Implantation of Dual Chamber Pacemaker in a Patient with Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava

A 35-year-old patient underwent permanent pacemaker implantation because of symptomatic sinus bradycardia. During the procedure, persistent left superior vena cava was found. The ventricular lead crossed the tricuspid valve only after curving the stylet to form a loop in the right atrium (RA); subsequently, the curved stylet was changed to a straight one and the lead was positioned and screwed into the right ventricular apex. The atrial lead positioning was possible when the stylet was slightly curved and the lead could reach the anterior wall of the RA. At 18 months, a follow-up revealed normal pacemaker function and stable lead position.     

Ten-Year Follow-Up of a Patient with Pacemaker Induced Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

A woman with persistent pacemaker induced superior vena cava syndrome was stable for 10 years. Serial follow-up venography, however, demonstrated a continuous process of major vein occlusion and the development of collateral circulation, the effectiveness of which warrants a favorable prognosis in this pacemaker related syndrome.     

Implantation of a Dual Chamber Pacemaker in a Patient with Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava

A patient underwent dual chamber pacemaker implantation by puncture of the left subclavian vein. During the procedure we observed persistence of the left superior vena cava. A "J-shaped" atrial lead was used for ventricular pacing with excellent long-term results. This technique can be a valuable alternative when confronted with the problem of persistent left superior vena cava during pacemaker implantation.     

Congenital Absence of Superior Vena Cava: Unusual Anomaly of Superior Systemic Veins Complicating Pacemaker Placement

Congenital anomalies of the superior systemic veins can complicate placement of transvenous pacemaker electrode leads. Persistent left superior vena cava is the most common congenital anomaly; in this paper, we describe the case of a patient who had con-genital absence of both superior venae cavae, which has not been reported pre-viously. The superior syslemic veins drained into persistent double ozygos veins subdiaphragmatically. The anomaly was verified by venography. Temporory car-dioc pacing was established by passing the electrode lead through the femoral vein, and a permanent epicordial pacemaker lead was placed thereafter. This appears to be the first recorded case of such an anomaly.     

Managing Superior Vena Cava Syndrome as a Complication of Pacemaker Implantation: A Pooled Analysis of Clinical Practice

Background: Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is a rare complication of pacemaker implantation. Numerous methods have been employed to treat this condition, ranging from anticoagulation and thrombolysis to surgical interventions and stenting. However, thus far only small case series have been reported and there is no currently accepted standard of care. Methods: Our group preformed a PubMed literature search to identify cases of symptomatic SVCS that developed following implantation of permanent pacemakers or implanatable cardioverter defibrillators and were treated with one of five different modalities: anticoagulation, thrombolysis, venoplasty, stenting, and surgical reconstuction. Duration of follow‐up and incidence of recurrence of symptoms were the main end‐points. Results: One hundred and four eligible cases from 74 different publications were identified, in which SVCS presented at a median of 48 (range 0–396) months after device implantation. We found that over the last 40 years, conservative treatments have been replaced by surgical reconstruction, and most recently by stenting, as the most common therapeutic modality employed. Anticoagulation, thrombolysis, and venoplasty alone were all associated with high recurrence rates. Surgery and stenting were more successful: recurrence rates were 12% and 5% over a median follow‐up of 16 (range: 2–179) and 9.5 (range: 2–60) months, respectively. Conclusions: Currently, transvenous stenting is the most common treatment used for pacemaker‐related SVCS, usually with conservation of the implanted leads. Both surgery and stenting appear to be effective treatments, with low incidences of recurrent SVCS over the first 12 months, but there is unfortunately a paucity of data on long‐term outcomes. (PACE 2010; 420–425)     

Pacemaker-Induced Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: Report of Four Cases and Review of the Literature

Superior vena cava syndrome due to transvenous pacing leads is a rare event. We describe four cases. One occurred among 3,100 primary pacemaker insertions performed at our institution. In the other three cases the primary insertion had been performed elsewhere. Over 30 cases have been reported previously. Local infection, which preceded the development of superior vena cava syndrome in each of our four cases, and the presence of a severed retained lead, as in three of our cases, are important predisposing factors. There is no strong evidence that multiple lead insertion, if each lead remains intact, significantly increases the risk. The pathology at the site of obstruction includes thrombosis and in some cases fibrotic narrowing. Venous angiography is useful to show the site of obstruction, the extent of collateral circulation and to assess the response to treatment. Treatment should include removal of any infected pacemaker apparatus, anticoagulation and, if symptoms are of recent onset, thrombolytic therapy. Most patients improve but in those who do not angioplasty or surgical relief of the obstruction may be helpful.     

Transvenous Pacemaker Implantation Via a Unilateral Left Superior Vena Cava

A 72-year-old man with a unilateral left superior vena cava and anomalous drainage of the inferior vena cava required permanent pacing. The anomalies were verified by venography and cardiac catheterization. Difficulties in implantation of a temporary and permanent pacemaker are described. A transvenous endocardial lead was placed in a stable position in the right ventricle. The pacemaker system has now functioned normally for 32 months.     

Pacemaker Induced Superior Vena Cava Obstruction: Management by Spiral Vein Graft

A 35-year-old male developed superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction due to multiple retained pacemaker leads. This caused cyanosis and suffusion of the head and neck during arm exercise, with desaturation from 99%-90% demonstrated by ear oximetry. The SVC was bypassed using a spiral vein graft because of worsening symptoms. Dramatic improvement resulted, with desaturation no longer demonstrable.     

Absence of the Superior Vena Cava: Difficulties for Pacemaker Implantation

Endocardial pacemaker electrode implantation can be difficult in patients with anomalous superior vena cava (SVC). Venography and CAT scan showed that the patient lacked SVC venous drainage and that systemic veins drained into the inferior vena cava through the azygos vein. A temporary stimulation electrode was placed by puncture of the femoral vein, permanent stimulation by venotomy of the epigastric vein, with the electrode inserted through the external iliac vein.     

肺癌并发上腔静脉综合征的治疗体会

目的 :探讨肺癌并发上腔静脉综合征 (SVCS)的治疗价值和最佳治疗方案。方法 :将 82例患者分为综合治疗组 (化疗 +放疗 +化疗 )、单纯化疗组和单纯放疗组进行疗效比较分析。结果 :综合组的缓解率为 6 7.9% ,明显高于单纯化疗组的 35 .5 % (P <0 .0 5 ) ,亦高于单纯放疗组的 39.1     

超声诊断上腔静脉综合征的临床应用价值

目的：探讨超声对上腔静脉综合征（SVCS）的诊断价值。方法：对临床疑诊为SVCS的52例患者行超声心动图检查,以该组病人的手术或DSA结果、临床治疗后的随访结果作为标准诊断方法,两结果进行比较。结果：超声诊断SVCS的真实性指标灵敏度、特异度、假阳性率、假阴性率、准确度、阳性预告值、阴性预告值、阳性似然比、阴性似然比、约登指数比分别是97．37％、92．86％;7．14％、2．63％、96．15％、97．37％、92．86％、13．63、0．03、0．90,可靠性指标卡帕值为0．90。结论：超声对诊断SVCS具有重要的临床价值,由于其敏感性较高,操作简便,价格较低,无创伤及便于随访,是首选的SVCS影像学诊断方法。     

上腔静脉阻塞综合征的介入治疗

目的：探讨上腔静脉综合征（SVCS）介入治疗的方法及意义。方法：上腔静脉阻塞综合征患者3例。均为从左锁骨下静脉穿刺送入导管，造影显示阻塞特点。从右股静脉入路送入球囊预扩张并置放支架。结果：2例患者成功进行了上腔静脉内支架置放术。血管开通良好，管径恢复正常。无残留狭窄，血流通畅，上腔静脉阻塞症状明显改善。术后随访6个月。无阻塞症状复发。1例患者由于上腔静脉近心端巨大游离血栓，极易造成肺栓塞，故未行球囊及支架治疗。结论：介入治疗疗效确切。创伤小，并发症小，恢复快，为上腔静脉阻塞综合征的治疗提供了有效手段。     

上腔静脉综合征患者的上腔静脉多普勒血流频谱分析

目的 :利用多普勒超声观察上腔静脉综合征 (SVCS)患者上腔静脉 (SVC)血流频谱形态变化 ,探讨其频谱特征。方法 :对 48例 SVCS患者和 42例健康志愿者经右锁骨上窝及心尖五腔切面行多普勒超声检查。使用仪器为 Acuson XP/10及 Sequoia512彩色电脑声像仪 ,同步连接心电图及呼吸信号记录仪。结果 :48例 SVCS患者外压型 3 8例 ,腔内型 9例 ,其它 1例。外压型因狭窄程度不同 ,SVC频谱形态及血流速度不同 ,14例外压伴轻度狭窄者 SVC频谱呈全填充状 ,但 S波、D波清晰可辨 ;19例外压伴中度狭窄者频谱呈宽带、连续性、全填充状 ,收缩期S波、舒张期 D波难以分辨 ;5例外压伴重度狭窄及 9例腔内型者 ,血流频谱均呈低幅宽带、连续性、全填充状频谱。外压伴轻中度狭窄、伴重度狭窄时 SVC峰值速度分别为 (198.0± 2 6.0 9) cm/s,(2 5.3 4± 19.47) cm/s(与对照组比较 P=0 .0 0 0 )。腔内型血流速度为 (16.4± 6.91) cm/s(与对照组比较 P=0 .0 0 0 )。其它 1例为 SVC术后瘢痕性狭窄 ,SVC血流速度加快。 48例患者平静呼吸状态下 ,SVC血流频谱峰值速度受呼吸运动影响减小。结论 :不同原因及狭窄程度的 SVCS其频谱形态及流速在心动周期及呼吸周期中表现不同 ,该特征性变化为超声诊断 SVCS提供重要依据。     

血管内支架置入术治疗肺癌伴上腔静脉阻塞综合征的护理

目的：探讨血管内支架置入治疗肺癌伴上腔静脉阻塞综合征的护理措施。方法：回顾分析15例肺癌伴上腔静脉阻塞综合征的病人行血管内支架置入围手术期的护理经验。结果：15例病人经成功的上腔静脉支架置入和围手术期护理，症状体征明显改善。结论：围手术期，特别是术后合理的护理，有助于病人病情改善。     

Atrioventricular Nodal Tachycardia in a Patient with Anomalous Inferior Vena Cava with Azygos Continuation and Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava

A 39-year-old female patient was referred for ablation of recurrent episodes of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. A combination of an anomalous inferior vena cava with azygos continuation and a persistent left superior vena cava was discovered. A nonfluoroscopic navigation system was very useful for catheter ablation of the tachycardia in this unusual case of anomalous venous system of the heart.     

布-加综合征合并上腔静脉阻塞诊治分析

目的探讨布一加综合征合并上腔静脉阻塞的诊断与治疗方法。方法本组3例布一加综合征术前均经腹部彩超及磁共振静脉成像检查确诊,上腔静脉阻塞经上腔静脉造影证实。3例下腔静脉均狭窄闭塞行球囊扩张成形术;例1上腔静脉入右房口处狭窄采用球囊单纯扩张,例2、3因无明显上腔静脉阻塞症状且上腔静脉完全闭塞导丝无法通过而未行介入处理。结果3例介入手术后下腔静脉压力分别由术前的23．33、25．88和17．55mmHg降至9．60、9．60和7．20mmHg。例1上腔静脉压力由术前16．58mmHg降至术后6．98mmHg。3例术后皆恢复顺利,出院。随访症状完全消失、肝肾功能恢复正常。结论对布一加综合征患者术前应充分了解上腔静脉通畅情况,避免漏诊上腔静脉阻塞。对上腔静脉阻塞症状较轻或无症状者可不予处理,症状较重者应根据病因进行治疗。     

VDD Pacing in Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava

Although persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is the most common major venous anomaly of the heart, associated absence of the right superior vena cava with normal visceral situs is exceedingly rare. Such a patient presented with complete heart block requiring permanent pacing. This was achieved successfully using a single lead VDD system via the PLSVC with atrial sensing in the coronary sinus.