小鼠 Tox3 基因重组慢病毒载体的构建及其在卵巢颗粒细胞中的表达

目的：构建重组慢病毒载体pCDH—Tox3-Flag,并检测其转染小鼠原代卵泡颗粒细胞后的表达情况。方法：利用DNA重组技术将小鼠Tox3~N克隆人慢病毒表达载体pCDH—MCS—T2A—copGFP—MSCV中,通过酶切、测序验证后,将重组慢病毒载体pCDH—Tox3-Flag、包装质粒psPAX2和包膜质粒pMD2．G共转染HEK293FF细胞,包装重组慢病毒LV—Tox3-Flag,并感染小鼠原代颗粒细胞,用反转录聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）检测Tox3mRNA的转录水平,蛋白质印迹（Westernblot）法检测T0x3-Flag蛋白的表达情况。结果：经酶切及测序结果证实,构建了重组慢病毒载体LV—Tox3;RT—PCR及Westernblot结果显示慢病毒感染小鼠原代颗粒细胞后,Tox3基因能在细胞内正确转录、翻译并稳定表达TOX3蛋白。结论：成功建立Tox3基因慢病毒表达载体LV—Tox3-Flag,包装的慢病毒能够成功感染小鼠原代颗粒细胞,并使Tox3基因得到稳定表达,为后续研究Tox3基因在生殖相关疾病的生理与病理作用奠定了基础。     

PAX2慢病毒表达载体的制备及鉴定

目的 构建大鼠PAX2慢病毒表达载体,以期在大鼠肾脏中高效、稳定表达.方法 设计引物引入Age I酶切位点,使用PCR方法从质粒pcDNA3.1-PAX2中扩增小鼠PAX2基因的编码区序列,对所扩增出的目的片段回收纯化.用In-Fusion技术将Age Ⅰ内切酶消化后目的片段交换连接入Age Ⅰ酶切的pGC-FU载体,构建PAX2慢病毒表达载体pGC-FU-PAX2.酶切验证并测序正确后,将质粒pGC-FU-PAX2与慢病毒辅助包装载体共转染293T细胞,Western-blot验证PAX2在转染293T细胞中表达.结果 通过PCR扩增获得了PAX2基因,将PAX2克隆到慢病毒转移质粒pGC-FU中,并在293T细胞中包装产生慢病毒颗粒.结论 成功构建了PAX2慢病毒表达载体,为进一步从分子水平探讨PAX2功能奠定了基础.     

慢病毒介导的稳定过表达人谷氨酰半胱氨酸连接酶催化亚基基因的WRL68细胞株构建

目的利用慢病毒载体构建稳定过表达人谷氨酰半胱氨酸连接酶催化亚基(GCLC)的WRL68细胞株。方法采用PCR方法合成GCLC基因全长,经Not I、Nsi I酶切后克隆到慢病毒载体LV6上;采用PCR、酶切、测序鉴定重组质粒LV6-GCLC;将重组质粒转染293T细胞,收集培养上清并感染WRL68细胞,经嘌呤霉素筛选出稳定过表达细胞株。采用增强型绿色荧光蛋白检测转染情况,采用Real-time PCR及Western blotting鉴定所构建的细胞株;MTT法检测细胞活性;采用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测细胞谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量。结果 PCR、酶切及测序结果表明重组慢病毒载体构建成功;重组慢病毒转染293T细胞后可观察到荧光及蛋白表达,包装过表达慢病毒并检测其浓缩滴度为1.0×109 TU/ml;用1μg/ml嘌呤霉素成功筛选出稳定过表达细胞株;GCLC过表达组中GCLC的m RNA和蛋白的表达量高于空载体转染组及对照组(P0.05);GCLC过表达组、空载体转染组及对照组的细胞活性间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);GCLC过表达组GSH含量明显高于空载体转染组及对照组(P0.05)。结论成功构建了稳定过表达人GCLC的WRL68细胞株。     

小鼠Tox3基因重组慢病毒载体的构建及其在卵巢颗粒细胞中的表达

目的：构建重组慢病毒载体pCDH-Tox3-Flag,并检测其转染小鼠原代卵泡颗粒细胞后的表达情况。方法：利用DNA重组技术将小鼠Tox3基因克隆入慢病毒表达载体pCDH-MCS-T2A-copGFP-MSCV中,通过酶切、测序验证后,将重组慢病毒载体pCDH-Tox3-Flag、包装质粒psPAX2和包膜质粒pMD2.G共转染HEK293FT细胞,包装重组慢病毒LV-Tox3-Flag,并感染小鼠原代颗粒细胞,用反转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测Tox3 mRNA的转录水平,蛋白质印迹（Western blot）法检测TOX3-Flag蛋白的表达情况。结果：经酶切及测序结果证实,构建了重组慢病毒载体LV-Tox3;RT-PCR及Western blot 结果显示慢病毒感染小鼠原代颗粒细胞后,Tox3基因能在细胞内正确转录、翻译并稳定表达TOX3蛋白。结论：成功建立Tox3基因慢病毒表达载体LV-Tox3-Flag,包装的慢病毒能够成功感染小鼠原代颗粒细胞,并使Tox3基因得到稳定表达,为后续研究Tox3基因在生殖相关疾病的生理与病理作用奠定了基础。     

小鼠miR-29c过表达慢病毒载体的构建与鉴定

目的构建小鼠miR-29c过表达重组慢病毒载体,并对表达产物进行鉴定。方法应用PCR法从小鼠MLE-12细胞中提取pre-miR-29c基因,测序后将其克隆到pLenti-CMV-EGFP慢病毒载体,通过PCR筛选及测序对阳性克隆进行鉴定。将miR-29c过表达慢病毒载体转染至293T细胞,进行慢病毒的包装和滴度测定。以RT-PCR检测慢病毒转染MLE-12细胞中miR-29c的表达量。结果构建miR-29c慢病毒表达载体Lv-miR-29c经PCR和测序鉴定正确,并获得滴度为5.65×108 IU/ml的病毒浓缩液,转染MLE-12细胞后miR-29c基因成功过表达。结论成功构建miR-29c过表达慢病毒载体,为进一步研究miR-29c的功能奠定实验基础。     

靶向人ERG基因的siRNA重组慢病毒表达载体的构建

目的构建靶向人ERG基因的siRNA重组慢病毒表达载体。方法针对人ERG基因的mRAN序列,设计特异性干扰序列,两端引入酶切位点,人工合成OligoDNA,退火后与双酶切的pLVX-shRNA2慢病毒载体质粒连接,构建慢病毒载体质粒pLVX-shRNA2-ERGsiRNA,通过测序鉴定连接正确后,以293T细胞包装得到荷载ERGsiRNA基因的慢病毒;根据293T细胞表达绿色荧光蛋白水平计算病毒滴度;病毒感染前列腺癌VCaP细胞株,通过实时荧光定量PCR检测ERGmRNA的表达。结果测序结果表明,靶向人ERG基因的siRNA慢病毒表达载体构建成功,包装后的慢病毒滴度为1.1×108TU/ml。感染VCaP细胞后,实验组和对照组相比ERGmRNA的表达水平显著降低,siRNA对ERG表达的干扰效率为87.46%。结论成功构建靶向人ERG基因的siRNA慢病毒表达载体。     

卡氏肺孢子虫MSG抗原基因片段真核表达质粒构建与表达

[目的]构建大鼠源卡氏肺孢子虫MSG抗原基因片段真核表达质粒,进行表达。[方法]以卡氏肺孢子虫DNA为模板,应用PCR扩增MSG基因片段,连接至pGEM-T Easy载体,再克隆至PCDNA3.1( )载体。构建的重组表达质粒经酶切、PCR鉴定后转染至COS-7细胞,并进行大量增殖。RT-PCR验证转染基因的表达。[结果]重组表达质粒PCDNA3.1( )/MSG经酶切及PCR鉴定结果表明构建成功。RT-PCR结果显示MSG基因片段成功转染至COS-7细胞,并在其中进行基因表达。[结论]成功构建了PCDNA3.1( )/MSG重组质粒,并在COS-7细胞中表达,为进一步进行核酸疫苗的研究打下基础。     

慢病毒介导β-珠蛋白基因添加在β-地中海贫血基因治疗中的应用

目的:构建全长人β-珠蛋白基因慢病毒载体,稳定转染K562细胞使得β-珠蛋白高效表达,为β-珠蛋白基因添加治疗奠定基础。方法:采用PCR扩增人正常β-珠蛋白基因,加上Sph I和Not I两个酶切位点进行T载体克隆,获得重组质粒p UC57-β-globin。用限制性内切酶连接目的基因片段和慢病毒载体,筛选获得慢病毒表达载体LV-β-globin,测序。将慢病毒载体转染293T细胞,包装病毒。用LV-β-globin感染K562细胞。采用流式细胞仪检测荧光效率,运用实时PCR及Western Blotting检测K562细胞中β-珠蛋白mRNA及蛋白表达情况。结果:通过PCR获得长度为2 128 bp的目的基因。连接p UC57载体和慢病毒表达载体,慢病毒表达载体LV-β-globin构建成功,序列正确。LV-β-globin转染K562细胞72 h后,显示大量绿色荧光表达,荧光效率为94.8%。β-珠蛋白mRNA 2-ΔΔCt值为4.080±0.078,高于对照组;β-珠蛋白灰度值为1.063±0.082,高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:成功构建并包装含人β-珠蛋白基因的慢病毒载体并高效稳定表达。     

甲型流感病毒H1N1亚型NS1蛋白真核表达载体的构建与表达

[目的]构建甲型流感病毒H1N1亚型NS1蛋白真核表达载体,并在293T细胞中表达.[方法]采用RT-PCR技术,从甲型流感病毒H1N1毒株提取的病毒总RNA中,扩增NS1全长基因,将其克隆至pMD18-T Vector中构建pMD18-T-NS1质粒,双酶切pMD18-T-NS1与PXJ40-HA后,构建真核表达载体PXJ40-HA-NS1,经酶切及测序鉴定后将质粒转染到293T细胞中,通过免疫印迹法鉴定NS1蛋白的表达.[结果]酶切、测序证明重组真核表达载体PXJ40-HA-NS1构建成功,免疫印迹法可见NS1基因编码蛋白表达.[结论]成功构建甲型流感病毒H1N1亚型NS1蛋白真核表达载体PXJ40-HA-NS1,并在293T细胞中传染表达,该表达载体的构建为后期建立稳定表达NS1蛋白的细胞模型和NS1蛋白功能研究提供了材料.     

慢病毒介导长链非编码RNA LOC100132354过表达载体的构建及鉴定

目的探讨慢病毒介导LOC100132354过表达载体的构建及鉴定。方法化学合成LOC100132354全基因序列,与GV303载体进行连接反应获得重组质粒;进一步制备感受态细胞,并行转化实验,PCR鉴定进行转化子,对阳性转化子进行测序;构建好的LOC100132354过表达载体转染至293T细胞包装病毒,采用荧光显微镜观察荧光情况,用q PCR检测LOC100132354的表达情况。结果酶切结果与预期一致,阳性转化子克隆测序结果与LOC100132354的RNA序列完全一致,293T细胞转染后荧光表达结果较强,q PCR结果显示293T细胞转染过表达载体后LOC100132354表达水平为对照组的555 427.148倍,差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。结论成功构建了慢病毒介导LOC100132354过表达载体,为后续进一步研究提供了基础。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.