枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定可行性的CT测量研究

目的:探讨枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定的可行性,为临床应用提供依据。方法:利用CT扫描50例干燥枢椎标本,测量枢椎椎弓根上缘、下缘和中部的宽度以及椎弓根的内、外缘高度。结果:椎椎弓根的上缘宽度为(7.67±1.33)mm,所有标本均大于5.0mm;中部宽度平均(5.75±1.59)mm,19%小于5.0mm;下缘宽度平均(3.87±1.09)mm,84%小于5.0mm。枢椎椎弓根的缘高度平均(5.66±1.43)mm,40%小于5.0mm;内缘高度平均(8.80±0.74)mm,所有标本均大于5.0mm。结论:国人中约81%的患者适合进行枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定,术前CT扫描可明确个体的置钉可行性。     

腰椎弓根延长术截骨部位与神经根关系的解剖学研究

目的　观察腰椎弓根延长术截骨部位与其毗邻神经根的解剖关系,为腰椎弓根延长术离断椎弓根提供解剖数据。  方法　16例成人防腐脊柱标本, 自T12~S1去除软组织、棘突、椎板、关节突关节、横突, 充分暴露硬膜囊、神经根和腰椎弓根, 精细磨削椎弓根至椎弓根-椎体连接处,测量该部位椎弓根上缘至上位神经根下缘的间距(PSRD),椎弓根下缘至下位神经根上缘的间距(PIRD),椎弓根内缘至硬膜囊外缘或内侧神经根外缘的间距(PMRD),椎弓根外缘至外位神经根内缘的间距(PLRD),所有解剖参数都做双侧测量。  结果　腰椎弓根至上、下、内、外神经根的间距范围分别是4.9~8.6 mm,1.0~2.5 mm,0~1.6 mm,0.7~11.5 mm,左、右两侧数据无显著性差异(P>0.05),男、女之间数据无显著性差异(P>0.05)。  结论　腰椎弓根截骨延长时,截骨部位的内缘和下缘毗邻的神经根相对于上缘和外缘损伤可能性大,透视下对椎弓根内缘和下缘截骨时要十分小心。     

腰椎峡部四边长度厚度的测量及临床意义

目的　测量腰椎峡部四边长度及厚度，为椎板截取回植固定及“工”型钛板的设计提供解剖学依据。 方法　选取成人男性腰椎干燥骨32例，排除外观畸形和破损，游标卡尺及分规分别测量L1～L5峡部四边长度及厚度，并对其进行分析。 结果 （1）腰椎峡部上缘A长度范围L2:（6.47±0.90）mm~L5:（8.38±0.98）mm，L2~L5逐渐增加；腰椎峡部下缘C长度范围L1: （7.86±0.93）mm~L5:（4.77±0.64）mm，L1~L5逐渐减小;腰椎峡部内缘D长度范围L1:（19.07±0.86）mm~L5:（12.92±1.40）mm，L1最长，L5最短；腰椎峡部外缘B长度范围L3:（11.24±0.80）mm~L4:（9.87±0.65）mm，L3最长，L4最短。(2)外缘与上缘交点E厚度范围L1:（6.10±0.23）mm~L3:（7.53±0.35）mm，L3最厚，L1最薄；上缘与内缘交点F厚度范围L1:（5.10±0.25）　mm~L3: （6.41±0.27）mm，L3最厚，L1最薄;下缘与内缘交点G厚度范围L1:（7.51±0.42）mm~L5:（6.25±0.27）　mm，L1~L5逐渐变薄；外缘与下缘交点H厚度范围L1:（8.59±0.30）mm~L5:（10.11±0.35）mm，L1~L5逐渐增厚。 结论 为腰椎间盘突出症等椎板截骨回植术确定了最佳截骨部位：距腰椎峡部外缘3~4 mm，与内外缘平行；设计的“工”型钛板厚度1.2 mm，上边长9 mm，下边长10 mm，高度10 mm；微型螺钉长度为6、8、10、12 mm四种规格，直径2 mm。     

不同节段椎弓根内部结构的测量和比较

目的:提供国人椎弓根内部结构的量化数据以及随节段变化的规律.方法:20具成人防腐C3～L5脊柱标本,螺旋CT扫描后行多平面重建,在椎弓根峡部横截面上测量椎弓根高度(PH),宽度(PW),内、外、上、下缘皮质厚度(MCT、LCT、SCT、ICT),及椎弓根内部松质骨的宽度和高度(SBW、SBH).运用统计软件系统比较椎弓根内部各个参数的变化.结果:椎弓根左右两侧没有显著性差异,男女间除LCT外,各参数均无显著性差异.LCT/PW为(20.72±5.77)%,MCT/PW为(32.87±7.47)%,SCT/PH为(24.33±6.07)%,ICT/PH为(22.51±5.17)%,SBW/PW为(46.41±11.76)%,SBH/PH为(53.17±10.15)%.MCT绝对值及所占的比例在各个节段上均显著大于LCT.各个节段椎弓根皮质骨与松质骨的比例有所不同.C6～T1,T8～T12为椎弓根内部结构变化较大的区域.结论:(1)薄层螺旋CT可较好的呈现椎弓根内部的情况;(2)上胸椎椎弓根是置入椎弓根螺钉的危险区域;(3)椎弓根外侧皮质较内侧皮质薄,在置入椎弓根螺钉时外侧更容易破裂.     

下颈椎弓根CT图像的指标测量

背景:由于颈椎弓根较小的周径,高度的个体差异,周围复杂的解剖结构,在置椎弓根螺钉时易误伤脊髓、椎动脉及神经根,临床应用受到限制。正确的理解椎弓根及其周围结构解剖特点有助于提高经椎弓根螺钉内固定操作的安全性。目的:评价CT测量颈椎椎弓根在颈椎弓根内固定的临床意义。方法:随机选择81例正常成人颈椎CT片进行颈椎骨性指标的研究,测量指标包括13项:椎弓根高度、宽度,椎弓根内侧、外侧、上缘、下缘皮质厚度,椎弓根内松质骨高度、宽度,椎弓根轴线的骨性通道全长,椎弓根的长度1、长度2,椎弓根的内倾角和椎弓根轴线在矢状面上与椎体下终板之间的角度。结果与结论:椎弓根宽度小于高度,C3、C4外径最小,颈椎椎弓根的松质骨内径小,皮质骨比例高。外侧皮质骨较内侧和上、下侧皮质骨均薄。下颈椎椎弓根的三个通道长度变化不显著,内倾角和上下倾角则有一定区别。提示经螺旋CT可以较好的呈现椎弓根内部的情况,为颈椎弓根螺钉内固定提供影像学数据。     

儿童寰枢椎后路椎弓根螺钉固定的解剖与影像学研究

目的：探讨儿童寰枢椎后路置入直径为3．5mm的椎弓根螺钉的可行性。方法：（1）儿童脑死亡尸体标本10具，年龄6～8岁，测量寰椎椎弓根高度、宽度，寰椎侧块中部高度、宽度，椎动脉沟下方的寰椎后弓的宽度，椎动脉沟下方的寰椎后弓的外侧1／3、内侧1／3高度、枢椎椎弓根（横突孔）外缘、内缘高度，枢椎椎弓根（横突孔）上缘、中缘、下缘宽度；（2）对20例6～8儿童寰枢椎进行CT平扫，利用CT工作站测量寰枢椎横断面上寰椎椎弓根长度、宽度，枢椎椎弓根长度、宽度；寰枢椎椎弓根纵轴与正中矢状面的角度。结果：标本组寰椎椎弓根高度和宽度分别为（5．26±0．44）mm和（6．26±0．75）mm，寰椎椎动脉沟下方的寰椎后弓的外侧1／3高度为（4．07±0．24）mm，枢椎椎弓根外缘高度和内缘高度分别为（6．86±0．48）mm和（6．67±0．49）mm，上缘宽度、中缘宽度和下缘宽度分别为（6．63±0．61）mm、（5．41±0．39）mm、（3．71±0．30）mm。CT组寰椎高度为（5．47_＋0．34）mm、宽度为（6．63＋0．54）mm；枢椎高度为（6．59±0．51）mm、宽度为（5．13±0．42）mm；寰枢椎椎弓根纵轴与正中矢状面的角度分别为（9．60±1．32）°、（27．80±2．22）°。结论：6～8岁儿童寰枢椎椎弓根容纳直径为3.5mm的螺钉是可行的。     

青少年胸腰椎关节突形态研究及意义

目的:为临床提供青少年关节突及椎管相关的解剖学测量数据.方法:年龄在14～19岁(平均16.5岁)25例原配完整的胸腰椎(T1～L5)标本,分别测量卜关节突内缘中点间距、下关节突内缘中点间距、下关节突根部外缘宽度、椎弓根内缘间距和椎管前后径,并与成人数据比较.结果:上、下关节突间距、椎弓根内缘间距和上关节突内缘间距/椎弓根内缘间距由上到下都旱两边高中间低的"马鞍形"变化趋势而椎孔前后径呈逐渐上升的趋势;上关节突内缘中点间距与下关节突内缘间距相关系数为0.92,下关节突内缘间距与下关节突根部外缘间宽度相关系数为0.83.结论:14～19岁青少年以上测量数据与成人数据均无显著性差异,并有一定的变化规律,为临床青少年脊柱椎管狭窄的诊断和治疗提供一定参考;上关节突内缘中点间距总是小于椎弓根内缘间距,中、下胸段椎弓根螺钉间距要小于上胸段和腰段.     

腰椎上关节突外缘与椎弓根中心关系的解剖学观测及其临床意义

目的 :探讨腰椎上关节突外缘的形态特点及其与椎弓根中心的关系。方法 :对 10 0套成人干燥腰椎骨标本上关节突乳突的形态特点及其外缘切线与椎弓根外侧骨皮质及中心进行了观测。结果 :L110 0 % ,L2 98.1% ,L396 .4% ,L4 4 5 .8% ,L58.1%上关节突外缘切线位于椎弓根中心的外侧。上关节突外缘切线距椎弓根外侧骨皮质的距离为L1(1.8± 0 .7)mm ,L2 (1.5± 0 .5 )mm ,L3(2 .3± 1.5 )mm。结论 :上关节突外缘多位于椎弓根中心的外侧 ,以它做为椎弓根螺钉进钉的定位标志过于偏外。     

胸椎上关节突基底外1/3点为椎弓根进钉点的应用解剖

目的:研究胸椎上关节突基底外1/3点与椎弓根的解剖关系,为胸椎椎弓根穿钉提供一种新的定位方法。方法:选取45具成人干燥骨标本(男25具,女20具),测量胸椎上关节突基底外1/3点至相应椎弓根上缘、下缘、中轴线垂直距离,至内缘、外缘、中轴线水平距离,最适内倾角度、最适尾倾角度、最大内倾角度、最大尾倾角度。据测量结果设置穿钉参数,在5具尸体上模拟穿钉,CT评价螺钉位置。结果:各组长度、角度之性差比较无显著统计学意义(P>0.05)。胸椎上关节突基底外1/3点在椎弓根上缘、下缘、内缘、外缘所成框内,与椎弓根中轴线接近;最适内倾角度T1￣T3为25°,T4￣T10为15°,最适尾倾角度10°,据此参数在5具尸体上模拟穿钉均获成功。结论:胸椎上关节突基底外1/3点作胸椎椎弓根穿钉定位点,具有准确、可靠、简单实用等优点,是一良好的解剖定位标志。     

腰椎椎弓根螺钉双皮质固定的椎前大血管解剖学研究

目的观测腰椎椎体前面与椎前大血管的解剖关系,为腰椎椎弓根螺钉双皮质固定技术提供血管解剖学依据。方法62例成年人行腰椎CT三维重建及腹部血管成像检查（其中男32例,女30例）,观测腰椎椎弓根平面椎体前面与腹主动脉、下腔静脉或髂动静脉之间的距离,腹主动脉、下腔静脉或髂动静脉相对于椎体前面的相对位置关系。结果L1-L4椎体左侧平椎弓根平面腹主动脉距椎体前面距离为0．26-0．37cm、位于椎体前面-7°-34°区域;L1-L3椎体右侧平椎弓根平面下腔静脉距椎体前面距离分别为1．03cm、0．75cm、0．36cm,位于椎体前面17°-63°区域;L。椎体右侧、L5椎体双侧平椎弓根平面髂动静脉距椎体前面距离小于0．15cm,位于椎前73°区域内。结论L1-L4左侧双皮质椎弓根螺钉置钉过深容易损伤腹主动脉,L1-L3椎右侧椎弓根螺钉最容易操作完成,损伤下腔静脉的可能性较小,L4右侧、L5双侧的双皮质椎弓根螺钉最容易损伤椎前大血管。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.