双水平正压通气和经鼻持续气道正压通气在早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征撤机后应用的比较

目的探讨重度新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（RDS）早产儿撤机后使用双水平正压通气（DuoPAP）和持续气道正压通气（NCPAP）模式相比,是否可以降低撤机失败率。方法选择2012年1—12月入住本院早产儿重症监护病房、胎龄29—34周、需要有创呼吸、并且在生后4周内撤机的重度RDS早产儿,撤机后随机分为DuoPAP组和NCPAP组,若应用这两种方式不能维持则再次气管插管呼吸机辅助呼吸。主要观察指标为撤机失败率、失败原因以及使用无创呼吸支持后1、12、24、48、72h二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、氧分压（PaO2）和氧合指数（OI）。结果共入选69例RDS早产儿,DuoPAP组35例,NCPAP组34例。DuoPAP组与NCPA组比较,撤机失败率降低（11．4％比35．3％）;12、24hOI升高[12h：（228．1±44．4）比（204．2±44．6）,24h：（254．6±39．5）比（230．4±44．4）],PaCO2（mmHg）降低[12h：（35．1±8．3）比（40．5士8．9）,24h：（36．8±8．4）比（42．1±8．8）];12hPaO2（mmHg）升高[（89．0±12．5）比（74．5±13．8）],P均〈0．05。两组总用氧时间、有创呼吸支持时间、气胸、坏死性小肠结肠炎和重度脑室内出血发生率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论与使用NCPAP相比,撤机后使用DuoPAP可明显降低重度RDS患儿撤机失败率,值得推广。     

湿化高流量鼻导管通气在早产儿机械通气撤机中的应用研究

目的探讨湿化高流量鼻导管通气（HHFNC）的应用效果和安全性。方法选择2012年1-12月本院新生儿重症监护中心收治的胎龄〈34周且出生体重〈1500 g的Ⅲ-Ⅳ级呼吸窘迫综合征（RDS）患儿,患儿撤机后随机分为HHFNC组和经鼻持续气道正压通气（NCPAP）组,比较两组患儿的鼻部损伤发生率、重新气管插管率、气漏及支气管肺发育不良发生率、病死率以及撤机时间、住院时间、呼吸机治疗费用等。结果和NCPAP组相比,HHFNC组鼻损伤较少[1/28（3.6%）比8/31（25.8%）,P〈0.05],呼吸机治疗费用也较低[（5.8±1.9）千元比（8.6±1.8）千元,P〈0.01]。两组患儿的病死率、重新插管率、应用NCPAP/HHFNC后1 h的PaO2和PCO2值、撤机时间、机械通气时间、住院时间以及气漏、支气管肺发育不良、坏死性小肠结肠炎、严重脑室内出血、早产儿视网膜病发生率等差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 HHFNC是一种容易被接受且效果良好的早产儿呼吸支持方式,其潜在优势包括简便、容易耐受、较少鼻部损伤、成本更低,更便于推广。     

Predictors of successful extubation of preterm low-birth-weight infants with respiratory distress syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to measure pulmonary mechanics in infants with respiratory distress syndrome before extubation and to correlate pulmonary function values with successful extubation. DESIGN: Clinical study. SETTING: Neonatal intensive care unit. PATIENTS: Fifty-one infants (birth weight, 1158.6 +/- 150.6 g; gestational age, 29.1 +/- 2.0 wks). INTERVENTIONS: Ventilation and daily ventilatory management. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of the 51 infants studied, 35 (60.8%) were successfully extubated, whereas 16 (39.2%) required reintubation and mechanical ventilation within 72 hrs after extubation. All patients met the clinical and biochemical criteria for extubation. Variables of artificial ventilation before extubation were minimal in all the studied cases (Fio(2) 6 mL/kg, minute ventilation of >309 mL/kg/min, work of breathing of <0.172 J/L, dynamic compliance of >/=1 mL/cm H(2)O/kg, and resistance of airways of 相似文献   

Heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula versus low-flow nasal cannula as weaning mode from nasal CPAP in infants ≤28 weeks of gestation

Despite the paucity of evidence, the practice of weaning nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) is widespread. However, the most clinically effective non-invasive ventilatory support strategy remains to be determined. We compared the outcome of very premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome treated with a combination of NCPAP and heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula (HHFNC) versus NCPAP and low-flow nasal cannula (LFNC). Between 2004 and 2008, patients ≤28 weeks of gestation and <1,250 g of birth weight were treated with NCPAP + HHFNC or NCPAP + LFNC. Their respiratory and non-respiratory outcome including cost-effectiveness was compared after matching for antenatal steroid doses, mode of delivery, birth plurality, gestational age, birth weight, gender, surfactant doses, length of mechanical ventilation and clinical risk index for babies-II (CRIB-II) score. Thirty-nine infants received HHFNC + NCPAP, and 40 received NCPAP + LFNC. Median gestational age and birth weight were 27 weeks and 930 g and 27 weeks and 980 g, respectively. The total number of NCPAP days was significantly reduced by 50 % in the HHFNC group. Thirteen percent of the patients on NCPAP suffered from nasal bridge lesions compared to none on HHFNC. Respiratory and non-respiratory outcome was not significantly different otherwise. Combination of NCPAP and HHFNC reduced costs by 33 %. Conclusions: HHFNC shortens NCPAP time without increasing overall length of non-invasive respiratory support in very preterm infants. Unlike NCPAP, HHFNC does not seem to increase the risk of nasal trauma and appears to improve cost-effectiveness whilst producing otherwise equal respiratory and non-respiratory outcomes.     

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure facilitates extubation of very low birth weight neonates

A prospective randomized trial was performed in 58 neonates comparing nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) vs oxyhood following extubation of neonates weighing less than 1 kg. All neonates had been ventilated for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome for at least 24 hours and weighed less than 1 kg at the time of extubation. Clinical criteria for elective extubation included improving pulmonary status, fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) less than or equal to 0.35, mean airway pressure less than or equal to 7 cm H2O, ventilator rate less than or equal to 20 breaths per minute, and weight at least 80% of birth weight. Informed consent was obtained and neonates were randomized to NCPAP or oxyhood following extubation. Success was defined as remaining free of additional ventilatory support for at least 5 days. Failure criteria included FIO2 greater than or equal to 0.60 to maintain pulse oximetry greater than or equal to 93%, PaCO2 greater than or equal to 60 mm Hg, pH less than or equal to 7.23, or moderate to severe apnea. Results demonstrate that 22 (76%) of 29 neonates were successfully extubated to NCPAP while only 6 (21%) of 29 were successfully extubated to oxyhood (P less than .0001). There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups. Of the 23 neonates who failed oxyhood, 21 were then given a trial of NCPAP and 58% (12/21) remained extubated. Data indicate that using selected clinical criteria for elective extubation of neonates weighing less than 1 kg, NCPAP facilitates successful extubation.     

两种辅助通气方式治疗极低出生体重儿呼吸窘迫综合征临床疗效分析

目的 比较加温湿化经鼻导管高流量通气(HHHFNC)和鼻塞式持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)应用于极低出生体重儿呼吸窘迫综合征的临床疗效。方法 选择呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)的极低出生体重患儿66例,接受猪肺表面活性物质及相关常规治疗后随机分为HHHFNC组和NCPAP组,观察两组患儿临床症状改善情况及其各种并发症的发生率。结果 与NCPAP组相比,HHHFN组患儿开奶时间及达到全肠道喂养时间明显提前,氧暴露时间和有创通气时间降低,7 d内重新插管、鼻部损伤、气漏、腹胀的发生率降低。结论 与NCPAP组相比,HHHFNC有相关损伤更小、耐受性更好的特点,是可以首选的一种治疗极低出生体重儿RDS的无创通气模式。     

Randomised,controlled trial of nasal continuous positive airway pressure in the extubation of infants weighing 600 to 1250 g

AIM—To determine whether extubation to nasal continuous airway pressure (NCPAP) results in a greater proportion of infants remaining free of additional ventilatory support for one week after extubation compared with those extubated directly to headbox oxygen.METHODS—A randomised, controlled, clinical trial was conducted at the neonatal intensive care unit of the Royal Women''s Hospital, Melbourne, of infants with birthweights between 600 and 1250 g, ventilated via an endotracheal tube for more than 12 hours, requiring less than 50% oxygen, a ventilator rate ? 20/minute, considered by the clinical management team to be ready for extubation. Infants were randomly allocated either to NCPAP or to oxygen administered via a headbox. Success was defined by no requirement for additional ventilatory support over the week following extubation. Failure criteria were (i) apnoea; (ii) absolute increase in oxygen requirement greater than 15% above that required before extubation; or (iii) respiratory acidosis (pH<7.25 with pCO₂ >6.67 kPa).RESULTS—Thirty one of 47 (66%) infants were successfully extubated to NCPAP compared with 18 of 45 (40%) for headbox oxygen. The increase in failure rate in the headbox group was due primarily to increased oxygen requirements in this group. Of the 27 who failed headbox oxygen, 26 were given a trial of NCPAP and 13 did not require endotracheal reintubation. There was no significant difference between the groups in the total number of days of assisted ventilation or the duration of inpatient stay.CONCLUSIONS—NCPAP applied prophylactically after endotracheal extubation reduces the incidence of adverse clinical events that lead to failure of extubation in the seven days after extubation. This reduction is clinically important. The benefits of NCPAP do not seem to be associated with an increased incidence of unwanted side effects.     

The Danish national study in infants with extremely low gestational age and birthweight (the ETFOL study): respiratory morbidity and outcome

AIM: To describe and analyse neonatal care, short and long-term morbidity with special reference to ventilatory support and chronic lung disease (CLD) in a population-based study. METHODS: During 1994 and 1995 a prospective, nation-wide, multicentre study was conducted, comprising 477 liveborn infants with gestational age (GA) < 28 wk and/or birthweight < 1000 g. Of these, 407 infants received active treatment. The ventilatory treatment was based on the principle of permissive hypercapnia and early nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) supplemented with surfactant and ventilator therapy in case of CPAP failure. RESULTS: Among actively treated infants 85% received CPAP and 23% mechanical ventilation from the first day of life. A total of 269 infants (56%) survived to discharge. Of these, 195 had a GA < 28 wk. One-hundred and five survivors with GA < 28 wk survived with NCPAP as sole respiratory support. In surviving infants, periventricular leucomalacia/intraventricular haemorrhage grade 3-4 was found in 10%, retinopathy of prematurity grade > 2 in 4%, and oxygen requirement at 36 and 40 wk of postmenstrual age (CLD) in 16 and 5%, respectively. Three infants either died of CLD (n = 1) or required oxygen therapy beyond 43 wk of postmenstrual age. Logistic regression analysis showed significant associations between oxygen requirement at 40 wk and GA, septicaemia, mechanical ventilation, symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus and Clinical Risk Index for Babies score. Only the two last-mentioned factors proved significant in infants with GA < 28 wk. No infant died after discharge and 253 (94%) were followed up at 2 y of corrected age; one or more moderate to severe impairments were found in 66 (26%) of the examined children. CONCLUSION: Ventilatory treatment in extremely premature and extremely low-birthweight infants based on early NCPAP and permissive hypercapnia may result in comparable survival rates and sensorineural outcome; however, the incidence of CLD seems lower than that reported on conventional treatment.     

Non-invasive respiratory support of preterm neonates with respiratory distress: continuous positive airway pressure and nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation

Non-invasive techniques of respiratory support were developed in order to reduce the adverse effects associated with ventilation via an endotracheal tube. Short bi-nasal prongs provide the most effective nasal interface for delivery of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP). Devices used to generate CPAP include conventional ventilators, the 'bubbly bottle' system and the infant flow driver. NCPAP improves the rate of successful extubation. It is useful for preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome, reducing time spent on an endotracheal tube and oxygen requirement at 28d. However, nCPAP is associated with an increased rate of pneumothorax. Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is useful for augmenting the effectiveness of nCPAP. It further improves rates of successful extubation and shows promise as an initial method of respiratory support. Further research is required to determine the optimal settings for both nCPAP and NIPPV.     

经鼻间歇正压通气辅助呼吸治疗早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征

目的 探讨经鼻间歇正压通气(NIPPy)治疗早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)的疗效及安全性.方法 将2010年1-12月本院收治的胎龄小于34周RDS早产儿30例设为NIPPV组,并将2009年3月-2010年11月随机抽取的胎龄小于34周RDS早产儿30例作为经鼻持续正压通气(NCPAP)组,2组患儿胎龄、出生体质量比较差异均无统计学意义.诊断RDSⅢ～Ⅳ级,无严重并发症,均接受肺表面活性物质治疗.结果 NIPPV组辅助通气时间较NCPAP组明显缩短(P＜0.05).机械通气率NIPPV组明显低于NCPAP组,且病死率及肺气漏无增加.2h时,2组呼吸机工作参数比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05),12h、24h和36h时比较差异均有统计学意义(Pa＜0.05),12h、24h和36h时吸氧体积分数比较差异均有统计学意义(Pa＜0.05).呼气末正压12h、24h和36h时比较差异均有统计学意义(Pa＜0.05).2组2h时pH比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05),而12h、24h和36h时pH的差异均有统计学意义.12h时动脉血氧分压比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05),而24h和36h均有统计学差异(Pa＜0.05).NIPPV组极低体质量儿及超极低出生体质量儿12例,NCPAP组10例,均未发生支气管肺发育不全.结论 与NCPAP比较,NIPPV治疗RDS有较好疗效,且可减少RDS患儿的气管再插管和机械通气.     

Comparing the effects of nasal synchronized intermittent positive pressure ventilation (nSIPPV) and nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) after extubation in very low birth weight infants

In this study we hypothesized that nasal synchronized intermittent positive pressure ventilation (nSIPPV) would provide more ventilatory support than nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) in the immediate post-extubation period in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the effects of these two ventilatory techniques on ventilation, gas exchange, and patient inspiratory effort in 11 preterm infants immediately after extubation. All neonates studied (BW: 1141+/-(SEM) 53 g; GA: 28.1+/-(SEM) 0.5 wks) had received mechanical ventilation because of respiratory distress at birth and were extubated by day 14 of life. Nasal SIPPV and nCPAP were applied in random order to each infant after extubation so that each was his/her own control. Both nCPAP and nSIPPV were delivered at end-expiratory pressures (PEEP) of 3 cm H2O. Inspiratory times (Ti) and peak inspiratory pressures set during nSIPPV were the same as those used at the time of extubation. Recordings lasted 45 min in each mode of ventilation. Tidal volume (Vt), minute volume (Ve), respiratory rate (RR), airway pressure (Paw), transcutaneous PO2 (TcPO2) and PCO2 (TcPCO2) as well as phasic esophageal pressure deflections (Pe), as an estimate of inspiratory effort, were measured. The measurements obtained during both modes of ventilation indicated significant differences between the two techniques. Indeed, application of nSIPPV was associated with a statistically significant increase in Vt and Ve. In addition, Pe decreased by 30% during nSIPPV (P<0.01). TcPCO2 was statistically significantly lower during nSIPPV than nCPAP, and RR as well. These data therefore suggest that nSIPPV may provide more ventilatory support than nCPAP in the post-extubation period with less patient inspiratory effort.     

Randomized, controlled, blinded trial of doxapram for extubation of the very low birthweight infant

The objective of the study was to determine whether administering doxapram by infusion to the very low birthweight infant, prior to extubation during the first 3 weeks of life, would increase the incidence of successful extubation. The study patients, 56 infants of less than 1251 g birthweight and less than 30 weeks' gestation, were entered in the first 3 weeks of life when lung disease had started to improve. A randomized blinded trial was performed, with infants receiving 3.5 mg kg⁻¹ doxapram bolus, followed by an infusion at 1 mg kg⁻¹ h⁻¹, or placebo. Weaning from positive pressure ventilation was standardized and extubation occurred after a 12 h trial of an intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) rate of 6 breaths min⁻¹, if PCO₂ < 55 mmHg, pH > 7.26, and FiO₂ < 0.45. Study drug was continued for 48 h postextubation, and the infants were placed on nasopharyngeal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for 72 h postextubation. Extubation failure within the first 72 h after extubation was objectively defined in terms of acidosis (pH < 7.26), hypercarbia (PCO₂ > 55 mmHg), excessive oxygen requirement (FiO₂ > 0.8) or frequent apnoea (more than three in 12 h, or more than two requiring face mask IMV in 24 h). No difference was noted in the frequency of successful extubation between the groups. Fifteen infants in each group were successfully extubated before the 10th day of the study. In conclusion, when given in accordance with this protocol doxapram does not increase the likelihood of successful extubation in the very low birthweight infant. Increasing successful extubations in this group of infants will require other strategies.     

Elective use of nasal continuous positive airways pressure following extubation of preterm infants

The aim of this study was to determine whether elective use of nasal continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) following extubation of preterm infants was well tolerated and improved short- and long-term outcomes. A randomized comparison of nasal CPAP to headbox oxygen was undertaken and a meta-analysis performed including similar randomized trials involving premature infants less than 28 days of age. A total of 150 infants (median gestational age 30 weeks, range 24–34 weeks) were randomized in two centres. Fifteen nasal CPAP infants and 25 headbox infants required increased respiratory support post-extubation and 15 nasal CPAP infants and nine headbox infants required re-intubation (non significant). Eight infants became intolerant of CPAP and were changed to headbox oxygen within 48 h of extubation; 19 headbox infants developed apnoeas and respiratory acidosis requiring rescue nasal CPAP, 3 ultimately were re-intubated. Seven other trials were identified, giving a total number of 569 infants. Overall, nasal CPAP significantly reduced the need for increased respiratory support (relative risk, 0.57, 95% CI 0.43–0.73), but not for re-intubation (relative risk 0.89, 95% CI 0.68–1.17). Nasal CPAP neither influenced significantly the intraventricular haemorrhage rate reported in four studies (relative risk 1.0, 95% CI 0.55, 1.82) nor that of oxygen dependency at 28 days reported in six studies (relative risk 1.0, 95% CI 0.8, 1.25). In two studies nasal CPAP had to be discontinued in 10% of infants either because of intolerance or hyperoxia. Conclusion Elective use of nasal continuous positive airways pressure post-extubation is not universally tolerated, but does reduce the need for additional support. Received: 12 August 1999 / Accepted: 15 December 1999     

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure versus nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation for preterm neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Aim: To determine whether nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is more effective in preterm infants than nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in reducing the rate of extubation failure following mechanical ventilation, and reducing the frequency of apnoea of prematurity and subsequent need for endotracheal intubation. Methods: Randomized trials of NIPPV versus NCPAP were sought and their data extracted and analysed independently by the authors using the methodology of the Cochrane Collaboration. The analysis used relative risk (RR), risk difference (RD) and number needed to treat (NNT) with 95% confidence intervals. Results: The three studies identified, comparing NIPPV with NCPAP in the postextubation period, all used synchronized NIPPV (SNIPPV), which was more effective than NCPAP in preventing failure of extubation [RR 0.21 (0.10, 0.45), RD 30.32 (30.45, 30.20), NNT 3 (2, 5)]. Two studies compared NIPPV versus NCPAP for the treatment of apnoea of prematurity. Although meta-analysis was not possible one trial showed a reduction in apnoea frequency with NIPPV and the other a trend favouring NIPPV. Conclusion: SNIPPV is an effective method of augmenting the beneficial effects of NCPAP in preterm infants in the postextubation period. Further research is required to delineate the role of NIPPV in the management of apnoea of prematurity.     

Early rescue administration of surfactant and nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants <32 weeks gestation

Objective  

This study reports our institutional experience on the outcome after prophylactic and early rescue endotracheal instillation of surfactant within 20 minutes of birth, followed by extubation and nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in preterm infants <32 weeks gestational age.     

经鼻间歇正压通气预防极低出生体重儿拔管失败的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的 评价应用经鼻间歇正压通气（nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation,nIPPV）与经鼻持续正压通气（nasal continuous positive airway pressure,nCPAP）预防极低出生体重儿呼吸衰竭拔管失败的疗效及预后.方法 选择2012年6月至2013年6月河北省儿童医院NICU达到撤机拔气管插管标准,需要继续无创呼吸支持的84例极低出生体重儿（出生体重700 ～1 500g,胎龄27～32周）作为研究对象.于拔气管插管后按随机数字表法将研究对象分为nIPPV组（40例）和nCPAP组（44例）,分别于拔管0、24、48、72 h进行血气分析,监测PaO2、PaCO2、FiO2以及PaO2/FiO2,统计无创辅助通气时间,氧暴露时间.计算拔管成功率（以nIPPV或nCPAP作为拔管后呼吸支持模式而不需再次气管插管的比例）,拔管后频发呼吸暂停、支气管肺发育不良、脑室内出血、脑室周围脑白质软化和早产儿视网膜病的发生率以及治愈率、放弃治疗率、病死率.结果 两组患儿的原发病构成比、性别、体重、胎龄、新生儿急性生理学评分及应用肺表面活性物质比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.无创辅助通气治疗48、72h时,nIPPV组PaO2、PaO2/FiO2高于nCPAP组[48h：PaO2：（63.2±3.6） mmHg vs （52.3±6.7）mmHg,PaO2/FiO2：（243.2±32.8）mmHg vs（187.6±34.0）mmHg; 72 h：PaO2：（66.4±5.8） mmHg vs （51.8±5.9） mmHg,PaO2/FiO2：（280.6±16.8）mmHg vs（245.2±40.5）mmHg;1 mmHg=0.133 kPa],PaCO2低于nCPAP组[48 h：（40.3 ±4.8）mmHg vs （49.2 ±6.6）mmHg,72 h：（42.2±5.6） mmHg vs（57.3±6.9） mmHg],差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.nIPPV组与nCPAP组患儿无创通气时间差异有统计学意义[（130.9 ±46.7） hvs （180.5 ±50.1） h,P＜0.05];氧暴露时间差异无统计学意义[（190.6±45.2）hvs （216.8 ±54.4）h,P＞0.05].nIPPV组与nCPAP组患儿拔管成功率比较差异有统计学意义[92.5％（37/40） vs 75.0％（33/44）,P＜0.05];频发呼吸暂停的发生率差异有统计学意义[15.0％ （6/40）vs34.1％ （15/44）,P＜0.05].nIPPV组患儿支气管肺发育不良发生率低于nCPAP组[2.5％ （1/40） vs15.9％ （7/44）],差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.脑室内出血、脑室周围脑白质软化、早产儿视网膜病变、晚发感染、坏死性小肠结肠炎、动脉导管未闭及动脉导管未闭手术的发生率相比差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.两组患儿病死率比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 niPPY能够更明显改善患儿肺部氧合功能,缩短无创辅助通气时间,提高机械通气拔管成功率,并可减少极低出生体重儿频发呼吸暂停及支气管肺发育不良发生率.     

Post-extubation prophylactic nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants: Systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether management with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in preterm infants having their endotracheal tube removed following a period of intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), leads to an increased proportion remaining free of additional ventilatory support, compared to extubation directly to headbox oxygen. METHODOLOGY: Search Strategy - Searches were made of the Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials, Medline, abstracts of conferences and symposia proceedings, expert informants, journal hand searching mainly in the English language and expert informant searches in the Japanese language. Selection criteria - All trials utilising random or quasi-random patient allocation, in which NCPAP (delivered by any method) was compared with headbox oxygen for postextubation care were included. Methodological quality was assessed independently by the two authors. Data collection and analysis - Data were extracted independently by the two authors. Meta-analysis using event rate ratios (ERRs) and event rate differences (ERDs) was performed using Revman 3.0 statistical software. Prespecified subgroup analysis to determine the impact of different levels of NCPAP and use of aminophylline were also performed using the same package. Similar analysis to investigate the effect of postnatal age on outcomes of interest was also undertaken. RESULTS: Nasal CPAP, when applied to preterm infants being extubated following IPPV, reduces the incidence of adverse clinical events (apnoea, respiratory acidosis and increased oxygen requirements) indicating the need for additional ventilatory support. This result is both statistically significant and clinically important; ERR, 0.62 (0.49, 0.79) and ERD, - 0.175 (- 0.256, - 0.095). A trend towards reduction in the incidence of oxygen dependency at 28 days of age is also seen in the group extubated to NCPAP; ERR, 0.86 (0.67, 1.10) and ERD, - 0.069 (- 0.177, 0.039). CONCLUSION: Nasal CPAP is effective in preventing failure of extubation in preterm infants following a period of endotracheal intubation and IPPV. Further definition of the patient gestational age and weight groups to whom these results apply is required. Optimal levels of NCPAP as well as methods of administration remain to be determined.     

Early surfactant for neonates with mild to moderate respiratory distress syndrome: a multicenter, randomized trial

OBJECTIVE: We studied the efficacy and safety of electively providing surfactant to preterm infants with mild to moderate respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) not requiring mechanical ventilation. STUDY DESIGN: A 5-center, randomized clinical trial was performed on 132 infants with RDS, birth weight >or=1250 grams, gestational age or=40% for >or=1 hour, and no immediate need for intubation. Infants were randomly assigned to intubation, surfactant (Survanta, Ross Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio) administration, and expedited extubation (n=65) or expectant management (n=67) with subsequent intubation and surfactant treatment as clinically indicated. The primary outcome was duration of mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: Infants in the surfactant group had a median duration of mechanical ventilation of 2.2 hours compared with 0.0 hours for control infants, since only 29 of 67 control infants required mechanical ventilation (P=.001). Surfactant-treated infants were less likely to require subsequent mechanical ventilation for worsening respiratory disease (26% vs 43%, relative risk=0.60; 95% CI, 0.37, 0.99). There were no differences in secondary outcomes (duration of nasal continuous positive airway pressure, oxygen therapy, hospital stay, or adverse outcomes). CONCLUSIONS: Routine elective intubation for administration of surfactant to preterm infants >or=1250 grams with mild to moderate RDS is not recommended.     

加温湿化高流量鼻导管通气在胎粪吸入综合征并肺动脉高压机械通气撤机中的应用研究

目的比较湿化高流量鼻导管通气(HHFNC)和经鼻持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)两种无创通气模式在胎粪吸入综合征(MAS)并持续肺动脉高压(PPHN)患儿机械通气撤机中的应用,探讨HHFNC的临床价值。方法选取78例胎粪吸入综合征合并持续肺动脉高压的患儿,机械通气撤机后随机分为HHFNC组和NCPAP组,分别行HHFNC和NCPAP呼吸支持,比较两组无创通气后的血气、无创通气时间、撤机失败率及鼻部损伤、腹胀和脑室内出血(IVH)等并发症发生情况的差异。结果两组患儿的撤机失败率、应用NCPAP/HHFNC后1 h的PaO_2和PCO_2值、PaO_2/PaO_2、无创通气时间、达全肠道喂养时间、住院时间以及IVH发生率的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。HHFNC组鼻损伤发生率(5.0%)低于NCPAP组(31.6%),P0.05;腹胀发生率(7.5%)低于NCPAP组(34.2%),P0.05。结论NCPAP和HHFNC均可在新生儿MAS并PPHN经机械通气撤机后序贯使用,具有确定的效果;但HHFNC更易使患儿耐受,副作用较少、安全性较高。