新冠肺炎疫情中公众风险认知和无意/有意传谣行为的关系：负性情绪的中介作用

目的:探讨新冠肺炎疫情爆发期间公众风险认知、负性情绪和无意/有意传谣行为间的关系。方法:采用风险认知量表、公共卫生事件负性情绪量表、传谣行为量表对1063名公众施测。结果:新冠肺炎风险认知、负性情绪和无意/有意传谣行为之间均呈显著正相关,负性情绪在风险认知和无意传谣行为间起部分中介作用,在风险认知和有意传谣行为间起完全中介作用。结论:风险认知会直接增加公众的无意传谣行为,也会通过增加负性情绪对无意和有意传谣行为产生影响。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情早期军队人员情绪状态、发展趋势、来源及影响

目的:探讨军队人员在新冠疫情早期的情绪状态、发展趋势,探索可能来源及影响,为研究疫情期军队心理健康状况、开展针对性心理干预提供依据。方法:于2020年1月27日至2月10日在线上平台对全国31个省市自治区的5435名军队人员进行连续调查,采用了自制一般情况调查问卷、情绪调节问卷和伯克利情绪表达性问卷。结果:(1)紧张是军队人员的主要负性情绪,高兴情绪程度较负性情绪更高;(2)女性、已婚、研究生以上学历、大于56岁、确诊人数为1000～1999人的省份的军队人员负性情绪更高(F=2.60～53.32,t=-9.96～-6.15,P0.05);(3)文职人员情绪强度及负性情绪发生率最高(除害怕外),军官的情绪最稳定,紧张、愤怒情绪发生率最低(F=6.42～32.19,P0.001);(4)疫情发展时间对军队人员情绪存在影响(F=7.79～39.80,P0.05),2020年1月27日至2月6日为情绪波动期,此后正性情绪上升,负性情绪开始下降;(5)疫情风险认知更高的军队人员负性情绪更高(t=-17.31～-2.56,P0.05),不同情绪调节策略、情绪表达方式对情绪有不同影响;(6)军队人员逃避行为倾向随着负性情绪等级的增加而增加,躯体功能紊乱随着所有情绪等级(除难过外)的增加而增加(χ~2=11.08～288.77,P0.05)。结论:军队人员在疫情早期虽然负面情绪较普遍,但正性情绪水平较高。文职人员、女性、年龄较大、学历较高的军队人员负性情绪更多,且受疫情风险认知、情绪调节、情绪表达影响。军队心理干预工作需特别关注以上群体。随着疫情的逐步控制,负面情绪水平逐渐下降。     

认知情绪调节策略与自伤行为:体验回避的中介作用

目的:研究认知情绪调节、体验回避对中学生自伤行为的影响作用。方法:本研究采用问卷法对325名中学生的自伤行为以及认知情绪调节策略、体验回避做了调查,分析中学生不同性别的自伤行为的差异,分析不同认知情绪调节策略对自伤行为的影响,体验回避对自伤行为的影响,以及体验回避在认知情绪调节策略中的作用。结果:不同性别中学生在自伤行为无显著差异(t=1.59,P=0.113);适应性情绪调节策略与自伤行为相关不显著(r=0.028);体验回避在非适应性认知情绪调节策略和自伤行为间起完全中介作用。结论:非适应性认知情绪调节策略对自伤行为的影响是完全通过体验回避来实现的。     

冠心病患者的认知性情绪调节策略和D型人格行为

目的:探究冠心病患者的认知性情绪调节策略特征及与D型人格行为的关系。方法:在郑州市某三级甲等医院选取符合纳入标准的冠心病患者279名,在社区选取健康对照222名,用认知性情绪调节问卷(CERQ)、D型人格量表(DS14)进行调查。结果:冠心病组CERQ的非适应性情绪调节得分高于对照组,适应性情绪调节得分低于对照组(均P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,D型人格行为、渴望接纳、沉思、灾难化与患冠心病呈正向关联(OR=1.88、1.09、1.12、1.09),重新关注计划、理性分析与患冠心病呈负向关联(OR=0.85、0.83)。结论:冠心病患者的认知性情绪调节可能与D型人格行为有关,D型人格行为表现较明显的患者可能更频繁的使用非适应性情绪调节。     

应对消极学业评价:自我同情的作用

目的:考察自我同情在大学生面对消极学业事件时对其情绪、认知、行为倾向上的影响。方法:以95名大学生为被试,运用创设的实验情境结合自我同情问卷、学业反馈信息表、消极事件心理反应调查表进行测评。结果:在学业评价事件中,自我同情与消极学业评价以及两者的交互作用对负性情绪有显著预测作用;自我同情也显著正向预测自我提升和行为忘却意愿。结论:自我同情对大学生个体的心理健康有着积极的保护作用。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间民众恐慌情绪对其应对方式的影响

目的:采用大规模调查问卷探讨中国新冠肺炎疫情期间个体的恐慌情绪与应对方式的关系,以及风险感知的调节作用。方法:对3722名中国被试进行问卷调查。采用回归分析模型,因变量为应对方式,自变量为个体恐慌情绪,调节变量为个体风险感知。结果:(1)恐慌情绪增加了民众的自信应对(t=4.83,P0.001)、社会参与(t=5.90,P0.001)、寻求社会支持(t=11.10,P0.001)、谨慎行动(t=9.62,P0.001)、本能行动(t=9.39,P0.001)、逃避行为(t=19.72,P0.001)和反社会行动(t=15.74,P0.001);(2)感知风险调节了恐慌情绪对民众应对方式的影响,削弱了恐慌情绪对部分积极应对行为(社会参与、寻求社会支持、谨慎行动)的作用,也减弱了恐慌情绪对部分消极应对行为(逃避、反社会行动)的作用。结论:在新冠肺炎疫情期间中国民众面对疫情的恐慌情绪对积极应对和消极应对方式存在极化作用;民众对疫情的风险感知越高,则会显著降低其应对行为。     

大学生拖延行为与元认知和情绪的关系

目的:探讨大学生一般拖延行为与元认知、情绪的关系。方法:用元认知问卷、正性负性情绪量表和一般拖延行为量表,对杭州市4所大学共468名大学生进行了研究。结果:①文科大学生比理科大学生有更多的拖延行为,但拖延行为在性别方面没有显著差异;②大学生元认知中的认知自信、积极信念、失控和危险感、控制思维的倾向以及负性情绪与拖延行为显著正相关,而元认知的自我意识和正性情绪与拖延行为显著负相关;③元认知中的失控和危险感、认知自信与负性情绪对拖延行为具有预测作用;④负性情绪不完全中介元认知的失控和危险感维度和拖延行为。结论:失控和危险感不仅可以直接作用于拖延行为,也可以通过负性情绪间接的对拖延行为产生影响。     

抑郁认知易感者对负性面孔的注意特征

目的:探讨抑郁认知易感者在负性情绪信息加工任务中的注意特征。方法:采用方便取样选取在校大学生1287人,获有效问卷1201份,使用认知方式问卷(CSQ)进行测查。根据最弱连接计算方法获得抑郁认知易感者(CV组)151人和非抑郁认知易感者(NCV组)192人。从两组中选取95人(CV组47人,NCV组48人)参与情绪面孔点探测任务,比较两组在任务中的正确率、反应时及偏倚分差异。结果:参加情绪点探测任务的95人中,有2人的数据(两组各1人)总正确率低于90%而被剔除。正确率与反应时的组间差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。CV组和NCV组在愤怒面孔注意偏倚分上差异有统计学意义,CV组的偏倚分大于NCV组(P0.05)。将偏倚分与零进行单一样本t检验显示,CV组在悲伤及愤怒面孔对上的注意偏倚分均大于零,而NCV组则在愉快面孔中的注意偏倚分大于零。结论:与非抑郁认知易感者相比,抑郁认知易感者在面对愤怒面孔时,其注意力更难从中脱离出来,且抑郁认知易感者对愉悦面孔的注意不够。对负性情绪面孔的注意偏倚是抑郁认知易感者的认知特征之一。     

认知情绪调节策略在职业人群失眠与负性心境间的中介作用

目的:探讨职业人群失眠、认知情绪调节策略与负性心境的关系.方法:采用匹兹堡睡眠质量问卷(PSQI)、认知情绪调节策略量表(CERQ)和简式心境状况量表(POMS-SF)对355名成人进行测量.结果:①失眠与负性心境、认知情绪调节策略的灾难化因子呈显著正相关,与积极重新关注、重新关注计划、积极重新评价因子呈显著负相关:②回归分析显示失眠、灾难化、重新关注计划、沉浸能够预测负性心境,在控制了失眠之后,灾难化、重新关注计划、沉浸仍有显著的预测作用;③路径分析证实了认知情绪调节策略在失眠与负性心境之间的部分中介作用.结论:失眠、认知情绪调节策略和负性心境之间有着密切的联系,认知情绪调节策略在其中起着重要的中介作用.     

高中生认知性情绪调节策略的性别差异

目的: 探讨高中生在认知性情绪调节策略的使用以及其对抑郁症状预测作用的性别差异.方法: 采用横断面研究设计,在湖南2所普通中学高中部的一年级和二年级各随机抽取5个班级,获得有效样本505人,其中女生262人,男生243人,完成认知性情绪调节问卷和流调中心用抑郁量表.结果: 女生认知性情绪调节问卷的自我责难、沉思、灾难化分量表分均高于男生[(12.1±2.2)vs.(11.4±3.1),(12.2±3.3)vs.(11.3±3.6),(8.4±3.0)vs.(7.7±3.0); P=0.002,0.004,0.012],而积极重新关注、理性分析分量表分均低于男生[(11.2±3.0)vs.(12.0±3.4),(13.7±2.5)vs.(14.4±2.7);P=0.005,0.003].多元回归分析的结果提示,在女性样本中,9个认知性情绪调节策略总的解释方差值为39%(R2=0.39),高水平的自我责难、沉思、灾难化可以显著增加抑郁发生的可能性.而在男性样本中,9个认知性情绪调节策略总的解释方差值为27%(R2=0.27),高水平的自我责难、沉思、灾难化以及低水平的积极重新关注和理性分析可以显著增加抑郁发生的可能性.与女生相比,男生的积极重新关注(β=-0.15)和理性分析(β=-0.18)均可以显著减少抑郁症状的发生.结论: 高中生认知性情绪调节策略的使用以及其对抑郁症状的预测具有显著的性别差异.     

"非典"心理援助热线来电初步分析报告

目的：通过对2003年4月底至6月中旬北京非典心理援助热线来电的数据和内容分析，总结出非典流行期间群体心理的变化特点。方法：将非典心理援助热线所接来电进行分类，采用量化统计与质性分析方法进行分析。结果：非典流行期间人群的心理变化为三个时期：恐慌期、烦闷期和恢复期，非典心理援助热线所接电话内容的变化反映了不同时期人们心态的变化。结论：本报告为建立健全国家灾难及危机心理干预系统的建议提供了依据。     

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): loud clang of the Leper's bell

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or the "Chinese Chernobyl" emerged against an alarming background of rising infectious disease in poor rural China and to a backdrop of interregional and global polarization of population well-being and vulnerability. SARS has added its own dissonant note to "health disturbance", caused fear and panic and disrupted international commerce. Its emergence should be perceived as a disturbing alarm that underscores the need to strengthen public health and facilitate construction of a human security "umbrella" in the event of future disasters. Although SARS has produced a relatively insignificant level of damage when compared to other threats, its long-term effects on health should not be underestimated, based on its unexpected appearance and still unknown properties. This essay presents a qualitative flowchart that follows SARS from its origin in China to the accumulation of global damage. Two future scenarios were formulated, covering a worse-case outcome and containment outcome, which currently appears to be the case. In the event of the worst-case scenario it is doubtful whether any health service in Europe could cope. In either case, the development of a European Union Center for Disease Control is mandatory.     

SARS and population health technology

The recent global outbreak of SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) provides an opportunity to study the use and impact of public health informatics and population health technology to detect and fight a global epidemic. Population health technology is the umbrella term for technology applications that have a population focus and the potential to improve public health. This includes the Internet, but also other technologies such as wireless devices, mobile phones, smart appliances, or smart homes. In the context of an outbreak or bioterrorism attack, such technologies may help to gather intelligence and detect diseases early, and communicate and exchange information electronically worldwide. Some of the technologies brought forward during the SARS epidemic may have been primarily motivated by marketing efforts, or were more directed towards reassuring people that "something is being done," ie, fighting an "epidemic of fear." To understand "fear epidemiology" is important because early warning systems monitoring data from a large number of people may not be able to discriminate between a biological epidemic and an epidemic of fear. The need for critical evaluation of all of these technologies is stressed.     

SARS疫情中的16名北京市民访谈分析

目的：了解SARS疫情中的市民心态。方法：用自编的开放式问卷对16名北京市民进行深度访谈。结果：在SARS疫情中市民的心态变化主要体现在四个方面：1)从恐慌到平静；2)在疫情中精神境界的升华；3)对人生价值的重新思考；4)在疫情中对改革的思索。结论：疫情不仅使人们处在危机之中。并产生危机感，也帮助人们在危机中成长。     

Does Music Matter? A Look at the Issues and the Evidence

Does music matter? Judging from the ever-diminishing support for music education in public funding, the message is that it is just a frill to be cast aside for more pressing needs. The pleasure of listening to music is worthy in itself and reason enough for support, but what happens when people are more deeply engaged, such as when they learn to read music and play an instrument? Can more material rewards follow for cognition, language, and emotion, and for social and physical well-being? This essay presents an overview of issues and evidence from a broad range of disciplines and age groups.     

Classifying health‐related behaviours: Exploring similarities and differences amongst behaviours

Objectives. The classification of health behaviours may provide a useful framework for understanding their characteristics and therefore the ways in which they are similar and different. However, to date, little research has attempted to identify these characteristics and explore the dimensions along which behaviours differ. This paper uses an inductive approach to explore this issue. Design and methods. In Study 1, 25 repertory grid interviews and 3 focus groups encompassing lay public and health professionals identified 25 ways of describing health behaviours. These were refined into 11 key characteristics. In Study 2, 180 members of the general public rated 20 health behaviours on each of these characteristics. Results. Principal components analysis indicated behaviours were perceived along three key dimensions: ‘easy immediate pay‐offs’ versus ‘effortful long‐term pay‐offs’; ‘private unproblematic’ versus ‘public and problematic’; and ‘important routines’ versus ‘unimportant one‐offs’. Risk behaviours were clearly differentiated being perceived as ‘easy immediate pay‐offs’ and ‘public–problematic’. In contrast with other approach behaviours such as diet or self‐examination, physical activity behaviours were perceived as ‘effortful long‐term pay‐offs’. Conclusions. This research provides an useful starting point in the development of a framework that allows us to better understand differences and similarities between health behaviours. These dimensions may be important to consider when researchers set out to predict or change behaviour.     

A systematic review of lopinavir therapy for SARS coronavirus and MERS coronavirus—A possible reference for coronavirus disease-19 treatment option

In the past few decades, coronaviruses have risen as a global threat to public health. Currently, the outbreak of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) from Wuhan caused a worldwide panic. There are no specific antiviral therapies for COVID-19. However, there are agents that were used during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) epidemics. We could learn from SARS and MERS. Lopinavir (LPV) is an effective agent that inhibits the protease activity of coronavirus. In this review, we discuss the literature on the efficacy of LPV in vitro and in vivo, especially in patients with SARS and MERS, so that we might clarify the potential for the use of LPV in patients with COVID-19.     

A pilot study of cognitive behaviour therapy for panic disorder augmented by panic surfing

This pilot study reports the outcome of cognitive behaviour therapy for panic disorder augmented by panic surfing. This treatment approach encourages acceptance of feelings rather than control of symptoms and anxiety, at the same time also targeting catastrophic misinterpretations, bodily vigilance and safety‐seeking behaviours. Eighteen participants completed a brief group treatment for panic disorder incorporating psychoeducation, panic surfing, interoceptive exposure, graded exposure and cognitive restructuring. Significant improvements occurred over the course of this treatment and were maintained at a 1‐month follow‐up. Results suggest that cognitive behaviour therapy augmented by panic surfing may be effective in the treatment of panic disorder, but there is a need for controlled studies and investigation of the relative contribution of its various components. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大学生情绪调节方式与抑郁的研究

目的：探讨大学生的情绪及情绪调节方法及其与抑郁和性别的关系。方法：98名大学本科生接受了情绪量表,情绪调节方式量表和抑郁量表的评定。结果：（1）大学生情绪感受频率序列（从多到少）为：快乐、兴趣,羞愧、内疚,羞涩、悲伤、惊奇、敌意、愤怒、蔑视、厌恶、恐惧等。（2）一般的模式在感受负性情绪时出现比较多的忽视和抑制,感受正性情绪时出现比较多的重视和宣泄;原因调节多于反应调节。（3）男性感受比较多的愤怒、在感受正性情绪时,男性存在比较多的忽视和抑制,女性存在比较多的重视和宣泄。（4）抑郁高分组包含比较的羞愧、羞涩、悲伤,自我敌意、恐惧、厌恶、愤怒等负性情绪,比较少的快乐和兴趣。在调节方式上,高抑郁在感受负情绪时有更多的重视和宣泄,在感受正情情绪时存在比较多的忽视和抑制,比较少的重视和宣泄,结论：不适当的情绪调节方式可能是增强抑郁的重要原因。     

Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for panic attack using item response theory: findings from the National Comorbidity Survey in USA

BACKGROUND: The dichotomous diagnostic systems such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD) lose much important information concerning what each symptom can offer. This study explored the characteristics and performances of DSM-IV and ICD-10 diagnostic criteria items for panic attack using modern item response theory (IRT). METHODS: The National Comorbidity Survey used the Composite International Diagnostic Interview to assess 14 DSM-IV and ICD-10 panic attack diagnostic criteria items in the general population in the USA. The dimensionality and measurement properties of these items were evaluated using dichotomous factor analysis and the two-parameter IRT model. RESULTS: A total of 1213 respondents reported at least one subsyndromal or syndromal panic attack in their lifetime. Factor analysis indicated that all items constitute a unidimensional construct. The two-parameter IRT model produced meaningful and interpretable results. Among items with high discrimination parameters, the difficulty parameter for "palpitation" was relatively low, while those for "choking," "fear of dying" and "paresthesia" were relatively high. Several items including "dry mouth" and "fear of losing control" had low discrimination parameters. LIMITATIONS: The item characteristics of diagnostic criteria among help-seeking clinical populations may be different from those that we observed in the general population and deserve further examination. CONCLUSIONS: "Paresthesia," "choking" and "fear of dying" can be thought to be good indicators of severe panic attacks, while "palpitation" can discriminate well between cases and non-cases at low level of panic attack severity. Items such as "dry mouth" would contribute less to the discrimination.