CT动态增强鉴别肾上腺乏脂肪腺瘤与肾上腺结节样增生的价值

目的探讨CT动态增强对鉴别肾上腺乏脂肪腺瘤与肾上腺结节样增生的价值。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的12例肾上腺乏脂肪腺瘤和27例肾上腺结节样增生患者的病例资料,统计两组病例各期增强CT值,利用公式灌注值P=CT静脉期-CT平扫期、廓清值C=CT静脉期-CT延迟期、绝对廓清灌注指数APC=(C/P)×100%及相对廓清灌注指数RAPC=(C/CT静脉期)×100%得到相关参数,并通过绘制受试者工作特征曲线,鉴别两者的最佳价值。结果肾上腺乏脂肪腺瘤直径较结节样增生更大;肾上腺乏脂肪腺瘤病灶各期CT值均明显高于结节样增生,且两者灌注值P、廓清值C、APC及RAPC有明显的统计学差异。年龄、性别、高血压、病灶位置、对侧肾上腺萎缩及动脉期CT值对鉴别两者无显著意义。结论CT动态增强扫描有助于鉴别肾上腺乏脂肪腺瘤和肾上腺结节样增生。     

肾上腺腺瘤与非腺瘤的CT鉴别诊断

目的 探讨肾上腺腺瘤与非腺瘤的CT鉴别诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析经手术和随访证实的56例(58个病灶)肾上腺肿瘤的CT表现及病理组织学特征,患者均行CT平扫及1 min、5 min增强扫描,对诊断参数进行分析并对照病理组织学表现,对肾上腺肿瘤做出正确的诊断.结果 腺瘤与非腺瘤在CT平扫及增强后1 min、5 min的CT值、相对廓清率和绝对廓清率的差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),以平扫时CT≤19 HU,延时5 min时CT≤46 HU,绝对廓清率≥63%,相对廓清率≥31%为阈值相结合作为诊断标准时,诊断腺瘤或乏脂性腺瘤的敏感性分别为96%或86%.结论 以肿瘤平扫及增强后的CT值与肿瘤的廓清率作为联合标准,对腺瘤(包括乏脂性腺瘤)与非腺瘤的鉴别诊断有较高的价值.     

CT在原发性醛固酮增多症病因诊断中的价值

目的 评价CT在诊断原发性醛固酮增多症(PA)分类中的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析同时行CT及肾上腺静脉取血(AVS)的17例临床诊断为PA患者的资料,以AVS结果作为金标准,进行病因分析.结果 CT诊断双肾上腺未见异常7例,单侧或双侧结节6例,单侧肾上腺增粗2例,双侧肾上腺增粗1例,一侧增粗并对侧结节1例.在15例经AVS证实为单侧或双侧肾上腺增生的患者中,7例CT表现正常,3例CT表现为单侧或双侧肾上腺增粗或结节状,经AVS证实为双侧增生,仪5例患者CT表现与AVS结果一致.17例经AVS诊断为单侧或双侧醛固酮分泌过多的患者有7例CT表现正常.结论 CT在原发性醛固酮增多症病凶诊断方而特异性较差.     

动态增强CT检查对肾上腺腺瘤与非腺瘤的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨动态增强CT检查技术对肾上腺腺瘤与非腺瘤的鉴别诊断价值并优选出有意义的参数，以进一步明确两者的鉴别诊断标准。资料与方法对44例共49个肾上腺肿瘤先平扫再行动态增强CT检查，观察以肿瘤的CT绝对值、绝对开始廓清率及相对开始廓清率作为标准鉴别肾上腺腺瘤与非腺瘤的诊断价值。结果延时3min，以36％的绝对开始廓清率或35％的相对开始廓清率分别与CT绝对值58HU相结合作为标准，对腺瘤有较高的诊断价值，对于腺瘤中的乏脂质性腺瘤与非腺瘤的鉴别诊断也具有同样的价值。结论以肿瘤的廓清率与延时增强后的CT绝对值作为联合标准，能明显提高腺瘤的诊断价值。     

肾上腺腺瘤和非腺瘤动态增强CT表现与血管生成相关性的初步研究

目的探讨肾上腺腺瘤和非腺瘤血管生成[微血管密度（MVD），血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）]特点与动态增强CT表现的相关性，以阐述其动态增强机制。方法经手术病理证实的42例46个肾上腺肿块（腺瘤23个、非腺瘤18个、增生结节5个）均行动态增强CT检查和病理学检查。首先评价肾上腺腺瘤和非腺瘤动态增强CT表现，而后分析肾上腺肿块动态增强CT表现特征[时间-密度（T-D）曲线、廓清率（Wash）]与血管生成之间的相关关系。结果腺瘤与非腺瘤间T—D曲线类型和7min延时点相对廓清率（Washr）和绝对廓清率（Washa）差异均存在统计学意义（P=0．000）。肾上腺肿块T—D曲线廓清迅速组（A、C型）与廓清缓慢组（B、D、E型）间、7min延时点Washr≥34％组与〈34％组间、Washai≥43％组与〈43％组间MVD、VEGF表达水平差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。肿块廓清曲线为A、C型，和（或）Washr≥34HU，和（或）Washai≥43％组均提示为腺瘤，反之提示为非腺瘤。T—D曲线廓清迅速组、7min延时点Washri≥34％组和Washa≥143％组MVD、VEGF表达水平分别高于廓清缓慢组、〈34％组和〈43％组；由此提示动态增强CT表现特征与MVD、VEGF表达存在相关性。另一方面，腺瘤和非腺瘤间MVD和VEGF表达存在显著不同。结论MVD和VEGF可能是导致腺瘤和非腺瘤具有不同的T—D曲线类型和廓清率的主要因素之一。     

双侧增生和单侧醛固酮腺瘤致醛固酮增多症的区别:CT的可靠性

作者对经肾上腺CT扫描和ACTH刺激后双侧肾上腺静脉取血诊断原发性醛固酮增多症的24例病人进行了研究。男16例,女8例。年龄15～66岁。除6例CT扫描层厚3mm外,其余病例均为5mm。单侧存在低衰减结节而对侧肾上腺正常者诊为腺瘤。双侧结节、单侧多发结节或腺体正常者为增生。所有病例,不管CT所见,均经股静脉进行双侧肾上腺静脉同时插管取血,并从肘前静脉获得周围血标本,测定醛固酮(A)和皮质醇(C)基础值后,再静脉团注0.25mg的ACTH,接着4～6ml/min(250ml盐水中加ACTH0.25mg)滴注,滴注开始后15分钟获得第二次双肾上腺静脉和周围静     

原发性醛固酮增多症的肾上腺CT检查（附23例分析）

本文对我院从１９９０年５月到１９９４年３月间经手术病理证实的２３例原发性醛固酮增多症的肾上腺ＣＴ表现作了回顾性分析。结果发现肾上腺腺瘤１４例，除１例病灶直径达２２ｍｍ外，其余１３例病灶均≤１５ｍｍ；结节样增生９例，除１例最大直径为１１ｍｍ外，其余８例≤８ｍｍ。同时对原发性醛固酮增多症的ＣＴ检查方法，肾上腺腺瘤和结节样增生的ＣＴ表现及特征进行了讨论。     

高血压并低血钾与肾上腺疾病(附15例临床分析)

目的:总结我院15例高血压合并低血钾患者。临床表现诊治结果,提高继发性高血压的诊疗水平。方法:对15例患者的临床表现、激素水平、CT定位诊断及术后病理进行回顾分析。结果:15例患者中原发性醛固酮增多症13例(醛固酮瘤11例、双侧肾上腺增生2例),腺瘤型皮质醇增多症2例。结论:顽固性高血压合并低血钾应高度怀疑肾上腺疾病,诊断放进临床表现主内分泌功能测定,定位诊断依靠CT,腺瘤型手术效果好。     

双源CT能谱成像在鉴别肾上腺无功能腺瘤与肾上腺转移瘤中的价值

目的探讨双源CT虚拟平扫技术及碘含量测定技术在鉴别肾上腺良恶性病变中的价值。方法搜集行肾上腺CT扫描者40例(共40个肾上腺结节),其中24个结节为无功能腺瘤,16个结节为转移瘤,对全部结节的动脉期及门静脉期常规平扫CT值、虚拟平扫CT值、碘含量(ICad)结果进行分析。结果动脉期肾上腺腺瘤平均ICad[(24.65±1.06)mg/ml]略高于肾上腺转移瘤[(22.85±9.53)mg/ml],差异有统计学意义(P=0.002),门静脉期肾上腺腺瘤ICad[(13.96±1.11)mg/ml]低于肾上腺转移瘤[(24.70±5.49)mg/ml],差异有统计学意义(P=0.036)。腺瘤与转移瘤的动脉期、门静脉期虚拟平扫平均CT值(Va、Vp)与常规平扫CT值(Vpre)差异无统计学意义;腺瘤的Vpre、Va、Vp均低于转移瘤,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.006、0.008、0.006)。结论双能量CT技术能够通过虚拟平扫技术及碘含量测定技术对二者进行鉴别诊断,以减少受检者经济负担及减轻辐射剂量。     

肾上腺皮质结节性增生与皮质腺瘤的CT鉴别诊断

目的:探讨肾上腺皮质结节性增生与肾上腺皮质腺瘤的CT鉴别诊断.方法:回顾性统计分析31例肾上腺皮质结节性增生与35例肾上腺皮质腺瘤的CT表现,所有病例均经手术及病理证实.结果:结节性增生组与腺瘤组在患者性别、病变位置、病变的边界及同侧肾上腺形态方面存在显著统计学差异(P＜0.05).Logistic回归分析表明,病变边界清楚与否在两者鉴别中具有重要意义.结论:在肾上腺结节性增生与肾上腺腺瘤的鉴别诊断方面CT检查可提供重要参考.结合临床及实验室检查,将会对两者的鉴别提供更大的帮助.     

Diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism: importance of correlating CT findings with endocrinologic studies.

Twenty patients with primary hyperaldosteronism had endocrinologic and radiologic studies to distinguish aldosterone-producing adenoma from idiopathic hyperaldosteronism due to bilateral micro- or macronodular hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex. In addition to examination for changes in the plasma level of aldosterone associated with postural changes and measurement of the plasma level of 18-hydroxycorticosterone, all 20 patients had CT examination of the adrenal glands. In three patients with normal adrenal glands on CT and three patients with CT evidence of two solitary nodules, one in each adrenal gland, a diagnosis of idiopathic hyperaldosteronism was confirmed by endocrinologic findings (five patients) or 131I-6 beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholesterol (NP-59) adrenal scintigraphy (one patient). In nine patients with a solitary adrenal nodule on CT, a diagnosis of aldosterone-producing adenoma was confirmed by surgery (seven patients) or hormone sampling via the adrenal veins (two patients). However, in three patients with a solitary adrenal nodule on CT, a diagnosis of idiopathic hyperaldosteronism was suggested by endocrinologic findings (three patients) and confirmed by the results of NP-59 scintigraphy (two patients) or adrenal venous sampling (one patient). In addition, in two patients with CT evidence of three adrenal nodules (two in one gland, one in contralateral gland), a diagnosis of aldosterone-producing adenoma was suggested by endocrinologic findings in both patients and confirmed by surgery in one. Although high-resolution CT is highly accurate for the detection of aldosterone-producing adenoma, significant diagnostic errors can occur in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism if CT findings are not correlated with results of endocrinologic studies.     

Diagnostic performance of CT versus MR in detecting aldosterone-producing adenoma in primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome)

The aim of the present study is to compare the diagnostic performance of CT and MR imaging in detecting aldosterone-producing adenoma and to compare the interobserver variability in the detection of an aldosterone-producing adenoma on CT and MR. A retrospective study of 34 patients with primary hyperaldosteronism was performed. A total of 17 cases of aldosterone-producing adenoma and 17 cases of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia were included. The final diagnosis of an adenoma was made by surgery with histological confirmation, whereas that of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia was made on adrenal venous sampling or a good biochemical and clinical response following medical treatment alone and in the absence of a unilateral radiological abnormality. The CT (n=30) and MR (n=24) scans were reviewed independently by two radiologists experienced in adrenal imaging, who were unaware of the cause of the primary hyperaldosteronism. The diagnostic performances of both observers in detecting an aldosterone-producing adenoma on CT and MR imaging were compared. The 16 adenomatous nodules that were detected on imaging ranged from 1 to 4.75 cm in diameter. The calculated sensitivity and specificity for detecting aldosterone-producing adenoma were 87 and 93% for one observer and 85 and 82% for the other observer on CT, and 83 and 83% for one observer and 92 and 92% for the other observer on MR, respectively. Receptor operating characteristics curve analysis showed similar performances of both observers in detecting an aldosterone-producing adenoma on CT and MR imaging. There was good interobserver agreement on CT (k=0.71) and on MR (k=0.67). We have demonstrated comparable diagnostic performance and good interobserver agreement on CT and MR imaging for the detection of aldosterone-producing adenoma.     

Non-invasive adrenal imaging in primary aldosteronism. Sensitivity and positive predictive value of radiocholesterol scintigraphy,CT scan and MRI

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of dexamethasone-suppression norcholesterol scintigraphy (NCS), computed tomography (CT) scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) who had undergone unilateral adrenalectomy. A series of 49 patients with confirmed PA was reviewed. There were 18 (36.7%) men and 31 (63.3%) women, with a median age of 47 years (range, 23-66 years). NCS was performed in all patients, and 46 (93.9%) and 31 (63.2%) underwent CT scan and MRI, respectively. Final pathology showed an aldosterone-producing adenoma in 45 (91.8%) patients, unilateral nodular cortical hyperplasia (NCH) in two (4.1%) and unilateral microscopic cortical hyperplasia (MCH) in two (4.1%). No aldosterone-producing carcinoma or bilateral adenomas were found. The greatest diameter of the removed adrenal tumour was in the range 8-40 mm (median, 14 mm). The PPV of adrenal imaging was 97.6% for NCS, 85.0% for CT scan (P=0.04) and 83.3% for MRI (P=0.03), and the sensitivity was 85.4%, 85.0% and 74.1%, respectively (P=NS). The age and the main biochemical parameters did not differ significantly (P=NS) between patients with true positive and false negative results of the imaging procedures. NCS accurately depicted all patients with NCH and MCH, whilst CT scan and MRI failed to diagnose such unilateral adrenal gland hyperfunction in two and three patients, respectively. The overall sensitivity of combined NCS and CT scan was 100%. In conclusion, in patients with PA, both NCS and CT scan are necessary to confirm the exclusive unilateral adrenal hyperfunction and, subsequently, to establish the appropriate treatment.     

Efficacy of iodine-131 6beta-methyl-iodo-19-norcholesterol scintigraphy and computed tomography in patients with primary aldosteronism.

In order to define the role of scintigraphy in determining the aetiology of primary aldosteronism, 41 patients were examined by computed tomography (CT) scan and adrenal scintigraphy using iodine-131 6beta-methyl-iodo-19-norcholesterol with the dexamethasone suppression test. Hormonal and scintigraphic examinations were conducted while avoiding interference by medical treatment. The aetiological diagnosis was established by taking account of the clinical context, the endocrine profile, and CT scan and scintigraphic data, as well as possible hormone assays after catheterization of the adrenal veins (12 cases) and postoperative pathology data (14 cases). The aetiological diagnoses established were Conn's adenoma (insensitive to angiotensin II) in 12 cases, idiopathic hyperplasia in 11 and macronodular hyperplasia (with functional autonomy of the nodules) in 18. Unilateral and bilateral lesions were correctly distinguished by scintigraphy in 92% of cases as compared with only 58% using CT scan alone; this was because the CT scan appearance was normal in 3/12 cases of adenoma and because a single nodule was visible in 2/11 cases of idiopathic hyperplasia and in 12/18 cases of macronodular hyperplasia. It is concluded that scintigraphy using noriodocholesterol with the dexamethasone suppression test should be performed systematically in conjunction with hormonal tests and adrenal CT scan in all cases of primary aldosteronism, as part of a strategy aimed not only at detecting adenoma but also at determining whether the hyperfunctional lesions are bilateral.     

Efficacy of iodine-131 6β-methyl-iodo-19-norcholesterol scintigraphy and computed tomography in patients with primary aldosteronism

In order to define the role of scintigraphy in determining the aetiology of primary aldosteronism, 41 patients were examined by computed tomography (CT) scan and adrenal scintigraphy using iodine-131 6β-methyl-iodo-19-norcholesterol with the dexamethasone suppression test. Hormonal and scintigraphic examinations were conducted while avoiding interference by medical treatment. The aetiological diagnosis was established by taking account of the clinical context, the endocrine profile, and CT scan and scintigraphic data, as well as possible hormone assays after catheterization of the adrenal veins (12 cases) and postoperative pathology data (14 cases). The aetiological diagnoses established were Conn’s adenoma (insensitive to angiotensin II) in 12 cases, idiopathic hyperplasia in 11 and macronodular hyperplasia (with functional autonomy of the nodules) in 18. Unilateral and bilateral lesions were correctly distinguished by scintigraphy in 92% of cases as compared with only 58% using CT scan alone; this was because the CT scan appearance was normal in 3/12 cases of adenoma and because a single nodule was visible in 2/11 cases of idiopathic hyperplasia and in 12/18 cases of macronodular hyperplasia. It is concluded that scintigraphy using noriodocholesterol with the dexamethasone suppression test should be performed systematically in conjunction with hormonal tests and adrenal CT scan in all cases of primary aldosteronism, as part of a strategy aimed not only at detecting adenoma but also at determining whether the hyperfunctional lesions are bilateral. Received 1 October 1998 and in revised form 3 June 1999     

Distinction between hyperaldosteronism due to bilateral hyperplasia and unilateral aldosteronoma: reliability of CT.

Hyperaldosteronism due to a unilateral adenoma must be distinguished from hyperaldosteronism due to bilateral hyperplasia to enable the proper choice between surgical treatment (for adenoma) or medical treatment (for hyperplasia). To compare the efficacy of computed tomography (CT) and adrenal venous sampling, both examinations were performed in 24 patients with primary aldosteronism. All patients with a diagnosis of adenoma based on findings at venous sampling underwent adrenalectomy. The CT-based diagnosis was unilateral aldosteronoma in 17 patients and hyperplasia in seven patients. On the basis of venous sampling, unilateral adenoma was diagnosed in 22 patients; this diagnosis was confirmed by means of unilateral adrenalectomy in 21 patients. The most common error was diagnosis of hyperplasia based on the presence of bilateral nodules on CT scans: In six of seven patients with such a diagnosis, venous sampling and subsequent surgery revealed a unilateral adenoma. In hyperaldosteronism with multiple bilateral nodules, CT cannot reliably permit distinction between hyperplasia and adenoma.     

CT of primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome): the value of measuring the adrenal gland

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of our study of patients with primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome) were to determine whether the adrenal glands are larger in patients with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia than in those with aldosterone-producing adenomas or in healthy control subjects; and whether a CT criterion based on adrenal gland size can be developed to positively diagnose bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of CT scans of 28 patients with primary hyperaldosteronism was performed. The means of two observers' measurements of adrenal gland size were recorded and compared with published normal values. In addition, a radiologist experienced in adrenal imaging and unaware of the cause of the primary hyperaldosteronism diagnosed either bilateral adrenal hyperplasia or aldosterone-producing adenoma by visual inspection. RESULTS: The adrenal glands in patients with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia were significantly (p < 0.05) larger than those in patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma or in healthy control subjects. A sensitivity of 100% was achieved when a mean limb width of greater than 3 mm was used to diagnose bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, and a specificity of 100% was achieved when the mean limb width was 5 mm or greater. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the overall performance of the radiologist and the mean adrenal limb width in detecting bilateral adrenal hyperplasia were equivalent. CONCLUSION: In patients with primary hyperaldosteronism, adrenal limb measurements on CT can aid in differentiating bilateral adrenal hyperplasia from aldosterone-producing adenoma because the adrenal glands in bilateral adrenal hyperplasia are larger.     

多层螺旋CT对肾上腺皮质腺瘤的诊断价值

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT对肾上腺皮质腺瘤的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析30例经手术及病理证实的肾上腺皮质腺瘤的多层螺旋CT表现。结果：原发性醛固酮醛腺瘤21例（26个结节）,左侧肾上腺18个结节,右侧肾上腺8个结节。皮质醇腺瘤9例（9个结节）,右侧4例,左侧5例。醛固酮醛腺瘤1cm以下结节14个,大于或等于1cm的结节12个,皮质醇腺瘤最大4cm,最小1.5cm。结论：肾上腺皮质腺瘤的多层螺旋CT表现具有一定特点,多平面重组（MPR）及增强扫描有助于皮质腺瘤的定位及确定肿瘤的性质。