不同复苏液体对"二次打击"致多器官功能障碍综合征的影响

目的:探讨不同复苏液体对"失血性休克 内毒素"二次打击致大鼠多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)的影响。方法:SD大鼠90只,随机分为正常对照组、乳酸林格液复苏组和高渗盐水复苏组3组,每组各30只。先采用通过颈动脉插管放血的方法复制大鼠失血性休克的动物模型,维持平均动脉压(MAP)在35~40mmHg1h后进行液体复苏,乳酸林格液复苏组用乳酸林格液复苏,高渗盐水复苏组用7.5%高渗盐水复苏。复苏成功后30min腹腔注入内毒素复制大鼠MODS模型,分别在注射内毒素后24h和36h取血和收集相关标本,观察各组大鼠主要器官功能指标、MODS发生率以及死亡率的变化。结果:乳酸林格液复苏组、高渗盐水复苏组2组氧分压(PaO2)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、尿素氮(BUN)和肌酸激酶(CK)等主要器官功能指标在24h和36h均高于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。同时高渗盐水复苏组PaO2、ALT、BUN和CK在24h和36h(除PaO2)高于乳酸林格液复苏组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。MODS发生率高渗盐水复苏组为20.8%,较乳酸林格液组(41.7%)明显降低(P<0.05)。高渗盐水复苏组大鼠48h内死亡率为14.2%,较乳酸林格液复苏组(28.6%)明显降低(P<0.05)。48~72h高渗盐水复苏组大鼠死亡率为21.4%,明显低于乳酸林格液复苏组(35.7%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:7.5%高渗盐水复苏失血性休克可明显减轻失血性休克复苏后大鼠再次予以内毒素打击时所引起的重要脏器功能损害,并且可明显降低MODS的发生率和死亡率。     

不同药物对非控制性出血性休克治疗效果的影响

目的 应用大鼠非控制性出血性休克模型,探讨精氨酸血管加压素(AVP)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、多巴胺(DA)以及盐酸山莨菪碱(654-2)输注后对大鼠复苏效果的影响.方法 通过断脾复制非控制性出血性大鼠休克模型,以乳酸林格液(LR)和羟乙基淀粉(HES)(体积比2∶1)进行复苏,维持血压在50 mm Hg1 h,再以含不同药物包括AVP(0.4 u/kg)、NE(0.3 μg/kg)、DA(0.4 mg/kg)和654-2(1 mg/kg)的2倍失血量LR进行治疗,观察其对非控制性出血性休克大鼠平均动脉压(MAP),左心室收缩压(LVSP),左心室压力上升或下降的最大速率(±dp/dtmax)的影响,同时观察存活时间、存活率的变化.结果 单纯LR可维持血压在80 mm Hg左右,输注NE和DA后,血压不能维持在80 mm Hg,AVP、654-2能较好的将血压维持在90 mm Hg水平.几种药物在输液末、输液1 h和输液2 h,LVSP都有不同程度的增加,以AVP和NE在输液末增加尤为显著,其次是654-2、DA和LR.输注AVP、654-2和DA后,±dp/dtmax显著高于LR组,NE其次,LR对照组最低.输注AVP后,大鼠存活时间最长,为(6.92±2.27)h,与LR组(3.9±2.1)h相比,明显升高(P<0.01),输注654-2[(5.28±3.33)h]后动物存活时间较其他组长[NE为(4.6±1.55)h,DA为(3.05±3.32)h].结论 不同药物对非控制性出血性休克大鼠复苏效果存在明显差异,以AVP效果最好.     

不同液体复苏对失血性休克大鼠对骨髓中髓系抑制细胞数量变化的影响

目的:探讨不同液体复苏失血性休克大鼠后,不同时间点骨髓中髓系抑制性细胞（MDSCs）的数量变化情况。方法:采用股动脉放血方法建立失血性休克大鼠模型,在液体复苏早期阶段釆用乳酸林格液（乳酸林格液组）、晶胶液（晶胶液组）、7.5%高渗氯化钠（高渗氯化钠组）3种不同液体复苏,其后进行自体血液回输复苏,复苏成功后12、24和48 h脊髓离断法处死大鼠,同时设假手术对照组。处死后,获取大鼠骨髓细胞悬液,采用流式细胞技术观察大鼠骨髓中MDSCs的数量随时间变化的情况。结果:乳酸林格液组大鼠平均动脉压高于晶胶液组（P<0.05）。与假手术对照组比较,各时间点的乳酸林格液组、晶胶液组及高渗氯化钠组大鼠骨髓中MDSCs所占的比例均明显降低（P<0.01）;高渗氯化钠组大鼠各时间点骨髓中MDSCs所占比例较乳酸林格液组和晶胶液组均明显降低（P<0.01）;乳酸林格液组和晶胶液组12 h和24 h骨髓中MDSCs含量差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）,而24 h晶胶液组低于乳酸林格液组（P<0.05）。结论:失血性休克早期液体复苏后,大鼠骨髓中MDSCs的数量随时间的延长先升高后降低,说明液体复苏可能适度抑制MDSCs的数量。与乳酸林格液、晶胶液相比,高渗盐溶液复苏失血性休克时,能够更有效抑制骨髓中MDSCs的数量,对失血性休克后的免疫调节作用较强。     

精氨酸血管加压素对非控制性出血性休克大鼠彻底止血后的复苏效果

目的 观察精氨酸血管加压素(arginine vasopressin,AVP)对非控制性出血性休克大鼠彻底止血后复苏效果.方法 采用大鼠脾实质切除及脾动脉切断方法复制非控制性出血性休克模型,在止血前采用低压复苏(50 mmHg,1 h)后结扎血管彻底止血,观察乳酸林格氏液(Lactated Ringer's,LR)、AVP(0.4 U/kg和0.04 U/kg)对大鼠血流动力学指标、血气指标、存活时间和存活率的影响.LR组在彻底止血后输注2倍失血量LR;AVP 0.1 U/kg组和0.4 U/kg组在2倍量的LR中分别加入AVP0.4 U/kg和0.04 U/kg输注.结果 非控制性出血性休克大鼠在休克后以及低压复苏后血流动力学指标包括左心室收缩压(left intraventricular systolic pressure,LVSP)、左心室压力上升或下降的最大速率(the maximal change rate of left intraventricular pressure,±dp/dtmax)明显低于休克前(P<0.05),血气也发生了明显改变;2倍失血量的LR输注不能较好地恢复平均动脉血压(mean artery pressure,MAP)和血流动力学指标,AVP 0.4 U/kg和0.04 U/kg输注,明显增加MAP和改善休克大鼠血流动力学指标,延长休克动物存活时间并提高存活率,与LR组相比明显升高(P<0.05).结论 AVP对非控制性出血性休克大鼠彻底止血后有较好的复苏效果.     

醋酸钠林格液对失血性休克大鼠心肌炎性介质及NF-κB、MAPK信号通路的影响

目的探讨醋酸钠林格液复苏创伤失血性休克大鼠对其心肌炎性介质及NF-κB、MAPK信号通路的影响。方法健康SD大鼠32只,随机分为失血性休克未复苏组（CR组）、0.9%氯化钠溶液复苏组（NR组）、乳酸钠林格液复苏组（LR组）和醋酸钠林格液复苏组（AR组）,各8只。各组大鼠制备休克模型（平均动脉压维持30 mmHg）,CR组不予复苏,NR组、LR组及AR组于休克后60 min应用相应液体进行复苏,复苏后观察4 h。取各组大鼠心肌组织,进行心肌组织形态学观察,并检测相关细胞因子及蛋白表达水平。结果AR组、LR组、NR组大鼠心肌组织TNF-α mRNA表达水平均明显低于CR组（P < 0.01）,AR组和LR组IL-10 mRNA均高于CR组（P < 0.01和P < 0.05）,AR组IL-4 mRNA均明显高于LR组、NR组和CR组（P < 0.01）。AR组、LR组、NR组大鼠p65（Ser536）磷酸化、p65（Lys310）乙酰化、JNK磷酸化蛋白相对表达量均低于CR组（P < 0.05~P < 0.01）,且AR组均低于NR组和LR组（P < 0.05~P < 0.01）;AR组、LR组、NR组MKP-1乙酰化蛋白相对表达量均高于CR组（P < 0.05~P < 0.01）,且AR组和LR组均明显高于CR组（P < 0.01）。结论醋酸钠林格液复苏失血性休克大鼠可能通过调控NF-κB和MAPK信号的表达保护心肌组织,在一定程度上减轻心肌组织炎症反应。     

醋酸钠林格液减轻创伤失血性休克大鼠肝炎性损伤的机制研究

目的 探讨醋酸钠林格液复苏创伤失血性休克大鼠对肝炎性损伤及其信号通路JNK(c-Jun N-terminal kinase)的影响.方法 选取32只SD大鼠,随机分成4组:休克未复苏组(n=8)、生理盐水组(n=8)、乳酸钠林格液组(n=8)和醋酸钠林格液组(n=8).四组大鼠分别制备成创伤失血性休克模型[平均动脉压维...     

早期微量泵控制输注去甲肾上腺素对失血性休克兔血流动力学和心肌功能的影响

目的:探讨失血性休克早期微量泵控制输注去甲肾上腺素,对家兔血流动力学、心肌和心功能的影响。方法:实验采用健康成年新西兰兔,随机分为失血性休克去甲肾上腺素治疗组(NE组,n=7)和失血性休克生理盐水治疗组(NS组,n=7);股动脉放血法制备失血性休克模型成功后,NE组立即给予10min去甲肾上腺素的微量泵泵入,速度为0.2-1mg/(kg·h),同时静脉输注与丢失血量等量的生理盐水;NS组立即给予10min生理盐水补液治疗,补液量为3倍的丢失血量,同样采取微量泵匀速补液。10min强化治疗结束,记录为0h。随后维持并记录0,0.5,1,2,4h各时间点血流动力学指标,并留取血清进行心肌酶学(CK和CKMB)和肌钙蛋白(cTnI)分析。结果:NE组较NS组心率明显提高;NS仅在治疗前期(0h和1h)改善平均动脉压(MAP),NE则可在各时间点持续有效改善MAP;NE在一定的使用时程内(0-2h)可改善失血性休克动物的左室平均压(LVAP);NE较NS可明显提升失血性休克的左心室收缩功能;NE较NS从0.5h起可明显改善左心室舒张功能;心肌酶学和TnI结果显示NE组与NS组整体存在明显差异:CK[(23.87±16.85)vs.(13.22±2.50)ng/ml,P<0.05],CKMB[(8.80±5.68)vs.(5.27±1.14)ng/ml,P<0.05]和cTnI[(109.09±37.81)vs.(84.87±10.73)pg/ml,P<0.05]。结论:早期微量泵控制给予去甲肾上腺素治疗失血性休克,有助于改善早期血流动力学和心功能指标,但可能增加失血性休克心肌的损伤。     

非控制失血性休克大鼠输液输血的研究

目的 观察非控制失血性休克大鼠输注不同血液成分的复苏效果.方法 SD大鼠24只,复制非控制失血性休克(失血45%)模型.用随机数字表法将大鼠分为3组,每组8只,Ⅰ组输注林格液+羟乙基淀粉(LR+HES),Ⅱ组输注LR+HES+自身全血,Ⅲ组输注LR+HES+自体红细胞.观察休克前、休克1 h、复苏2 h各时间点血常规、心率(HR)、血压、左心室收缩压(LVSP)、左心室压力上升和下降的最大变化速率(±dp/dtmax)和存活时间.结果 血常规指标各组休克1 h、复苏2 h与休克前比较均显著下降(P＜0.01),Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),各组复苏2 h与休克1 h比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);存活时间Ⅱ、Ⅲ组显著长于Ⅰ组(P＜0.01);HR、LVSP和±dp/dtmax 各组休克1 h、复苏2 h与休克前比较显著降低(P＜0.01),Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),各组复苏2 h与休克1 h比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 大鼠急性失血45%用晶体液和胶体液补充血容量,输注自身红细胞纠正贫血可以有效复苏,没有发生凝血异常表现.     

几种不同液体复苏失血性休克大鼠的适宜量研究

目的对几种不同液体复苏失血性休克大鼠适宜量进行探讨。方法SD大鼠分别做35%、45%放血失血性休克模型,以不同量的乳酸林格液(LR)、羟乙基淀粉(HES)、高渗氯化钠右旋糖酐(HSD)和LR HES进行复苏,观察其对失血性休克大鼠平均动脉血压(mean arterial blood pressure,MAP)、左心室收缩压(left intraventricular systolic pressure,LVSP)、左心室压力上升或下降的最大速率(the maximal change rate of left intraventricular pressure,±dp/dtmax)的影响,同时观察血气指标变化和存活率的变化。结果在35%失血性休克(中度休克)时,不同剂量的LR、HSD输注对休克大鼠血流动力学的影响无显著差异(P>0.05);30ml/kg HES输液后血流动力学指标明显优于20ml/kg HES(P<0.05);1倍失血量LR HES输注优于2倍和3倍失血量的LR HES(P<0.05)。在45%失血性休克(重度休克)时,3倍失血量LR输液后血流动力学指标明显比1倍和2倍失血量的LR效果好(P<0.05);6ml/kg的HSD输注后血流动力学效果比4、8ml/kg的HSD效果好(P<0.05)。同样,30ml/kg HES和2倍失血量的LR HES输液后改善血流动力学指标,血气指标和存活时间效果优于其他剂量组的HES和LR HES(P<0.05),除HSD各剂量组明显降低血pH值外,其他各液体对血气指标的影响均不大。结论LR除复苏重度休克以3倍失血量输注效果好外,其余液体以HES30ml/kg,HSD6ml/kg以及2倍失血量的LR HES复苏失血性休克效果较好,是较理想的失血性休克复苏容量。     

醋酸钠林格液复苏联合乳酸菌对创伤失血性休克大鼠肠黏膜屏障的保护作用

目的:探讨醋酸钠林格液复苏基础上应用乳酸菌对创伤失血性休克大鼠肠黏膜屏障的作用.方法:取30只SD大鼠数字法随机分为创伤失血性休克未复苏组(THS组,n=10),醋酸钠林格液复苏组(AR组,n=10),醋酸钠林格液联合乳酸菌复苏组(AL组,n=10),其中AL组大鼠建立休克模型前在正常喂养的基础上加服用乳酸菌素片1周(...     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.