131例结肠梗阻临床分析

目的 总结结肠梗阻的诊治经验。方法 回顾性分析10年间收治的131例结肠梗阻的临床资料。结果 病因明确122例(93％)；其中大肠癌性梗阻76例(57％)；原因不明9例(7%）；非手术治疗26例(20％)，手术治疗105例(80％)，术后并发症48例，手术死亡14例。结论 结肠机械性梗阻以大肠癌最常见，大肠癌梗阻的临床表现有一定特点，及时明确诊断、早期手术治疗可降低大肠癌梗阻的手术死亡率。     

CT、US、ERCP对梗阻性黄疸病因诊断的价值

目的 比较CT、US、ERCP对梗阻性黄疸的定性诊断准确性以评估三者的特点。方法 收集有CT、US、ERCP影像检查资料且经手术或病理证实的梗阻性黄疸病例75例，所有病例做了US检查和上腹部CT扫描，其中51例行ERCP造影成功。回顾性分析每1病例的影像资料，并与术前CT、US、ERCP诊断进行比较。结果 (1)50例胆总管下端结石，CT术前诊断48例，敏感性96％；US术前诊断46例．敏感性92％；其中行ERCP的36例术前诊断31例；(2)21例胆胰管十二指肠连接区肿瘤，CT术前诊断15例，准确性70．5％。US术前诊断6例．准确性28．2％，其中行ERCP的13例术前诊断8例；(3)4例胆总管炎性狭窄，CT术前诊断2例，US术前诊断1例。其中行ERCP的2例术前诊断1例：(4)CT、US、ERCP对梗阻性黄疸的梗阻原因的诊断准确性分别为86．6％，70．6％，78．4％。结论 US仍是梗阻性黄疸的首选检查方法：CT对梗阻性黄疸梗阻原因的诊断准确率高于US；ERCP作为一种侵入性检查方法可选择性地作为US、CT检查的补充。     

肠梗阻的CT诊断

目的：探讨CT诊断肠梗阻的价值。方法：回顾性分析经手术或临床证实51例肠梗阻患者的CT资料。结果：CT对梗阻病因诊断准确46例（90．2％）;对梗阻部位诊断准确49例（96．1％）;诊断绞窄性肠梗阻9例（100％）。结论：CT检查可判断肠梗阻,确定肠梗阻的原因、部位以及性质．是肠梗阻检查的最佳方法。     

肠梗阻的影像学诊断

目的探讨X线腹部平片和CT检查在肠梗阻诊断中的价值。方法搜集近年来514例肠梗阻病例,其中46例经手术治疗,平均年龄51．6岁,对x线腹部平片及CT影像学表现进行比较：分析梗阻是否存在、梗阻部位、病因的推断、梗阻程度的判断及有无绞窄性梗阻。结果46例经手术证实病例中,机械性梗阻45例（含绞窄性梗阻12例）,误诊3例。其中小肠梗阻23例,结肠梗阻21例,2例伴有肠穿孔：结论x线腹部平片与CT是诊断肠梗阻的有效方法,CT检查对梗阻病因、部位、类型的判断有其明显优势,尤其是绞窄性梗阻时肠系膜的变化有其较明显特征,是减少误诊的必要手段     

磁共振尿路造影对输尿管梗阻性病变的诊断价值

目的：探讨磁共振尿路造影对输尿管梗阻性病变的诊断价值。方法：回顾性对86例输尿管梗阻患的MRU检查所见与临床诊断或手术和病理结果对照分析。结果：86例输尿管梗阻患中，输尿管癌18例，输尿管结石22例，输尿管良性狭窄12例，输尿管先天性狭窄17例，腔静脉输尿管1例，输尿管息肉2例，外在性病变致梗阻6例，膀胱癌侵及输尿管8例，所有病例MRU均能确定梗阻水平并且清晰显示梗阻端的形态和特征，其定位诊断准确率100％，定性诊断准确率77．9％，结论：MRU是一种安全，可靠，无创的检查方法，对输尿管梗阻定位诊断准确，结合原始图像对输尿管梗阻性病变的定性诊断也有较高的准确性。     

急性肠梗阻80例临床分析

目的：总结急性肠梗阻的诊断和治疗经验，以提高诊治水平。方法：回顾性分析80例急性肠梗阻病人的临床资料。结果：本组中引起急性肠梗阻原发疾病依次是消化道肿瘤27例(34％)，肠粘连20例(25％)，肠扭转11例(14％)，肠及胆囊结石7例(9％)，妇科肿瘤转移4例．嵌顿性疝3例，其它少见的原因如回盲部憩室2例。医源性肠梗阻、溃疡性结肠炎、肠结核、麻痹性肠梗阻、小肠血管畸形、肠套叠各1例。诊断主要依靠病史、症状、体征及典型腹部立卧位X线平片，B超或CT亦有较高诊断价值。80例病人均经手术治疗，无手术死亡。结论：急性肠梗阻最常见的原因为消化道肿瘤扣肠粘连，诊断主要依靠病史和临床表现，腹部立卧位X线平片或B超、CT均有较大的诊断价值，保守治疗无效时应积极手术。     

磁共振、超声检查及血清CA125测定诊断子宫腺肌病的临床评价

目的：评价磁共振（MRI）、超声检查（US）及血清CA125测定诊断子宫腺肌病的临床价值。方法：对术后病理确诊的子宫腺肌病38例和子宫肌瘤32例术前行MRI、US及血清CA125测定，分析其敏感性、特异性、准确率。结果：MRI敏感性为94．74％，特异性为100％，准确率为97．14％；US为76．31％、85．29％和81．43％；CA125测定敏感性为76．32％，特异性为87．88％，准确率为81．43％。结论：MRI、US及血清CA125测定对于诊断子宫腺肌病均有一定的价值，MRI具有高度的敏感性、特异性和准确率。因此，根据临床表现首选US及血清CA125测定，在鉴别诊断困难，而影响临床治疗时，再选用MRI。     

梗阻性大肠癌103例手术治疗分析

目的：探讨梗阻性大肠癌诊断和手术方式选择的有关问题。方法：回顾分析手术治疗103例梗阻性大肠癌患者的资料。结果：手术切除97例(94．2％)，其中根治性手术71例(68．9％)。姑息性切除26例(25．2％)；单纯结肠造口及捷径手术6例(5．8％)。合并糖尿病8例，阻塞性肺病2例。心脑血管疾病7例。术后并发症15例。术后切口感染12例，肺部感染3例，无肠瘘。围手术期死亡2例。结论：急性癌性结直肠梗阻加强术前诊断。完善术前术中处理是减少Ⅰ期切除吻合术后并发症和降低病死率的关键。     

HASTE法磁共振胰胆管造影诊断胆道病变的应用价值

目的：探讨HASTE法单次屏气磁共振胰胆管造影（HASTE－MRCP）诊断胆道病变的应用价值。方法：对照分析75例胆道病变患者的HASTE－MRCP影像和手术结果，并与经皮肝穿刺胆管造影（PTC）比较。结果：HASTE－MRCP诊断胆道病变，正确率96％（72／75）；诊断胆管恶性梗阻灵敏度97．1％，特异率95％，阳性预测值94．4％，阴性预测值97．4％。35例恶性胆管梗阻中，HASTE－MRCP显示癌肿32例，其癌肿发现率高于PTC（8／35）。结论：HASTE－MRCP在胆道病变诊断中具有准确的定性诊断价值。     

小肠造影对肠梗阻的诊断价值

【目的】探讨小肠造影对肠梗阻的临床诊断价值。【方法】选择2012年6月至2015年6月本院消化科进行选择性小肠造影的患者80例,所有患者经鼻插入型小肠减压管行小肠造影,以出院最终诊断的结果为标准。根据造影结果统计梗阻部位、范围、程度、影像学表现。比较小肠造影与出院诊断结果,通过诊断一致性评分进行诊断效能评估。【结果】造影诊断符合率为93.8%(75/80),其中肠粘连、肠套叠诊断符合率均为100%,肠肿瘤符合率88.9%(16/18),肠结石符合率90.9%(10/11),肠内疝符合率80%(8/10)。32例(40%)患者诊断为多发性肠梗阻,16例(20.0%)为单发性梗阻,47例(58.75%)为不完全性肠梗阻。51例(63.75%)影像学显示为肠部粘连、肠道狭窄;0~0.3分低一致性评分共7例(8.75%),0.8~1.0分高一致性评分共53例(66.25%),差异具有统计学意义(P <0.05)。【结论】小肠造影对肠梗阻能够明确梗阻的具体部位、范围,判断梗阻的严重程度,具有较高的影像诊断价值。     

胎儿肠梗阻的MRI诊断

目的观察胎儿期肠梗阻MRI表现,结合生后手术史及病理学诊断,探讨MRI对胎儿期肠梗阻的诊断价值。材料与方法回顾性分析胎儿期肠梗阻病例26例,胎龄为孕23~35 w,均先行胎儿超声检查后再行胎儿MRI平扫。采用2D快速平衡稳态进动序列(2D fast imaging employ steady acquisition,2D FIESTA)、单次激发快速自旋回波(single-shot fast spin echo,SSFSE)序列、快速反转恢复运动抑制序列T1WI(fast inversion recovery motion insensitive T1WI,FIRM T1WI)和弥散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)序列。根据梗阻部位、梗阻区肠管信号改变、梗阻远端肠道充盈情况、肠系膜血管异常等进行影像学诊断,并观察继发改变如腹水、羊水增多等,随访出生情况及手术治疗结果,分析MRI诊断的正确率及漏诊率,探讨MRI各序列在胎儿肠梗阻诊断中的优势。结果 26例肠梗阻胎儿中:十二指肠/空肠狭窄或闭锁16例,其中4例伴十二指肠和空肠旋转不良;胎粪性小肠梗阻4例,其中2例继发肠扭转致肠缺血坏死;肛门闭锁4例;结肠狭窄或闭锁1例;先天性巨结肠1例。所有胎儿均伴有不同程度羊水增多,部分病例伴腹水、心包积液及睾丸鞘膜积液;2例为单脐动脉。MRI诊断正确率为92.3%(24/26),误诊率为7.7%(2/26)。MRI能清楚显示胎儿肠梗阻部位,观测肠管扩张的程度。SSFSE序列可显示系膜血管受累,FIRM T1WI序列有助于结肠梗阻的诊断,DWI序列可提示梗阻肠管缺血和出血的改变。结论胎儿期肠梗阻MRI图像有特征性改变,可以判断受累肠管的发生部位、梗阻程度和合并症等,对产前诊断和出生后手术治疗有重要参考价值。     

急诊多层螺旋CT检查在结肠癌合并肠穿孔中的应用

目的:评价多层螺旋CT(MSCT)对结肠癌合并肠壁穿孔的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析21例经手术证实的结肠癌合并穿孔的临床及MSCT资料。结果:本组21例中,X线腹平片发现腹部游离气体15例,CT见腹部游离气体18例;21例均发现结肠管壁不同程度的增厚,伴有肠梗阻8例。CT术前正确诊断肠穿孔18例(85.7%);术前正确诊断肠癌合并穿孔16例(76.1%)。结论 :MSCT对结肠癌合并肠穿孔具有较高的术前诊断价值。     

Colonic pseudo-obstruction: Value of prone lateral view of the rectum

Background Collection of fluid within the rectum of patients with gas-distended bowel can simulate as obstructive lesion.Methods In 12 patients with suspected distal colonic obstruction on plain radiographs, we obtained 2 additional films comprising a right lateral decubitus view of the abdomen followed by a prone lateral view of the pelvis.Results Significant gaseous distension of the rectum was achieved in 75% of the 8 patients with pseudo-obstruction. Gaseous filling of the rectum did not occur in any patient with a structural obstructive lesion.Conclusions In the appropriate clinical setting this approach could exclude the presence of obstruction and avoid unnecessary barium enemas in the majority of patients with colonic pseudo-obstruction.     

回盲瓣的超声检查及其临床意义

目的　探讨超声对回盲瓣的显示率、显示方法、声像图特征及其临床意义。方法　 92例X线和(或 )肠镜检查正常者行灌肠后回盲瓣超声检查 ,另 78例肠梗阻患者作对照研究。探头置右下腹 ,扫查切面与腋前线夹角为 2 0°～ 5 0° ,与水平面夹角 45°。结果　回盲瓣呈“八”字形 ;显示清晰 (Ⅱ度 ) 73 .9% ,部分显示 (Ⅰ度 )16.3 % ,未显示 ( 0度 ) 9.8% ;上瓣长径正常值为 ( 1.95± 0 .42 )cm ,下瓣长径 ( 1.3 9± 0 .3 5 )cm ,瓣叶厚度 ( 4 .79±1.2 9)mm。肠梗阻 78例中 61例为回顾性分析 ,大小肠梗阻部位诊断符合率为 85 .2 % ,根据回盲瓣显示对另 17例肠梗阻作前瞻性研究 ,梗阻部位均判断正确。结论　超声能准确识别回盲瓣 ,对梗阻部位及病因诊断均有较高的临床应用价值。     

Malignant tumors of the small bowel

The four common types of small bowel malignancies have different clinical presentations, routes of metastatic spread, and prognoses, and may require selective treatment. A review of our experience over a 16-year period revealed 45 cases: 16 adenocarcinomas, 13 carcinoids, nine leiomyosarcomas, five lymphomas, and two fibrosarcomas. Adenocarcinomas tend to occur in the upper part of the small intestine, cause obstruction and occult blood loss, and metastasize to the regional nodes and liver. Carcinoids generally begin in the distal portion of the small bowel, may form rather large metastatic masses and cause obstruction from a metastatic mass or intussusception, and are often multiple. Leiomyosarcomas develop in any part of the bowel, may present a primary mass, gross hemorrhage, or perforation, and have blood-borne metastases. Lymphomas tend to occur in the distal part of the small bowel, with pain or mass formation, and spread via the lymphatics. Critical analysis of the clinical presentation and findings should allow preoperative recognition of the specific pathologic type.     

Small bowel and colonic permeability to 51Cr-EDTA in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease

51Cr-EDTA was administered both orally and per rectum via a catheter to controls and to patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The patients were divided into two groups, either with active inflammation of the small bowel or with active inflammation of the colon. Fifteen patients with Crohn's disease of the small bowel and 19 patients with either Crohn's disease of the colon or ulcerative colitis were investigated. After oral administration of the probe, controls showed a median excretion of 1.17%/24 h of the dose compared to 3.47%/24 h by patients with small bowel disease and 6.07%/24 h by patients with colonic disease. After rectal administration, controls showed a median excretion of 0.74%/24 h of the dose compared to 0.93%/24 h by patients with small bowel disease and 5.73%/24 h by patients with colonic disease. The rectal test differentiated small bowel disease from colonic disease with an accuracy of 85%. The results confirmed the inflamed colon as a site of increased intestinal permeation.     

多层螺旋 CT 对小肠梗阻的诊断价值

目的：探讨多层螺旋C T对小肠梗阻的诊断价值。方法对36例小肠梗阻患者进行多层螺旋C T平扫和增强扫描,并利用工作站对C T图像进行多平面重建,将C T诊断结果与手术病理结果相对照。结果36例小肠梗阻患者均通过多层螺旋C T扫描明确诊断,诊断准确率为100．0％,均表现为小肠扩张、积液和积气;梗阻原因中肠粘连16例,肿瘤性病变5例,炎症性病变5例,腹疝5例,肠套叠3例,粪石2例,病因诊断准确率为94．4％。结论多层螺旋CT结合三维重建能够准确诊断小肠梗阻,并且在确定梗阻病因方面具有优越性。     

Multidetector Row Computed Tomography of Small Bowel Obstruction

Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is a common clinical problem, and clinical signs and symptoms often do not provide sufficient information for diagnosis or to guide management. During the past two decades, computed tomography has become a mainstay in the evaluation of patients with known or suspected small bowel obstruction. Computed tomography scans should be performed and interpreted with attention to establishing the diagnosis of small bowel obstruction, locating the transition point indicating the site of obstruction, and determining the cause of the obstruction. Complications that suggest the need for urgent surgical intervention, such as closed loop obstruction with superimposed ischemia and/or volvulus, should be sought in every case. Current generation multidetector row computed tomography scanners, with their isotropic resolution, now permit high-quality reformatted images to be obtained in multiple planes and facilitate identification of the transition point and other findings in SBO. Radiologists should be familiar with the myriad features of uncomplicated and complicated small bowel obstruction, which are reviewed in this article.     

磁共振胆道造影(MRC)在胆道梗阻诊断中的价值

目的:通过MRI胆道造影（MR choingigraphy,MRC）与 CF,US,PTC/ERCP及手术、病理的对照研究,评价MRC显示胆道梗阻部位、确定梗阻原因的能力。材料和方法:30例梗阻性黄疸的患者在GE Signa.1.5T超导系统上进行了 MRC检查,并与PTC/ERCP、CT、US手术及病理对照。结果:本组资料中,MRC显示胆道梗阻的部位准确性达100％,优于有损伤性的胆道造影PTC或ERCP。MRC确定梗阻原因的准确性70％,相似于PTC/ERCP、CT、US。结论:我们的初步研究结果表明,无损伤性的MR胆道造影在梗阻性黄疸的定位和定性上具有很高的敏感性,准确性。对于梗阻性黄疸,特别是ERCP失败和不宜行PTC或ERCP的病人是最有效的替代方法。     

Early diagnosis of bowel obstruction and strangulation by computed tomography in emergency department

BACKGROUND:

Closed loop bowel obstruction is a specific type of mechanical obstruction with a high risk of strangulation and bowel infarction, especially in the small bowel. It is associated with a high mortality rate. Hence, it is important for emergency physicians to identify the presence of strangulation, while making the diagnosis of closed loop small bowel obstruction.

METHODS:

We reported three patients with strangulated closed loop small bowel obstruction associated with severe abdominal pain, who had been treated at the emergency department. Urgent computerized tomography was performed in the patients.

RESULTS:

Two patients were discharged with stable conditions, and one patient died after hemodialysis.

CONCLUSION:

Urgent computerized tomography of the abdomen serves as an important diagnostic tool in view of its ability to detect the site, level and cause of obstruction along with the distinctive CT appearance of closed loop small bowel obstruction and signs of ischemia. Early definitive diagnosis will guide subsequent management and improve outcomes.KEY WORDS: Closed loop small bowel obstruction, Computed tomography, Ischemia, Strangulation