应用生物力学方法探讨桡骨小头切除术晚期并发症的原因

自１９７８年，共施行桡骨头切除术３７例。２７例获２年以上随访。肘外翻畸形，肘关节慢性不稳定，桡骨干上移和下尺桡关节脱位是主要并发症。作者用２０只新鲜上肥标本进行生物力学实验，发现肘关节内侧副韧带损伤，有间膜撕裂狎和下尺桡关节痈位是引起或加重并发症的主要原因。其中内侧副韧带损伤是最重要的原因。同时，临床上也以桡骨头损伤合并内介副韧带损伤多见。作者强调：桡骨头切除时，应考虑上术三种软组织损伤是否存在及     

桡骨小头切除晚期并发症的原因及机制探讨

目的：研究桡骨小头切除后晚期并发症产生的原因、发病机制和预防措施。方法：对２８例桡骨小头切除术后进行２年以上随访。同时对２０例新鲜上肢标本进行生物力学检测。结果：发现桡骨小头切除术后的晚期并发症有肘外翻畸形、创伤性关节炎、桡尺远侧关节脱位等。肘关节内侧副韧带损伤、骨间膜撕裂伤和桡尺关节远侧脱位是桡骨小头切除术后引起或加重晚期并发症的主要原因。结论：桡骨小头切除时,应考虑上述三种组织损伤是否存在及对预后的影响;桡骨小头切除在青少年患者应视为禁忌     

桡骨头骨折治疗方法的选择

目的讨论桡骨头骨折的治疗方法及效果。方法2001年1月至2006年1月治疗桡骨头骨折35例，按Manson分Ⅰ型，型9例；Ⅱ型11例，合并肘内侧副韧带损伤3例；Ⅲ型13例，合并肘内侧副韧带损伤5例，Essex—Lopresti损伤1例；Ⅳ型2例，均合并肘内侧副韧带损伤，其中尺骨冠状突骨折1例。Ⅰ型骨折肘关节制动2周后开始功能锻炼；Ⅱ型骨折桡骨头切开复位固定后，检查肘关节伸直位外翻稳定性，早期肘关节功能锻炼；Ⅲ型骨折切开复位或桡骨头切除，石膏固定3周；Ⅳ型骨折先复位肘关节，肘外侧入路切开复位固定桡骨头，合并冠状突骨折者肘前入路切开复位固定，石膏固定3周。结果30例患者得到平均2．1年随访，按照Anderson肘关节屈曲及前臂旋转功能评价标准评价。Ⅰ型7例：优5例，良2例；Ⅱ型9例：优4例，良4例，差1例；Ⅲ型12例：优5例，良2例，可1例，差4例；Ⅳ型2例：可1例，差1例。结论按桡骨头骨折Manson分型，随着损伤级别增加，治疗效果逐渐变差。合并肘内侧副韧带损伤者，术毕检查肘关节伸直位外翻稳定性，不稳定者石膏固定3周，不必切开修复。桡骨头切除适用于Manson型切开复位固定困难者，效果好。     

肘关节的不稳定

1　肘关节复合不稳定概念肘关节的复合不稳定系肘关节损伤、关节面和韧带结构的损害引起。临床可见于肘关节半脱位 ,或肘部畸形 ,肘关节连接松弛 ,尺骨近端呈侧方或前后移位等。因此 ,在肘部受伤后 ,除引起肘部骨折、脱位外 ,还须想到肘关节面和内、外侧副韧带损伤所带来的问题 ,即肘关节复合稳定机制受到干扰所引起的功能障碍。图 1　肘部关节和韧带结构与应力Ａ .桡骨远侧作用力 ,引发肱桡间应力和尺肱外侧半关节的应力 ,而内侧副韧带 (ＭＣＬ)接受分离应力。Ｂ .桡骨头切除后 ,尺肱外侧半关节为对挤压力 ,ＭＣＬ分离应力增大。Ｃ .尺、桡…     

人工桡骨头假体置换的临床研究进展

桡骨头骨折是成人肘部最常见的骨折，占肘关节骨折的33％，在成人所有骨折中占1．7％～5．4％。桡骨头骨折还常伴有软组织损伤，如内侧副韧带或骨间膜破裂，当这些组织损伤后，桡骨头就成为维持肘关节轴向和外翻稳定的主要结构。对于不稳定的肘关节，切除桡骨头可发生许多远期并发症，包括桡骨向近端移位，外翻不稳定，肘关节僵硬，肘和腕关节退行性关节炎，肘、前臂和腕关节慢性疼痛。因此，对伴有内侧副韧带和（或）骨间膜损伤的桡骨小头粉碎性骨折通常采用人工桡骨头置换术”。     

肘关节三联征的诊断和治疗进展

肘关节三联征是一种复杂的肘关节骨折脱位,复位后肱尺关节和肱桡关节可达到同心圆复位、肘关节稳定,桡骨及冠突骨折块较小可保守治疗,但需定期复查。若需手术治疗,必须修复桡骨头骨折及外侧副韧带复合体。可以采用单一外侧入路也可以联合前内侧入路。MorryⅠ型和Ⅱ型冠状突骨折是否需固定,是否附加外固定支架固定及同时修复内侧副韧带损伤仍存在争议。     

桡骨头切除术后并发症分析

１５例桡骨头术获得３年以上随访，常见并发症有中酸软，疼痛及不适。患侧握力降低，肘关节伸屈和前臂旋转受限。Ｘ线发迹有提携角增大，下桡尺关节半脱位及肘关节炎。作者认为桡骨头切除应作为改善功能的最后造反少处儿童尽量避免采用此方法。     

桡骨头骨折的诊疗策略

桡骨头骨折是上肢创伤中的常见疾病,最主要的致伤原因是沿前臂的纵向暴力,常合并尺骨冠突骨折、肘关节韧带损伤、前臂骨间膜损伤、下尺桡关节损伤等。治疗桡骨头骨折时应根据具体的骨折类型决定采用何种方法。绝大多数的MasonⅠ型骨折通常可采用保守治疗,而对于Mason Ⅱ、Ⅲ型骨折则需要手术治疗。手术治疗方案通常包括桡骨头切除、...     

桡骨头切除对肘关节稳定性影响的生物力学研究

目的：探讨桡骨头粉碎性骨折不同治疗方法对肘关节稳定性的影响。方法：将10个尸体标本，分别测定在其它组织无损伤时，肘内侧副韧带切断时，肘内侧副韧带和前臂骨间膜均切断时的力－位移曲线（纵向位移）及肘外翻角。结果：肘内侧副韧带切断时的纵向位移及肘外翻角均大于其它组织无损伤时；肘内侧副韧带和前臂骨间膜均切断时的纵向位移及肘外翻角均大于其它组织无损伤时和肘内侧副韧带切断时，两两间比较均有显著性差异（P＜0．001）。结论：在其它组织无损伤时，单纯桡骨头切除是安全的；合并肘内侧副韧带损伤时，可在有效修补韧带的同时作单纯头切除，必要时行假体置换；合并肘内侧副韧带和前臂骨间膜均损伤时，最好作假体置换。     

慢性肘关节不稳定的手术治疗

目的探讨慢性肘关节不稳定的原因和治疗方法。方法1998年8月～2002年8月,12例慢性肘关节不稳定患者完善体格检查及影像学检查,结合术中探查,分析其原因；采用内、外侧入路分别或同时修复与重建肘关节尺、桡侧副韧带,总结疗效。桡侧副韧带的修复方法是将指总伸肌腱的外侧半劈开向外侧转位,将外侧关节囊重叠缝合数针后,在尺骨冠突外侧尺侧副韧带前束的起止点处钻骨孔,将转位的肌腱穿过骨孔后缝合重建桡侧副韧带前束,然后将伸肌总腱缝合。尺侧副韧带的修复是将屈肌总腱劈为两半,取外侧半,保留其在肱骨髁的止点,从尺骨冠突内侧钻骨孔后将肌腱条穿过骨洞后反折缝合固定于尺侧副韧带前束的止点处,将后束增生瘢痕尽量切除,缝合关节囊及屈肌总腱。结果所有患者随访2～6年,平均3年。肘关节未发生复发性脱位,应力外翻试验阴性,肘关节外侧及后外侧轴移试验(PST)阴性,肘部无疼痛；活动范尉：平均屈伸0～135°,前臂旋转：平均旋前85°、旋后80°,患者均恢复正常生活及工作。根据中华医学会手外科学会(2000年,无锡)全国上肢功能评定标准进行肘关节功能评价,本组优8例,良4例,优良率为100%。结论慢性肘关节不稳定主要原因是肘关节侧副韧带损伤；采用手术重建肘关节侧副韧带治疗慢性肘关节不稳定效果可靠。     

The crisscross injury mechanism in forearm injuries

Introduction A new mechanism of injury of the forearm bones, crisscross injury, is described. It is more common than the Essex-Lopresti fracture dislocation. The old concept of isolated injury of one side of the radioulnar joint may be challenged. It often occurs in Mason type II fracture dislocation of the radial head or dislocation of radioulnar joints.Materials and methods The first part was a cadaveric study of the crisscross injury of forearms. The second part was a clinical study of the crisscross injury in some cases of Mason type II fracture radial head and double dislocation of the radioulnar joint.Results The cadaveric study confirmed a stable crisscross fracture dislocation injury with intact interosseous membrane. The clinical study echoed the presence of this injury by imaging techniques.Conclusion The crisscross injury mechanism explains the mirror pathogenesis of the traumatic fracture dislocation of the distal and proximal radioulnar joints with intact shaft of the radius and ulna. Co-existing subluxation or dislocation of the other radioulnar articulation must not be overlooked in cases of fracture dislocation of one radioulnar joint. Two types of crisscross injury of forearm bones are proposed.     

Irreducible dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint

Although dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint is commonplace in association with fractures of the radial shaft, irreducible dislocation has previously been considered to be rare. In the only three previously reported cases the tendon of the extensor carpi ulnaris blocked reduction of the distal radioulnar joint in Galeazzi injuries. The cases presented in this report show that other tendons may be involved, and that the injury may occur even when the ulna is broken. It is likely that the injury described is more common than is realized and is usually overlooked.     

经皮穿针固定治疗桡骨远端骨折合并下尺桡关节脱位

目的探讨经皮穿针固定治疗桡骨远端骨折合并下尺桡关节脱位的临床疗效。方法采用经皮穿针固定治疗42例桡骨远端骨折合并下尺桡关节脱位患者。结果 42例均获随访,时间4~24个月,骨折均获骨性愈合。疗效根据Green-O'Brien腕关节评分标准:优21例,良18例,一般3例,优良率92.9%。结论经皮穿针固定是治疗桡骨远端骨折合并下尺桡关节脱位的有效技术,疗效较可靠,并发症少。     

"Ratchet-type" marginal fracture of the radial head with locked anterior dislocation. A case report

Locked anterior dislocation of the superior radioulnar joint occurred in a 26-year-old man. The configuration of the associated radial head fracture maintained the locked position and predisposed to recurrence after open reduction. Radial head excision was necessary to resolve the problem. Both medial ligament repair and a radial head prosthesis were necessary to stabilize the elbow.     

Radioulnargelenkverletzungen

The proximal and distal radioulnar joints are both responsible for free rotation of the forearm and thus functionally interconnected. The Monteggia injury (ulna fracture + radial head luxation) and the Galeazzi injury (diaphyseal radial fracture + dislocation of the radioulnar joint) have a better prognosis than radioulnar joint injuries in conjunction with distal radius fractures. The latter lead to injury of the ulnocarpal complex and more frequently to malalignment of the distal radioulnar joint, which in turn leads to arthrosis. This is characterized by early occurrence of pain, loss of strength in the hand, and limited rotation of the forearm. Thus, surgical management should be especially directed at restoration of the articular surface, correct length adjustment, and reconstruction of the anatomic angle. The choice of surgical procedure depends on the extent of destruction of the distal radial articular surface, the degree of dislocation, and the presence of soft tissue damage.     

下尺桡脱位合并桡骨头脱位的诊断与治疗

目的探讨下尺桡脱位合并桡骨头脱位的的诊断和治疗。方法本文报道的2个典型病例,一例是下尺桡背侧脱位同时合并桡骨头后脱位,另一例是下尺桡掌侧脱位合并桡骨头前脱位,均不合并尺桡骨干的骨折。用单纯桡骨头脱位或下尺桡脱位的机制不能很好地解释。对于急性损伤,应先在麻醉下试行闭合复位,如不成功可考虑切开复位。结果根据目前研究,“绞锁损伤”的机制能比较好得解释这种损伤,骨间膜在前臂两骨之间起到一个“枢轴”的作用。早期诊断和治疗能达到良好的效果。结论早期诊断和早期复位固定非常重要,需要和孟氏骨折、盖氏骨折或Essex—Lopresti损伤等相鉴别。     

Distal radioulnar joint dislocation in association with elbow injuries

Traumatic distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) dislocation with or without an associated fracture is a rare injury. When coupled with a radial head fracture this is commonly known as the Essex-Lopresti injury. We report two cases of elbow dislocation with ipsilateral radial neck fractures and associated true DRUJ dislocations. This has not been previously described in the literature. In elbow injuries with wrist involvement, symptoms in the latter may be subtle. Due to inadequate examination of the affected joint, poor initial radiographic views, and general rarity of this injury, distal radioulnar joint dislocations are frequently missed. We hope our experience illustrates the need to examine thoroughly the joint above and below the injured site, and to be aware of the potential for DRUJ instability in all patients with elbow injuries.     

Transverse divergent dislocation of the elbow with ipsilateral distal radius fracture in a child

We report a rare case of an irreducible transverse divergent dislocation of the elbow with an ipsilateral distal radius torus fracture and a fracture of the coronoid process in a 9-year-old male. Closed reduction of the elbow was attempted, but the humeroulnar joint remained dislocated. At surgery, the avulsed anterior band of the medial collateral ligament complex of the elbow was found to be interposed between the medial condyle of the humerus and the olecranon. The dislocation was reduced after relieving the ligament entrapment, which was then repaired. The unstable proximal radioulnar joint was fixed with a Kirschner wire. Two years after surgery, the patient had a painless left elbow with full range of motion and no instability. He was able to use his upper extremity for all activities in his daily life and had returned to sports. No radiographic abnormalities were found at this follow-up, particularly premature epiphyseal closure of the radial head. Closed reduction has been successful in a majority of reported cases of transverse divergent dislocation of the elbow, yet the presence of an incomplete reduction of the ulnohumeral joint should alert the physician to the possible interposition of soft tissues or bony fragments necessitating an open reduction.