华支睾吸虫肝病的CT检查价值

目的：评估华支睾吸虫肝病的ＣＴ检查价值，方法：回顾性对比分析了３２例华支睾吸虫肝病与３６例肝外胆道阻塞所致肝内胆管改变的ＣＴ表现，结果；华支睾吸虫病所致肝内胆管改变特征是胆管扩张由周边小胆管向肝门区发展及Ⅲ级以下胆管扩张，特别是被膜下小胆管扩张（Ｐ〈０．０１），肝外胆管无扩张或以度扩张（Ｐ〈０．０１），肝内胆管扩张的形态在同部位其改变二者无显著性差异。结论：ＣＴ能清楚地显示华支睾吸虫肝病所致肝内管     

华支睾吸虫病的超声诊断研究

目的 :探讨华支睾吸虫病肝脏超声表现及诊断价值。材料和方法 :对 5只经实验感染华支睾吸虫的犬 ,进行实验病理及超声图观察。结果 :解剖见肝内胆管壁增厚 ,胆管阻塞扩张 ,肝边缘部毛细胆管扩张相对显著 ,严重感染时见肝内病变广泛 ,肝被膜下胆管高度扩张 ,胆管、胆囊及胰管内有大量虫体。超声肝内见散在分布的小点片状 ,小“ =”样强回声及内径不等的液性回声带。胆囊内可见点状、沉积物样无声影弱回声灶。结论 :超声对华支睾吸虫病诊断有应用价值。     

肝华支睾吸虫病多层螺旋CT 表现的研究

目的：探讨肝华支睾吸虫病的多层螺旋C T表现。方法对经临床证实的65例肝华支睾吸虫病的多层螺旋C T表现进行分析总结。结果65例肝华支睾吸虫病均有肝内胆管呈囊状及杵状扩张,其中38例肝华支睾吸虫病扩张胆管内可见点状软组织密度虫体影,占58％（38/65）,13例胆囊内见点片状沉积物样及团状虫体影,占20％（13/65）。合并胆管结石6例,占9．2％（6/65）。合并胆囊结石8例,占12．3％（8/65）。合并胆管炎8例,占12．3％（8/65）。合并胆囊炎5例,占7．6％（5/65）。合并肝脓肿3例,占4．6％（3/65）。65例胆总管均未见扩张。多平面重建可更仔细的观察肝胆管扩张情况。结论肝内胆管呈囊状及杵状扩张,而胆总管无扩张是肝华支睾吸虫病的特征性CT表现。扩张胆管内点状及胆囊内沉积物样或团状虫体影,是肝华支睾吸虫病的特异征象。多平面重组可更细致观察肝胆管扩张情况和细节,结合实验室检查,可以做出准确的诊断。     

肝华支睾吸虫病CT诊断

目的：分析肝华支睾吸虫病的ＣＴ表现。方法：搜集经粪便检查证实的肝华支睾吸早 ２８例,其中男２３例,女５例,ＣＴ平扫１８例,增强扫描１０例。结果：２８例的ＣＴ表现均见肝内胆管扩张,肝外胆管不扩张。结论：结果表明,肝华支睾吸虫病结合临床ＣＴ检查有助于诊断。     

肝移植术后不同类型胆道狭窄的多层CT诊断价值

目的 探讨肝移植术后不同类型胆道狭窄的多层CT表现及诊断价值.方法 以55例经皮胆道造影(PTC)或内镜逆行胆道造影(ERC)证实的移植术后胆道狭窄患者为对象,分析缺血型胆道狭窄(IBS)23例及非缺血型胆道狭窄(NIBS)32例患者的肝内、外胆道及肝动脉病变情况,根据二项分布样本总体概率的Z检验比较两组多层CT表现差异.结果多层CT检查中,54/55例(98.2%)胆道狭窄患者发现不同程度胆管扩张,1例弥漫性肝内胆管狭窄、无肝内外胆管扩张的IBS患者漏诊.IBS患者肝门区胆管狭窄(21例,91.3%)、肝内胆管不均匀扩张(16例,69.6%)发生率显著高于NIBS患者(分别为4例,12.5%和12例,37.5%)(单侧P值<0.01);胆总管吻合口狭窄(8例,34.8%)、肝外胆管扩张(8例,34.8%)、肝内胆管均匀扩张(6例,26.1%)发生率显著低于NIBS患者(分别为27例,84.4%、29例,90.6%和20例,62.5%)(单侧P值<0.01).CTA发现16/23例IBS及5/32例NIBS患者肝动脉狭窄,IBS患者肝动脉狭窄发生率高(单侧P<0.01).IBS组5例合并肝内胆汁瘤及2例合并胆源性肝脓肿患者全部出现重度以上肝动脉狭窄.2/3例胆漏患者合并IBS,CTA发现1例肝动脉血栓、1例极重度肝动脉狭窄.结论 IBS、NIBS在胆道狭窄部位、继发性胆管扩张鄣位和肝内胆管扩张多层CT上有不同的表现特征,肝门区胆管狭窄及肝内胆管不均匀扩张为IBS主要表现;CTA还能发现相关血管病变,为临床治疗提供参考.     

肝内外胆管癌的螺旋CT诊断

目的:探讨肝内外胆管癌的螺旋CT表现及鉴别诊断。方法:收集23例经手术、病理证实的肝内外胆管癌,回顾性分析其螺旋CT平扫及动态增强表现。结果:肝内胆管癌5例,CT平扫为边缘欠清的低密度病灶中可有高密度钙化影,增强扫描随时间延长病灶由边缘向中央逐步强化,最后病灶强化高于正常肝实质,病灶周围可见扩张的肝内胆管。肝门胆管癌6例,CT表现为肝内胆管扩张,胆总管或左右肝管起始部狭窄、充盈缺损、轻中度强化的肝门软组织肿块。中下段胆管癌12例,CT表现为肝内胆管扩张、病变以上胆总管扩张、病变处胆总管狭窄、中断,梗阻近端胆管壁不均匀增厚、腔内见软组织结节影或周围软组织肿块。结论:肝内胆管癌及肝门部胆管癌根据CT动态增强表现不难作出诊断,胆总管癌须认真分析CT薄层放大增强表现鉴别其他低位梗阻性胆道疾病后作出诊断。     

胆道扩张的形态学MR表现对胆道梗阻性病变的诊断分析

目的根据胆道扩张的形态学的影像表现对不同胆道梗阻性病变进行分析,判断其原发病灶的性质。方法收集我院2014年1月~2016年3月共计95例梗阻性黄疸患者,行磁共振成像及磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)检查,所有患者进行手术或逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)检查获得病理结果。根据所有患者的影像学资料分析其肝内胆管扩张的程度、形态,肝外胆管扩张末端变化,梗阻部位及原发病性质。结果良性梗阻多为轻度胆管扩张,呈枯枝状;即使中度扩张也极少呈软藤状,而较多呈残根状。恶性梗阻多为中、重度胆管扩张,且多呈软藤状;高、中位胆道梗阻多见于恶性病变,低位胆道梗阻良性与恶性病变发生的比例相近;恶性梗阻扩张肝外胆管末端突然中断,良性梗阻扩张肝外胆管末端逐渐变细。结论磁共振胰胆管成像对良、恶性胆道梗阻病病变具有较高的诊断价值,分析胆道扩张的形态特征,对鉴别良、恶性梗阻病变有较大意义,有利于指导临床治疗。     

经皮肝穿胆管造影(PTC)26例报告

图1　ａ)胆总管结石:梗阻以上肝管、胆囊管均扩张,肝内胆管呈“枯树枝”状,完全梗阻。　ｂ)胆总管结石:梗阻端呈凹面向上的弧形杯口状充盈缺损。　图2　胆总管中下段癌:梗阻为不完全性,胆总管中下段呈不规则线条状,肝内胆管扩张呈“软藤”状。ＰＴＣ不但可明确胆道梗阻部位、范围,而且对于胆道梗阻的原因也有较高的诊断价值。本文收集了经ＰＴＣ检查并手术证实的26例病例,对其Ｘ线表现进行了分析,提出ＰＴＣ检查在胆道梗阻诊断上的优越性,同时指出ＰＴＣ检查的局限性。材料与方法　本文26例包括胆管癌12例、胆总管结石8例、胆总管炎症粘连5…     

螺旋CT扫描对低位性胆道梗阻的诊断价值

目的：分析低位胆道梗阻的备种CT表现．总结出具有定性诊断意义及鉴别诊断意义的CT征象。材料与方法：回顾分析经手术和病理证实，术前均做螺旋CT扫描的低位胆道梗阻病例106例，良性组59例，恶性组47例。扫描方式分为平扫和双期增强扫描，观察胆总管及胰管的梗阻和扩张情况。结果：直接征象：梗阻部位见高密度结石32例，由CT增强扫描辨出等、低密度结石13例；梗阻平面发现肿块42例，其中良性5例，均为慢性胰腺炎，其余为恶性。间接征象：梗阻平面以上胆、胰管扩张，胆囊增大。良性梗阻者肝内胆管及胰管多呈轻、中度扩张；胆总管壁轻度增厚，扩张的胆总管自上向下渐进性狭窄。恶性梗阻者肝内胆管多呈中、重度扩张(藤样扩张)，胰管扩张明显；梗阻部位肿块边界不清、扩张的胆总管突然截断。结论：低位性胆道梗阻良、恶性病变各有不同的特征性CT表现，螺旋CT平扫及双期增强扫描、梗阻部位薄层扫描的合理运用，对低位性胆道梗阻的发现和病因诊断、鉴别诊断具有十分重要的价值。     

21例非扩张性胆道梗阻B超及临床回顾分析

胆道梗阻使胆汁排泄障碍,胆汁成分在肝内、外胆管内郁滞,胆管内压力增高,表现为肝内胆管扩张,呈现“双枪管征”,易被B超检出;而无胆管扩张的胆道梗阻患者,无论临床症状和体征是否典型,B超往往不易作出胆道梗阻的诊断。为提高对本病的认识及B超诊断的可能性,回顾我院1984～1993年间经手术和病理证实为胆道梗阻,而声像图不表现胆管扩张者21例,分析讨论如下。     

CT findings of clonorchiasis

Clonorchiasis is a snail-transmitted trematodiasis caused by Chinese liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis. Forty-two patients with the disease were examined with CT. Seventeen patients had clonorchiasis alone, and 25 patients had clonorchiasis with hepatobiliary malignancies (20 cholangiocarcinomas, four hepatocellular carcinomas, one carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater). In three of the 17 patients with clonorchiasis alone, the CT scans were normal. In 14 patients (82%), CT showed diffuse, minimal, or mild dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts. None of the patients had marked dilatation. The extrahepatic biliary tree was normal in all 17 patients. All 25 patients with clonorchiasis and hepatobiliary malignancies had diffuse dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts on CT, including 18 patients with minimal or mild dilatation and seven patients with marked dilatation. All seven patients with marked dilatation had extrahepatic biliary malignancies. Clonorchis sinensis per se or thickening of the bile duct wall could not be recognized on CT scans. Additional abnormalities evident on CT included pyogenic liver abscesses in two patients and gallstones in five patients. The diagnosis of clonorchiasis can be suspected when CT shows diffuse, uniform, and minimal or mild dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts, particularly in the periphery of the liver, without evidence of extrahepatic biliary dilatation.     

Parasitic diseases of the biliary tract

OBJECTIVE: Parasites residing in the biliary tree include Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, Opisthorchis felineus, and Fasciola hepatica. They are willowy, leaf-like, flat flukes dwelling in the bile ducts and gallbladder. Human ascarides, Ascaris lumbricoides, dwelling in the small intestine, inadvertently migrate into the bile ducts and cause biliary obstruction. The purpose of this article is to illustrate typical imaging findings of liver fluke infection and biliary ascariasis. CONCLUSION: Adult flukes of Clonorchis and Opisthorchis measure 8-15 mm and adult flukes of Fasciola measure 20-40 mm in length. The presence of flukes in the bile ducts causes dilatation of the bile ducts, varying degrees of chronic inflammation followed by adenomatous hyperplasia, and bile duct wall thickening. Imaging findings of clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis include visualization of adult flukes in the bile ducts and gallbladder, diffuse dilatation of the peripheral small intrahepatic bile ducts with no or minimal dilatation of the large bile ducts, and thickening of the bile duct wall. In biliary fascioliasis and ascariasis, adult worms are visualized in the dilated bile ducts and gallbladder.     

肝吸虫性胆管炎的CT表现与误诊分析

目的：探讨肝吸虫性胆管炎的CT表现特点及误诊原因。方法：本组48例临床表现急性胆管炎的肝吸虫病例行螺旋CT检查,并对照逆行性胰胆管造影加内镜下奥狄括约肌切开术和胆总管探查术结果进行回顾性分析。结果：肝内胆管扩张48例,末梢胆管囊状扩张38例;肝外胆管扩张32例和胆总管壁增厚12例,胆总管内高密度影6例;胆囊增大20例,胆囊内団状软组织影2例。本组15例术前CT误诊,其中误诊为胆管结石8例,因胆总管壁增厚并有强化而误诊胆总管下端癌4例和壶腹癌1例,误诊为肝内周围型胆管癌2例。结论：在肝吸虫疫区,当CT表现为胆管炎征象并伴有肝包膜下小胆管囊状扩张时,需要考虑吸虫所致。     

肝吸虫所致胆道改变的CT表现

作者回顾分析１６３例肝吸虫病ＣＴ资料，发现肝吸虫胆道感染具有以下特征：肝内胆管从肝门向周围均匀扩张，被膜下胆管呈囊样扩张及无黄疸；少数病例胆囊内可见不规则软组织块影。     

Hepatic Parasitic Abscess Caused by Clonorchiasis: Unusual CT Findings of Clonorchiasis

Clonorchiasis is caused by a chronic infestation of liver flukes, Clonorchis sinensis, and these reside mainly in the medium- and small-sized intrahepatic bile ducts. Therefore, diffuse, uniform, minimal or mild dilatation of these bile ducts, particularly in the periphery, without dilatation of the extrahepatic bile duct is the typical finding on several imaging modalities. We report here on the CT findings of an unusual case of hepatic parasitic abscess that was caused by clonorchiasis; this malady mimicked cholangiocarcinoma, and there was no dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts.     

Clonorchiasis: sonographic findings in 59 proved cases

Clonorchiasis is a parasitic disease of the bile ducts that occurs in endemic areas after ingestion of the raw flesh of freshwater fish. We analyzed the sonographic findings in 59 patients with clonorchiasis, suspected prospectively from sonographic findings and proved subsequently by demonstration of eggs in their stools. Diffuse dilatation of the small intrahepatic bile ducts with no or minimal dilatation of the large intra- and extrahepatic ducts was observed in all cases. The extrahepatic ducts were patent throughout in all except one case. This characteristic finding reflects diffuse intrahepatic bile duct obstruction and resultant proximal dilatation caused by an adult worm or aggregates of worms, as worms reside diffusely in the medium and small intrahepatic bile ducts. Cholangitis and multifocal periductal fibrosis with proximal dilatation may play an additional role. Increased echogenicity of the intrahepatic bile duct wall was present in 39 cases (66%), reflecting cholangitis and periductal fibrosis. In 17 cases (29%), floating or dependent, discrete, nonshadowing, intraluminal, echogenic foci caused by adult worms in the bile were demonstrated in the gallbladder. These echogenic foci were distinguished from stones because they were fusiform, weak in echogenicity, and floated with a change in position. Clonorchiasis should be considered when sonography discloses the characteristic pattern of bile duct dilatation with increased wall echogenicity and nonshadowing, discrete, echogenic foci in the gallbladder lumen.     

Percutaneous cholecystography in children

Percutaneous cholecystography was performed on 13 children who had biliary system abnormalities: two had biliary hypoplasia, five had sclerosing cholangitis, three had cirrhosis, two had distal choledochal obstruction, and one had an obstructed portoenterostomy. In 12 patients transcholecystic cholangiography showed, without significant complications, the intra-and extrahepatic bile ducts. In one patient with primary sclerosing cholangitis, the intrahepatic bile ducts were not opacified satisfactorily; dilatation of the gallbladder required surgical drainage. The transcholecystic technique is indicated when the intrahepatic bile ducts are either mildly dilated or not dilated.     

Detection of common bile duct stones by hepatobiliary scintigraphy

Hepatobiliary scintigraphy and direct X-ray cholangiography were compared in 29 patients with common bile duct (CBD) stones confirmed at surgery. The scintigraphic findings included no visualization of the biliary system (NV), pooling of bile in the biliary system (PB), prolonged transit time over 60 min (PTT), filling defect in the CBD image (FD), and reflux of bile toward the intrahepatic ducts after gallbladder stimulation (RB). The positive rates of NV, PB, PTT, FD, and RB in patients with CBD stones were 7%, 31%, 17%, 48%, and 14%, respectively. One or more of these five findings was found in 83%. Although the NV was a useful finding suggesting complete obstruction of the CBD, it shared little in the diagnosis of CBD stone. The positive rate of the PB was relatively high and it would be a useful finding as an indication of the presence of passage disturbance of the CBD. The PB was usually accompanied by the FD. The PTT had some usefulness in the detection of incomplete obstruction of the CBD in patients with a visualized gallbladder. In patients with no visualization of the gallbladder, however, the transit time tended to be shorter than that of gallbladder visualized patients. Therefore, the judgment of PTT in patients with no visualized gallbladder needed another criteria. The FD was the most frequent among the five findings and the sites of FD correlated well with CBD stones on direct X-ray cholangiography. The FD would be a reliable finding indicating CBD stone or CBD stenosis. Although the RB was a finding limited in patients with a visualized gallbladder, it seemed to be a helpful findings for the detection of CBD stone in patients with a mildly dilated CBD.