.2 % of males reported same. The chi square analysis (χ²?=?0.028, p?=?0.03) revealed that there was significant relationship between gender and self-esteem. In addition, majority of the sample (97.8 % males and 98.8 % females) score high on the relationship between gender and satisfaction with life. Satisfaction with family life, friendship, hobbies, and place of residence total score was high for both sexes. The study concluded that male elderly are more likely to report high subjective well-being (99.3 %) than female elderly (98.1 %).     

Childlessness,Psychological Well-being,and Life Satisfaction Among the Elderly in China

This paper examines the effects of childlessness on the well-being of persons aged 65 and above in China. It is based on an application of ordered-logit regression in the analysis of the data from the 2002 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) conducted in 22 provinces of China (N = 13,447). It compares parents with the childless elderly, focusing on three dimensions of psychological well-being, namely feelings of anxiety, loneliness, and uselessness, and on life satisfaction. The findings include the following. First, with control of social demographic variables of age, gender and education, childlessness is significantly associated with life satisfaction, feeling of anxiety and loneliness, but not feeling of uselessness. The childless elderly are less satisfied with their lives and feel more anxious and lonely than do parents, but they do not necessarily feel significantly more useless. Second, when controlled with social-demographic variables and additional socioeconomic variables of residence, living arrangement, availability of pension and medical services, childlessness is no longer significantly related to anxiety and loneliness, and it is related at only a marginally-significant level to life satisfaction. Third, individual education, place of residence, living arrangements, economic security and access to medical services are consistently related to life satisfaction and psychological well-being among the elderly. We conclude that providing social investments in education in early life and economic security and medical insurance in later life for both the childless and parents are crucial for improving individual psychological well-being and life satisfaction for the elderly.     

Social isolation and well-being

We examined 10 common indicators of social isolation and assessed which, if any, are related to subjective well-being among elderly individuals. The quantitative measures (no daily contact and minimal weekly contact), no children, having no children plus being unmarried, and having no children plus living alone, were unrelated to either global happiness or life satisfaction. The combined indicators of living alone and being unmarried as well as single indicators of having no companions or having no confidants were related at the bivariate level to both measures of well-being. When controlling for demographic, economic, and health factors, having no confidants and no companions were significantly and independently related to subjective well-being. These findings suggest that practitioners who seek information on living arrangements or marital status as proxy measures of lower psychological well-being are utilizing the wrong predictors.     

Leisure participation and subjective well-being: Exploring gender differences among elderly in Shanghai,China

ObjectivesTo explore the association between leisure participation and subjective well-being and the role gender in this issue among elderly Chinese in Shanghai, China.MethodsPrincipal components analysis and logistic regressions are used to analyze the cross-sectional data of the 2013 Shanghai Elderly Life and Opinion Survey that contains 2884 respondents (60+ with a mean age of 72.6) recruited from a multistage cluster sampling design. Subjective well-being is measured by happiness and life satisfaction, and leisure participation is examined by the type and diversity of leisure activities.ResultsPrincipal components analysis identifies four major types of leisure activity that elderly Chinese are actively engaged in—detachment-recovery, aesthetic, social, and performing-arts activities. Among them, social activities and performing-arts activities have the most relevance to subjective well-being. Females are more likely to engage in social and performing-arts activities whereas males are more likely to engage in detachment-recovery and aesthetic activities. Performing-arts activities promote subjective well-being only for females. Social activities are beneficial for both gender groups, but more so for males than for females. While increased levels of leisure diversity are linearly related to increased odds of subjective well-being for females, moderate level of leisure diversity is found to be the most important for males.ConclusionsLeisure participation is positively related to subjective well-being among elderly Chinese, and thus could play a critical role in promoting healthy aging. The major gender differences as observed suggest the need to further explore gender-specific barriers in leisure participation.     

山西省运城地区PLWHAS主观幸福感及影响因素的调查研究

目的了解艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者／艾滋病（AIDs）病人（PLwHAs）的心理状况,探讨影响其主观幸福感的因素。方法选取山西省艾滋病高发地区8个乡镇的194例PLWHAS,用总体幸福感量表（GWB）及影响因素问卷进行调查。结果PLwHAs主观幸福感总体得分（108±11）分,低于普通村民。单因素分析表明,健康状况、身份公开程度、感染年限、社会歧视,是影响PLWHAS主观幸福感的因素（P〈0．05）。目前的社会关怀提升了PLWHAS对生活的满足和兴趣,但对总体主观幸福感作用不显著。结论PLWHAS的主观幸福感受多因素影响,改善其身体健康状况、消除社会歧视等,有助于提升PLWHAS主观幸福感。     

老年人活动与生活质量及自觉幸福度关系初探

利用自编的三维活动量表,对平均67岁老年人44名,研究了活动与生活质量及自觉幸福度的关系。结果表明:①活动量表的再测信度和内容效度基本合格;②愿望性事件多发生减少负性情感,要求性事件多发生对生活质量及幸福度有消极影响,两类活动的进行及后果满意均促进老年人的生活质量及幸福度;③社会性与非社会性愿望活动显著提高生活质量,社会性的还提高幸福度,社会性要求事件多发生增加负性情感,非社会性的降低幸福度,但如进行后果满意则提高生活质量和幸福度;④就活动内容看,要求性家务活动发生与幸福度呈负相关,进行消闲活动可提高生活质量和幸福度,进行锻炼活动可提高生活质量,愿望性工作学习可提高幸福度,进行愿望性社会交往显著提高生活质量和幸福度;⑤活动与个性特点有明显关系,外向者愿望性活动进行较多,神经质者愿望性活动进行较少且满意度低,易感到要求性事件发生多但实际进行不多且不感满意,精神质者较少发生进行愿望性活动的意图。     

Social support and well-being: preliminary indicators based on two samples of the elderly

The structure of social support and its relation to health, affect, and life satisfaction are compared for two samples of the elderly. The first is a national representative sample; the second is a distressed sample from South Miami Beach. Although there are similarities in the structure of social support across the two groups, those in the Miami Beach sample report fewer support figures, and far fewer within geographic proximity, than do those in the national sample. This comparative network impoverishment is particularly marked for male respondents and is accentuated by a high number of isolates in this group. In addition, stronger relationships are found between support network size and affect, and among affect, life satisfaction, and health in the South Miami Beach sample. Older men in poor health and without supportive relationships are targeted as a particularly high risk subgroup. The discussion includes a focus on personal, situational, and life span differences related to variations in support and well-being and a consideration of implications for more recent waves of elderly sun-belt migrants.     

Differential benefits of volunteering across the life course

OBJECTIVES: Studies often fail to adequately test the causal relationship between volunteering and well-being. Yet the media and empirical research have focused attention on the impact of volunteering on the well-being of elderly persons. This study addresses two questions: First, does volunteering improve the psychological and physical well-being of elderly persons? Second, do elderly volunteers experience different benefits than younger adults? METHODS: Using nationally representative panel data, I assessed the long-term impact of volunteering on the life satisfaction and perceived health of persons aged 60 and over. I then compared ordinary least squares regression results for seniors with those for younger adults. RESULTS: I found that older volunteers experienced greater increases in life satisfaction over time as a result of their volunteer hours than did younger adult volunteers, especially at high rates of volunteering. Older adults experienced greater positive changes in their perceived health than did younger adult volunteers. DISCUSSION: The type of volunteer work in which older and younger adults engage may be part of the reason for these differential effects. But the context in which older and younger adults volunteer and the meaning of their voluntarism are more likely explanations. Researchers should take into account volunteer commitment when studying volunteering's effect on well-being, not simply volunteer role.