Long-term results after laparoscopic transverse choledochotomy for common bile duct stones

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term results of laparoscopic transverse choledochotomy (TC) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).Methods Ductal stones were present in 344 of 3,212 patients (10.7%) who underwent LC. The procedure was completed laparoscopically in 329 cases (95.6%), with a TC in 138 cases (41.9%) (the subjects of this study), and with a transcystic duct approach in 191 cases (58.1%).Results Biliary drainage was used in 131 of 138 cases (94.9%). There were major complications in eight patients (5.7%), and one patient died (0.7%). Retained stones were seen in 11 cases (8%). None of the patients was lost to follow-up (mean, 72.3 months; range, 11–145). Ductal stones recurred in five patients (3.6%). No signs of bile stasis and no biliary strictures were observed. In all, 121 patients are alive with no biliary symptoms; 16 have died from unrelated causes.Conclusion Long-term follow-up after laparoscopic TC during LC proved its safety and efficacy.     

A stratified intraoperative surgical strategy is mandatory during laparoscopic common bile duct exploration for common bile duct stones

Background: Open exploration and endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) remain the preferred treatment of common bile duct stones (CBDS). The recent spread of laparoscopy has worsened the dilemna of choosing between surgical and endoscopic treatment of CBDS. The aim of this study was to critically evaluate the results of our preliminary experience with laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (CBDE) for CBDS. Methods: Ninety-two consecutive patients were prospectively submitted to laparoscopic CBDE. Surgical strategy included an initial transcystic approach or laparoscopic choledochotomy. Failure of stone clearance was managed by conversion to open CBDE or by postoperative ES. Electrohydraulic lithotripsy and papillary balloon dilatation were selectively used. Stone clearance was assessed by choledochoscopy and control cholangiography. Results: The overall laparoscopic stone clearance in this series was 84% (transcystic route 63% and choledochotomy 93%). Conversion to laparotomy was mandatory in 12% of the patients because of incomplete stone clearance and in 5% because of intraoperative complications. Postoperative ES was required in 4% of the patients, giving an overall surgical success rate of 96%. When indicated (small and limited number of stones located below the cysticocholedochal junction, with a dilated and patent cystic duct) the transcystic route had the lower success rate, the higher complication rate, and the shorter operative time and postoperative hospital stay. When indicated (accessible and dilated common bile duct over 7 mm), laparoscopic choledochotomy had the higher success rate, the lower complication rate, the longer operative time, and the longer postoperative hospital stay, which is related to associated external biliary drainage. The hospital mortality included two high-risk patients (2%) and the complications rate was 15%. Conclusions: Laparoscopic CBDE is safe in selected patients. A stratified intraoperative surgical strategy is mandatory in deciding between a transcystic route and choledochotomy with specific indications for each approach. When feasible, laparoscopic choledochotomy is more efficient and safe than the transcystic route, but it is associated with a longer postoperative hospital stay, which is due to external biliary drainage. Received: 7 May 1996/Accepted: 19 November 1996     

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration by choledochotomy

Background: Management of cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis usually requires two separate teams—the gastroenterologist/surgical endoscopist and the laparoscopic surgical team. This requires two separate procedures that potentially increase the overall morbidity and cost. Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration by choledochotomy (LCBDE-C) averts this problem with a single approach. Methods: In 1990–1991, unsuspected stones found at laparoscopy with intraoperative cholangiogram done routinely underwent postoperative ERCP. Residual stones had been found after ERCP in 16 of 22 preoperative ERCP patients and we began to seek an alternative technique. Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration by choledochotomy has achieved a high rate of success. Results: Technically successful LCBDE-C has been accomplished in 143 of 148 patients (96.6%). Retained bile duct stones have been found on postoperative cholangiogram in three patients (2.0%), all of which have been successfully removed by postoperative ERCP. Thus 140 or 148 patients had their bile duct successfully cleaned by the one-step technique alone (94.6%). Conclusions: We believe that most laparoscopic surgeons who have acquired the skills of intracorporeal suturing can be successful at laparoscopic common bile duct exploration by choledochotomy. The disadvantage of T-tube presence will likely be eliminated by future developments with intraoperative antegrade sphincterotomy-like procedures, but the ability to see both proximal and distal biliary tree with the choledochotomy in all cases seems to offer more than adequate results at this point in the evolution of the laparoscopic approach to calculus biliary tract disease. Received: 3 April 1997/Accepted: 18 September 1997     

胆总管探查后一期缝合的经验和认识

目的 探讨胆总管探查后一期缝合的经验和认识。方法对1990年1月至2004年6月因肝外胆管结石择期行胆总管探查后一期缝合的271例作一回顾性分析。所有病例不含肝内胆管结石，术中经胆道镜或胆道造影排除胆道残石并常规放置右肝下引流管。结果术后14例腹腔引流液含胆汁，均未特殊处理。术后平均住院8．73d。所有病例术后3个月内门诊B超复查，未发现胆道残石。216例（79．70%）获得远期随访，无一例发现肝外胆管狭窄。结论对经过严格选择的肝外胆管结石病例，胆总管探查后不应强调一律放置T管。术中精细操作和经术中胆道镜或胆道造影检查排除残石后，一期缝合可作为术式选择。     

腹腔镜胆道探查前瞻性非随机对照研究

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆道手术后不放置T管(胆道)引流的可行性。方法:对2005年2月至2005年11月我院治疗的行腹腔镜胆总管探查的25例患者进行了前瞻性非随机对照研究。分为两组,观察组未放置T管,共15例;对照组放置T管,共10例。结果:患者均恢复良好。随访1~5月,观察组未发现结石复发或其它并发症,对照组1例残余结石,1例胆道下端狭窄,均经保守治疗后痊愈出院。两组结石残留率、近期并发症发生率、住院费用等方面差异无显著性(P>0.05),而在手术时间、住院时间等方面差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:腹腔镜胆道探查是较成熟的治疗胆总管结石的方法,根据术前影像学检查及术中胆道镜检查结果,决定是否放置T管引流。     

A randomized comparison of primary closure and T-tube drainage of the common bile duct after laparoscopic choledochotomy

BACKGROUND: Traditionally, the common bile duct (CBD) has been closed with T-tube drainage after laparoscopic choledochotomy and removal of CBD stones. However, insertion of the T-tube is related to some potential postoperative complications, and patients must carry the T-tube for several weeks before its removal. Primary closure of the CBD without drainage has been proposed as a safe alternative to T-tube placement after laparoscopic choledochotomy. This randomized study aimed to compare the postoperative course and final outcome between the two methods applied after LCBDE. METHODS: Between January 2000 and January 2004, 80 patients treated with laparoscopic choledochotomy for CBD stones were randomly assigned to primary duct closure (n = 40) or T-tube drainage (n = 40). The primary end points were morbidity, operative time, postoperative stay, hospital expenses, and time until return to work. RESULTS: There were no differences in the demographic characteristics or clinical presentations between the two groups. In the primary closure group, the postoperative stay (5.2 +/- 2.2 vs 8.3 +/- 3.6 days) and the time until return to work (12.6 +/- 5.1 vs 20.4 +/- 13.2 days) were significantly shorter, the hospital expenses (8,638 +/- 2,946 vs 12,531 +/- 4,352 yuan) were significantly lower, and the incidences of postoperative complications (15% vs 27.5%) and biliary complications (10% vs 20%) were statistically and insignificantly lower than in the T-tube drainage group. In the primary closure group, six patients experienced postoperative complications, four of whom had biliary complications, compared, respectively, with 11 and 8 patients in the T-tube drainage group. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that primary CBC closure after laparoscopic choledochotomy was a viable alternative to mandatory T-tube drainage.     

腹腔镜胆总管探查取石一期缝合术的临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查取石一期缝合术的方法、适应证及并发症。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2010年1月78例行腹腔镜胆总管探查取石一期缝合术患者的临床资料。结果 78例患者均成功完成腹腔镜胆总管探查取石一期缝合术,术后无结石残留。7例患者发生胆瘘,均经术中常规放置的腹腔引流管引流治愈;术后胰腺炎2例,经保守治疗后痊愈。结论腹腔镜胆总管探查取石一期缝合术是安全可行的,但必须严格掌握适应证。     

胆总管探查后一期缝合的临床实践与研究

目的　探讨胆总管探查后一期缝合的合理性和可行性。　方法　对 1990年 1月～ 2 0 0 1年 6月间肝外胆管结石择期手术的病例、胆总管探查后一期缝合 2 15例与放置T管引流的 171例进行比较。　结果　一期缝合组和T管引流组术后分别有 9例和 5例腹腔引流液含胆汁 ,均未作特殊处理。一期缝合组术后平均输液 4 9d、平均输液量 9 1L、平均住院时间 10 0d ;与T管引流组的术后平均输液时间 7 3d、平均输液量 12 8L、平均住院时间 17 6d相比 ,差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 1)。同时T管引流组有 5例分别在术后 16、17、19、2 1、2 2d拔管后发生胆汁性腹膜炎 ,3例再手术。　结论　在经过严格选择的胆总管结石择期胆总管探查病例中 ,经术中胆道镜或胆道造影排除残石后 ,一期缝合可作为一种安全有效的术式。     

Primary closure after laparoscopic common bile duct exploration versus T-tube

Background

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) is now one of the main methods for treating choledocholithiasis accompanied with cholelithiasis. The objective of our study was to assess the safety and effectiveness of laparoscopic primary closure for the treatment of common bile duct (CBD) stones compared with T-tube drainage.

Methods

Patients who underwent CBD stones were studied prospectively from 2002–2012 in a single center. A total of 194 patients were randomly assigned to group A (LCBDE with primary closure) with 101 cases and group B (LCBDE with T-tube drainage) with 93 cases. Intraoperative cholangiography and choledochoscopy were performed in all patients. Patient demographics, intraoperative findings, postoperative stay, complications, and hospital expenses were recorded and analyzed.

Results

There was no mortality in the two groups. Four patients (3.96%) of group A were converted to open surgery, and three patients (3.23%) in group B. The mean operating time was much shorter in group A than in group B (102.6 ± 15.2 min versus 128.6 ± 20.4 min, P < 0.05). The length of postoperative hospital stay was longer in group B (4.9 ± 3.2 d) than in group A (3.2 ± 2.1 d). The hospital expenses were significantly lower in group A. Three patients experienced postoperative complications, which were related to the usage of the T-tube in group B. The incidences of overall postoperative complications were insignificantly lower in group A.

Conclusions

Laparoscopic primary closure of CBD is safe and effective for the management of CBD stones, and can be performed routinely as an alternative to T-tube drainage.     

腹腔镜经胆囊管胆总管探查术的临床应用

目的:总结腹腔镜经胆囊管胆总管探查取石术的临床应用经验,探讨手术方法、临床应用的优缺点。方法:应用腹腔镜经胆囊管胆总管探查取石术诊治49例胆道结石患者,回顾分析其临床资料。结果: 49例患者中, 47例获得成功, 1例胆道肿瘤及1例合并左肝管狭窄患者中转开腹,无死亡病例。结论:腹腔镜经胆囊管胆总管探查术是一种创伤小、康复快,安全,并发症少的外科手术方法。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查术的临床应用

目的 :评估腹腔镜胆道探查术Ⅰ期缝合 ,T形管引流的价值。方法 :应用腹腔镜胆总管探查术诊治 79例胆道结石患者。结果 :79例中 ,36例在术中经胆道造影确诊。 76例行胆总管探查取石术后 ,4 9例行胆道Ⅰ期缝合 ,2 7例用T形管引流。因腔镜下取石困难 1例 ,胆道肿瘤 2例 ,中转开腹。全组无手术死亡病例。结论 :胆管腹腔镜胆道探查 ,术中胆道造影、胆道Ⅰ期缝合、T形管引流安全有效     

三孔法腹腔镜胆总管探查术21例分析

目的:探讨三孔法腹腔镜胆总管探查与"T"管引流术在临床上的应用价值。方法:采用三孔法行21例手术,于腹腔镜下切开胆总管,纤维胆道镜探查胆总管,取石网篮取石后,置"T"管引流。术后45d拔"T"管,经"T"管窦道纤维胆道镜探查肝内外胆道情况。结果:手术均获成功,无中转开腹,手术时间(70±24)min,术后无胆漏。术后45d经"T"管窦道纤维胆道镜探查,发现胆总管残余结石2例,肝内胆管结石3例,均经胆道镜取出。结论:三孔法腹腔镜胆总管探查术操作安全、可靠,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

Comparison of laparoscopic choledochotomy closure techniques

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (CBDE) has traditionally been accompanied by T-tube drainage. However, other methods of choledochotomy closures have been reported. This study compared three laparoscopic methods of choledochotomy closure in a prospective, randomized fashion to determine which method should be the preferred technique. METHODS: In this porcine model, 24 animals initially underwent laparoscopic common bile duct (CBD) clipping to simulate an obstruction. Two days later, the animals underwent laparoscopic clip removal and simulated CBDE through a 1.5-cm choledochotomy. The animals were then randomized to one of three groups: primary choledochotomy closure (group I), antegrade CBD stenting with primary closure (group II), or T-tube placement (group III). To assess for CBD stenoses and leaks, the animals were killed 2 months postoperatively, at which time a cholangiogram was performed and the bile duct harvested. The ratio of proximal CBD to choledochotomy site was assessed radiographically and histologically. RESULTS: The operative time was significantly longer in group III (200 +/- 13 min, p < 0.05) than in group I (141 +/- 17 min) and group II (154 +/- 16 min). The ratio of the proximal CBD diameter to the choledochotomy site diameter by cholangiogram was 2.1:1.0 in group I, to 1.2:1.0 in group II, and 1.1:1.0 in group III (p < 0.01). The ratio of the proximal CBD intraluminal area to the choledochotomy site intraluminal area was 2.1:1.0 in group I compared to 1.1:1.0 in groups II and III (p < 0.01). None of the animals developed jaundice or sepsis. CONCLUSION: Significant stenoses were present at the choledochotomy site in the primary closure group, and T-tube placement resulted in prolonged operative times. We conclude that laparoscopic antegrade CBD stenting with primary closure of the choledochotomy site is the preferred technique after choledochotomy in an animal model. Further assessment in a clinical trial is warranted.     

腹腔镜胆总管探查术后不留置T管引流的临床研究

目的探讨免T管腹腔镜下胆总管探查的可行性及适应证。方法回顾性分析 175例试行腹腔镜胆总管探查的临床结果。结果 175例中成功施行腹腔镜下胆总管探查 16 9例 ,因结石嵌顿探查 (取石 )失败 6例 ,其中 2例中转开腹 ,另 4例行术中内镜下乳头括约肌切开术 (EST)并取石 ,1例EST失败后中转开腹。 16 9例腹腔镜下胆总管探查术后 10 4例不放置T管 ,平均住院时间 2 7d ,其中胆总管切开探查一期缝合 6 8例 ,平均手术时间 135min ,术后平均住院时间 3d ;经胆囊管胆总管探查 36例 ,平均手术时间 14 0min ,术后平均住院时间 2d。 16 9例腹腔镜下胆总管探查中胆总管切开探查T管引流 6 5例 ,平均手术时间 15 0min ,术后平均住院时间 4d ,T管平均拔管时间为术后 38d ,1例于术后拔T管后出现腹痛 ,经保守治疗后痊愈 ;残留结石 1例 ,术后经EST取净结石。术后无死亡病例 ,术后未发生出血或胆漏 ,4例术后 (无症状 )出现尿淀粉酶一过性升高 ,随访时间 1～ 10 3个月 ,平均 13个月 ,无胆管狭窄。结论在有选择的病例中 ,腹腔镜下胆总管探查术后可以不放置T管引流 ,从而缩短住院时间 ,避免放置T管所致的各种并发症。     

术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆总管探查中的应用价值

目的:探讨术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆总管探查中的应用价值。方法:回顾分析20例腹腔镜胆总管探查术中胆道造影的临床资料。结果:20例均获成功,其中腹腔镜胆总管探查T管引流术15例,一期缝合4例,胆总管受压纠正1例。治疗效果良好,全组无结石残留,胆漏1例、引流15d痊愈。结论:腹腔镜胆总管探查术中应用术中胆道造影术安全、可靠、避免了结石残留,具有临床推广价值。     

开腹胆道手术器械在腹腔镜胆总管探查术中的临床应用研究

目的:探讨开腹胆道手术器械在腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCDE)中的临床应用价值。方法:在13例胆管结石患者的LCDE手术中,应用胆道镜检查确定结石的部位、大小及数量,以开腹胆道手术器械进行胆道探查及取石。结果:13例LCDE手术以开腹胆道手术器械进行胆道探查、取石均获成功,无1例中转手术,无1例胆管残石发生。结论:应用开腹胆道手术器械进行腹腔镜胆道探查、取石具有技术要求低、操作方便、效果好及成本低等优点,值得推广。     

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目的总结运用腹腔镜胆总管探查即时缝合术的治疗经验。方法自1992年3月至2004年3月,对434例病人施行腹腔镜胆总管探查即时缝合术(胆管镜取石术,扩张术,细导管引流术,支架术)。结果412例手术获成功(95%),4例残石经内镜取石治愈,4例未取净,11例胆漏经腹腔引流管或内镜鼻胆管引流治愈,2例细导管脱落,1例胰头癌术后第15天死亡。其他并发症均经非手术疗法治愈。结论选择合适病例,腹腔镜胆总管探查即时缝合术是安全可行的。     

Laparoscopic management of common bile duct stones: transcystic approach and choledochotomy

The purpose of this study was to review our experience with laparoscopic common bile duct (CBD) exploration by the transcystic approach and choledochotomy. We selected the transcystic approach for patients whose CBD stones were less than five in number and smaller than 9 mm in diameter, and whose CBD was less than 15 mm in diameter on cholangiograms. Among 217 patients with CBD stones treated laparoscopically, the transcystic approach was performed successfully in 91 of 104 patients in whom it was attempted (87.5%). The other 126 patients underwent laparoscopic choledochotomy, followed by ductal closure with transcystic drainage in 59, T-tube drainage in 46, primary ductal closure in 19, and choledochoduodenostomy in 1. Choledochotomy was converted to open surgery in only 1 patient. The transcystic approach was associated with shorter hospital stay and less morbidity than choledochotomy. However, choledochotomy also had an acceptably low rate of complications. Bile leaks occurred more frequently in those with primary ductal closure than in those with transcystic drainage or T-tube drainage. Residual stones were found in 2 patients with the transcystic approach and in 10 with choledochotomy. The residual stones were removed through the T-tube tract by choledochoscopy in 7 of these 10 patients. From these results we conclude that laparoscopic management of CBD stones is feasible for almost all patients with CBD stones. It is considered to be safe and effective and has the advantage of being a single-stage procedure. Received: July 7, 2000 / Accepted: October 26, 2000     

经胆囊管腹腔镜胆道探查术治疗胆总管结石的临床研究

目的:比较分析腹腔镜下经胆囊管和经胆总管切开T管引流两种方法胆道镜取石治疗胆囊结石继发胆总管结石的疗效,以评价经胆囊管腹腔镜胆道探查术治疗胆总管结石的临床价值。方法:2001年3月至2003年3月按胆道探查途径不同将28例胆石症患者分为胆囊管组(n=8)和胆总管切开组(n=20)。患者经B超和术中胆道造影或加内窥镜逆行胆管造影(ERC)确诊。观察两组病例的术后肛门排气时间、腹腔引流时间、术后住院日、住院费用及手术并发症的发生情况,术后对患者进行全程跟踪随访。结果:胆总管切开组肛门排气时间、腹腔引流时间、术后住院日、住院费用明显长于或高于胆囊管组(P>0.05)。胆囊管组发生手术并发症1例(12.5%);胆总管切开组5例(25.0%),其中胆道并发症4例(20.0%),需要再次微创处理2例(10.0%),需再次手术治疗的严重并发症2例(10.0%);手术并发症发生率胆总管切开组明显高于胆囊管组(P<0.05)。随访两组患者均无胆管狭窄、急性胆管炎及急性胰腺炎发生和结石复发。结论:经胆囊管途径的腹腔镜胆道探查术充分体现了微创外科技术的优点,适于胆囊结石继发胆总管结石患者,其疗效优于胆总管切开T管引流途径的腹腔镜胆道探查术。     

经腹腔镜胆道镜胆总管探查及取石术的临床应用

目的评价腹腔镜下胆总管探查取石术的临床疗效。方法收集并分析我院近两年腹腔镜下胆管探查治疗的53例结石性胆囊炎并胆管结石或扩张病例的资料。结果经胆囊管探查胆管5例,直接切开胆管探查48例。术后18例发生胆瘘,无切口感染,39例一期缝合病人无胆管残余结石及胆管狭窄发生。结论根据病人的情况选择不同的手术入路,腹腔镜胆道探查术治疗结石性胆囊炎合并胆总管结石是安全可行的。