应用免疫荧光技术诊断肌营养不良

目的 用免疫荧光技术对迪谢内（ＤＭＤ）、贝克（ＢＭＤ）、肢带－２Ｄ（ＬＧＭＤ２Ｄ）和肢带－２Ｃ（ＬＧＭＤ２Ｃ）型肌营养不良的致病基因编码产物ｄｙｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｎ、α－肌聚糖和γ－肌聚糖进行检测，为临床对肌营养不良的确诊和分型建立特异性的实验诊断手段。方法 用抗ｄｙｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｎ中央棒状区、Ｃ－末端和抗α、γ－肌聚糖单克隆抗体，借助免疫荧光技术对患者骨骼肌细胞膜上的致病基因表达产物进行研究。结果 在１５例临床拟诊为肌营养不良的患者中确诊９例为ＤＭＤ，４例ＢＭＤ，１例ＬＧＭＤ２Ｄ和１例ＬＧＭＤ２Ｃ。结论 分析骨骼肌细胞膜上ＤＭＤ、α－肌聚糖和γ－肌聚糖基因表达产物是诊断ＤＭＤ／ＢＭＤ、ＬＧＭＤ２Ｄ和ＬＧＭＤ２Ｃ型肌营养不良的可靠和特异手段。     

中国人抗肌营养不良蛋白基因缺失的分布特点

目的了解国内Ｄｕｃｈｅｎｎｅ／Ｂｅｃｋｅｒ型肌营养不良症（ＤＭＤ／ＢＭＤ）患者基因缺失的分布特点。方法用１２对引物以多重ＰＣＲ检测与５６例ＤＭＤ／ＢＭＤ患者,分析缺失型患者抗肌营养不良蛋白（ｄｙｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｎ）基因缺失的断裂点分布,并结合国内文献报道的２２１例病例资料,分析９对引物的总检出率及各引物的最佳组合。结果国内ｄｙｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｎ基因缺失断裂点７２％位于４４～５１号内含子内,以４４号内含子最多（２２％）,５０号内含子次之（１７％）,位于４５～５１号内含子内的断裂点是４４号内含子的２．３倍。７号内含子断裂较少,仅４％的断裂点位于该内含子。９对引物的总检出率为４８％,其中５对引物的总检出率为４６％。两对引物的最佳组合为４８号和１７号,可检出３５％的患者。结论国内ｄｙｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｎ基因４４～５１号内含子高度不稳定,容易发生断裂。７号内含子可能不是国内ｄｙｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｎ基因缺失断裂的高发区域。在国内５对引物的总检出率接近９对引物,４８号和１７号外显子的二重ＰＣＲ扩增对于全国范围内ＤＭＤ／ＢＭＤ的筛选,尤其是结合其他方法进行大范围的产前筛选,不失为一种可取的选择。     

迪谢内/贝克肌营养不良患者视网膜眼电图改变特征

目的 研究迪谢内／贝克肌营养不良（ＤＭＤ／ＢＭＤ）患者视网膜眼电图（ＥＲＧ）的改变特征，探讨ＥＲＧ对ＤＭＤ／ＢＭＤ的诊断价值及ｄｙｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｎ在视网膜信号传导上的作用。方法 对２２例临床确诊的ＤＭＤ／ＢＭＤ患者进行详细的眼科检查和ＥＲＧ检测，采用ＥＲＧ国际测量标准记录结果。结果 全部患者眼科检查无明显异常。２２例患者中１６例（７２．７％）出现异常ＥＲＧ改变；其中１５例为暗适应蓝光ｂ波波幅下降或（和）消失（Ｐ〈０．００１）。１３例暗适应白光ｂ波波幅下降或（和）替伏期延长（Ｐ〈０．００１）。１２例ｂ／ａ波波幅比≤（Ｐ〈０．００１）。１６例振荡电位ＯＰｓ１～４波波幅下降。结论 ＥＲＧ可作为ＤＭＤ／ＢＭＤ诊断和症状的一项有价值的检查。ｄｙｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｎ及同源蛋白在视网膜电信号的传导上起着重要作用。     

假肥大型肌营养不良中肌聚糖的改变及其意义

假肥大型肌营养不良是由于肌膜上ｄｙｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｎ完全或部分缺乏引起的。近年研究发现 ,在肌膜上还存在肌聚糖 (ＳＧ)等ｄｙｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｎ相关蛋白。ＳＧ为跨膜糖蛋白 ,包括α、β、γ、δ ＳＧ等。为深入了解迪谢内肌营养不良 (ＤＭＤ)和贝克肌营养不良 (ＢＭＤ)的发病机制 ,我们研究ＳＧ在ＤＭＤ和ＢＭＤ中的变化 ,并分析其意义。研究对象 :ＤＭＤ和ＢＭＤ根据临床表现、ＣＫ水平、肌电图、肌肉病理、ｄｙｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｎ免疫组化染色以及家族遗传史作出诊断。ＤＭＤ1 4例 ,年龄 4～ 1 1岁 ;ＢＭＤ1 6例 ,年龄 6～ 2 9岁 ,均为男…     

Dystrophin相关蛋白与肌营养不良

科学家们经过十年的努力 ,已经发现了大多数肌营养不良的分子缺陷。这一迅速发展得益于分子生物学和遗传连锁分析的双重力量。通过肌肉疾病的研究也进一步阐明了肌肉组织的基本生物学性质。其中最主要的成就就是ｄｙｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｎ蛋白基因的发现 ,它的变异可导致Ｄｕｃｈｅｎｎｅ肌营养不良 (ＤＭＤ) [1] 。通过对ｄｙｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｎ的生物化学分析显示 ,肌细胞中存在ｄｙｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｎ相关蛋白家族 (ｄｙｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｎ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｓ,ＤＡＰ) [2 ] ,编码这些蛋白的基因缺陷导致不同类型的肌营养不良[3 ,…     

检测Duchenne肌营养不良患者基因缺失的新方法

检测Ｄｕｃｈｅｎｎｅ肌营养不良患者基因缺失的新方法曾溢滔，陈美珏，任兆瑞，黄英，仇效坤，黄淑帧对Ｄｕｃｈｅｎｎｅ肌营养不良症（ＤＭＤ）的分子生物学研究表明，位于Ｘｐ２１区的ｄｙｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｎ基因的部分缺失是导致该病的重要原因。我们先前对中国ＤＭＤ病...     

迪谢内肌营养不良症基因治疗的评价和问题

迪谢内肌营养不良症 (Ｄｕｃｈｅｎｎｅｍｕｓｃｕｌａｒｄｙｓｔｒｏｐｈｙ,ＤＭＤ)是一种以骨骼肌进行性变性、坏死为主要病理特征的致死性的Ｘ 性连锁隐性遗传性肌病。其发病率为男性活婴的 1/ 35 0 0 ,患者通常 3～ 5岁起病 ,主要表现为骨骼肌进行性近端无力、萎缩、腓肠肌假性肥大 ,12岁前丧失行走能力 ,通常于 2 0岁左右因呼吸衰竭或心力衰竭死亡[1] 。分子病理学研究证实 ,由于ＤＭＤ基因部分区域的缺失、重复或点突变 ,导致肌细胞膜上该基因编码的抗肌萎缩蛋白[2 ] (ｄｙｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｎ ,Ｄｙｓ)的缺乏或结构变异 ,引起肌细胞膜的…     

肌营养不良蛋白表达对肌营养不良症的诊断意义

目的：探讨肌营养不良蛋白在肌营养不良症患者肌组织中表达的意义。方法：运用免疫组化法对12例Duchenne型肌营养不良症（DMD）患者及5例Becker型肌营养不良症（BMD）患者的肌组织中肌营养不良蛋白的表达进行分析。并用6例非神经肌肉疾病患者的肌组织作为对照。结果：对照组6例肌组织标本中均可见肌营养不良蛋白表达,其阳性染色勾画出肌细胞的边界,胸及胞浆呈阴性。在DMD中有10例（83．33％）肌细胞膜肌营养不良蛋白不表达。BMD中3例（60）可见沿肌细胞膜分的不连续斑片状弱阳性染色。结论：肌营养不良蛋白的缺失或异常表达,是DMD／BMD型较为特异的改变。运用免疫组化法检测患者肌组织中肌营养不良蛋白的表达,可为DMD／BMD型的病理诊断提供特异指标。     

两步多重聚合酶链反应对假肥大型肌营养不良的基因诊断

应用分子生物学技术，用９组寡核苷酸引物分两步多重聚合酶链反应（ｍＰＣＲ）扩增ｄｙｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｎ基因的９段脱氧核糖核酸（ＤＮＡ）序列。对３６例ＤＭＤ和４例ＢＭＤ进行基因诊断。首先用缺失率较高的５对引物扩增，检出缺失者１７例，再用４对引物扩增，检出缺失者２例。这样，９对引物多重ＰＣＲ总缺失率占受检患者的４７．５％，表明此法可检测出７９．１％左右有基因缺失的患者。实验结果提示，两步多重ＰＣＲ可用于ＤＭＤ／ＢＭＤ的基因诊断。文中从ＤＭＤ／ＢＭＤ的临床表型与基因缺失的关系上进行了比较、探讨。     

两步多重聚合酶链反应对假肥大型肌营养不良的基因诊断

应用分子生物学技术，用９组寡核苷酸引物分两步多重聚合酶链反应扩增ｄｙｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｎ基因的９段脱氧核糖核酸序列。对３６例ＤＭＤ和４例ＢＭＤ进行基因诊断。首先用缺失率较高的５对引物扩增，检出缺失者１７例，再用４对引物扩增，检出缺失者２例。这样，９对引物多重ＰＣＲ总缺失率占受检患者的４７．５％，表明此法可检测出７９．１％左右有基因缺失的患者。实验结果提示，两步多重ＰＣＲ可用于ＤＭＤ／ＢＭＤ的基因诊断。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.