Ruptured intracranial mycotic aneurysm presenting as cerebral haemorrhage in an infant: case report and review of the literature

A 2-month-old male infant presented with intracranial haemorrhage caused by ruptured intracranial mycotic aneurysm. Computed tomography and cerebral selective angiography revealed a large haematoma in the left sylvian fissure and a mycotic aneurysm of a peripheral branch of the middle cerebral artery. Despite the successful surgical removal, the child did not recover from the initial brain injury and died 2 months later. There have been fewer than 10 reported cases of infantile mycotic aneurysms and its occurrence in the absence of infectious endocarditis is exceptionally rare. Received: 16 July 1999     

Ruptured giant middle cerebral artery aneurysm in infancy

Intracranial aneurysms are uncommon in children. Rupture of giant intracranial aneurysms is extremely uncommon in infants even in autopsy studies. In this report, we present an unusual case of ruptured giant middle cerebral artery aneurysm in an 11-month-old female infant who presented acutely with unresponsiveness and seizures. The aneurysm was clipped during an urgent craniotomy for evacuation of an associated hematoma. She recovered slowly with mild residual right-sided weakness. Follow up arterial angiography revealed no residual or other aneurysms. Further follow up revealed motor delay and recurrent partial seizures. Active physiotherapy was performed and she could walk independently by 3 years of age. We conclude that intracranial aneurysms have to be considered in the differential diagnosis of infants presenting with acute raised intracranial pressure. Favorable outcome is noted in children who are managed promptly in hospitals with neurosurgical units.     

Hydro<Emphasis Type="Italic">Coil</Emphasis> embolization of a ruptured infectious aneurysm in a pediatric patient: case report and review of the literature

Introduction Intracranial infectious aneurysms in the pediatric population are rare. Although surgery has been the traditional treatment of ruptured pediatric infectious aneurysms, endovascular coil embolization has become an attractive alternative due to its low rate of morbidity and mortality. Case report A 9-year-old boy with a significant medical history of aortic valve replacement, antibiotic-treated infective endocarditis, and multiple embolic cerebral infarcts presented with a high-grade intraventricular hemorrhage due to the rupture of a large infectious proximal posterior circulation aneurysm. Computed tomography and cerebral angiogram demonstrated a right crural/ambient cistern hematoma and an associated infectious aneurysm of the right proximal posterior cerebral artery. The ruptured infectious aneurysm was coil-embolized with hydrogel-coated platinum coils without sacrifice of the distal parent artery. The aneurysm was completely occluded, and the patient regained all neurological function. Conclusion Ruptured infectious aneurysms in the pediatric population occur despite aggressive medical therapy. Patients with infective endocarditis and embolic infarcts should be followed closely due to the risk of major hemorrhagic events, including aneurysm rupture. Hybrid coil embolization of ruptured infectious aneurysms with preservation of the distal parent artery is exceedingly rare and effective in the management of ruptured infectious aneurysms in the pediatric population.     

Staphylococcus Endocarditis Associated with Infectious Vasculitis and Recurrent Cerebral Hemorrhages

Background  Patients with infectious endocarditis, who do not respond to conservative medical therapy usually need rapid valve surgery. This poses a difficult dilemma in patients with intracranial aneurysms and hemorrhage, although endovascular treatment of infectious aneurysms might be an advantage in therapy in these patients. Methods  We present a patient with ruptured infectious intracranial aneurysm complicating endocarditis with hemorrhage after successful coil occlusion of the aneurysm and review the literature on studies reporting endovascular treatment in adults with infectious aneurysms. Results  In total 34 adults have been reported with endovascular treatment of infectious aneurysms. All patients were initially presented with hemorrhage. Reported mortality rate was low (6%), and neurologic disability was reported in 37% of other patients. Rehemorrhage has been described in one other patient after endovascular treatment of an infectious aneurysm after rupture of a new aneurysm. In our patient, CT suggested a generalized cerebral infectious vasculitis. Conclusions  Endovascular treatment of infectious aneurysms seems to be a great advantage, but endovascular coiling may not prevent hemorrhage associated with panvasculitis rupture of a new aneurysm.     

自膨式支架结合弹簧圈栓塞椎基底系动脉瘤

目的 探讨和总结应用Neuroform自膨式支架结合弹簧圈栓塞颅内椎基底系动脉瘤的技术。方法 回顾性分析12例颅内椎基底系动脉瘤，均采用Neuroform自膨式支架结合弹簧圈技术治疗。结果 基底动脉3例，椎动脉远端9例，12例全部应用Neuroform自膨式支架结合弹簧圈栓塞。1例术后出现眩晕的表现。5例随访3个月，无复发、无狭窄及再出血。结论 在栓塞颅内动脉瘤时应用Neuroform自膨式支架结合弹簧圈技术，可防止弹簧圈突入载瘤动脉，保持载瘤动脉通畅，提高了颅内动脉瘤的疗效。     

联合自膨胀颅内支架和生物活性弹簧圈栓塞1例海绵窦宽颈动脉瘤

目的报道采用自膨胀专用颅内支架Neuroform和生物活性弹簧圈Matrix栓塞1例宽颈海绵窦动脉瘤的经验.方法对一女性48岁多发性脑动脉瘤病人,在栓塞其破裂的前交通动脉瘤后5个月,采用国际上第1个专用颅内支架Neuroform和第1种具有生物活性的弹簧圈Matrix栓塞另一伴发的宽颈海绵窦动脉瘤.结果支架成功置入载瘤动脉的瘤颈处,并经插入支架网眼内的微导管在动脉瘤内填入3个Matrix电解脱弹簧圈,动脉瘤闭塞95%以上,载瘤动脉通畅.病人无神经功能症状,弥散加权MR未见脑缺血灶,MRA和TCD未见脑血管痉挛,术后5 d出院.结论Neuroform颅内支架使用方便、安全,适用于颅内宽颈动脉瘤的支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞,特别适用于迂曲的脑血管.     

Bilingual aphasia due to spontaneous acute subdural haematoma from a ruptured intracranial infectious aneurysm

We report a case of spontaneous subdural haematoma due to ruptured intracranial infectious aneurysm, presenting with bilingual aphasia and illustrating differential language recovery. A 62-year-old right-handed bilingual gentleman, with a diagnosis of infective endocarditis, developed headache and became expressively aphasic in the English language. Three days later he was receptively and expressively aphasic in both English and Arabic. Cranial MRI scans showed a left-sided acute subdural haematoma with mass effect and midline shift. Contrast CT brain scans showed an enhancing speck adjacent to the clot and cerebral angiogram confirmed a distal middle cerebral artery aneurysm. He underwent image-guided craniotomy, evacuation of the subdural haematoma and excision of the aneurysm. Histopathological examination was consistent with an infectious intracranial aneurysm. Postoperatively his aphasia did not improve immediately. He had widened pulse pressure due to severe aortic regurgitation, confirmed on echocardiography. He underwent aortic valve replacement and mitral valve repair, following which his aphasia recovered gradually. Initially the recovery of his language was limited to Arabic. About a week later he recovered his English language as well. At 3-year follow-up he is doing well and has no neurological deficits. His aphasia has recovered completely. The present case is unique because of (a) presence of pure subdural haematoma, and (b) the differential susceptibility and recovery of native (L1) and acquired language (L2) in presence of a common pathology. The neurology of language in a bilingual is analysed and possible mechanisms discussed.     

感染性颅内动脉瘤的诊治分析

目的 探讨感染性颅内动脉瘤的诊治方法。方法 回顾性分析2008~2013年收治的8例感染性颅内动脉瘤的临床资料。结果 8例患者行头颅CT证实有颅内出血;1例行CTA检查,7例行DSA检查;动脉瘤位于大脑后动脉P3段1例,大脑后动脉P4段4例,大脑中动脉M5段2例,大脑前动脉A4段1例。3例行开颅手术;4例行血管内介入栓塞;1例因载瘤动脉太细,未行血管内栓塞治疗,给予保守治疗。所有病例均恢复良好,无死亡病例;1例遗留左侧肢体偏瘫,其余7例出院时均无神经功能缺失。术后随访3~6个月均未见复发。结论 感染性颅内动脉瘤是一种特殊类型的动脉瘤,应根据患者全身情况及颅内动脉瘤类型进行个体化治疗。     

颅内动脉瘤破裂合并颅脑损伤5例分析

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤破裂合并颅脑损伤的临床特征,以此鉴别创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血。方法对我院近三年来收治的5例颅内动脉瘤破裂合并颅脑损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,总结其临床特征。结果 4例患者入院后急诊经CTA检查证实为颅内动脉瘤破裂出血,其中前交通动脉瘤2例,大脑中动脉瘤1例,颈内动脉-后交通动脉瘤l例;1例患者为动脉瘤再次破裂后行CTA检查示颈内动脉-后交通动脉瘤。急诊开颅血肿清除及动脉瘤夹闭术2例,动脉瘤夹闭术1例,血管内介入栓塞治疗术1例,药物保守治疗1例。恢复良好3例,重残1例,死亡l例。结论对伴有颅脑外伤史的蛛网膜下腔出血应注意考虑颅内动脉瘤破裂的可能,以便采取积极合理的治疗方案。     

Retroperitoneal Hematoma as a Serious Complication of Endovascular Aneurysmal Coiling

Retroperitoneal hematoma (RH) due to radiologic intervention for an intracranial lesion is relatively rare, difficult to diagnose, and can be life-threatening. We report a case of RH that developed in a patient on anticoagulant therapy following endovascular coiling of a ruptured anterior communicating artery (AcoA) aneurysm. An 82-year-old man presented with a 12-day history of headache. Computed tomography (CT) on admission demonstrated slight subarachnoid hemorrhage, and left carotid angiography revealed an AcoA aneurysm. The next day, the aneurysm was occluded with coils via the femoral approach under general anesthesia. The patient received a bolus of 5,000 units of heparin immediately following the procedure, and an infusion rate of 10,000 units/day was initiated. The patient gradually became hypotensive 25 hours after coiling. Abdominal CT showed a huge, high-density soft-tissue mass filling the right side of the retroperitoneum space. The patient eventually died of multiple organ failure five days after coiling. RH after interventional radiology for neurological disease is relatively rare and can be difficult to diagnose if consciousness is disturbed. This case demonstrates the importance of performing routine physical examinations, sequentially measuring the hematocrit and closely monitoring systemic blood pressures following interventional radiologic procedures in patients with abnormal mental status.     

Progressive visual loss due to a muslinoma--report of a case and review of the literature.

Intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms are frequently treated either by microsurgical clipping of the aneurysm neck, by endovascular coiling of the aneurysm sac or by balloon occlusion of the parent vessel. For some broad-based aneurysms that may not be suitable for any of these options, microsurgical wrapping of the aneurysm wall with muslin or gauze rarely is applied. We report the case of a patient who suffered from a minor stroke because of arterio-arterial embolism from an intracranial ICA aneurysm. The aneurysm was treated by wrapping muslin material. After 12 months, he experienced progressive visual loss. Cranial magnetic resonance testing magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) revealed a granulomatous inflammation surrounding the site of the aneurysm and affecting optochiasmatic structures. A muslin-induced optic neuropathy is a rare but serious complication of a chronic inflammatory reaction in response to muslin or gauze used in intracranial aneurysm wrapping. If the foreign body inflammatory reaction to muslin or gauze leads to a mass formation, the term muslinoma or gauzoma is applied. Various treatment strategies include surgery, steroids and cyclophosphamide, but recovery of the vision is not predictable. As a consequence, muslin or cotton gauze should only be applied with great caution in neurovascular surgery.     

Aneurysm detection with computed tomographic angiography in a 1-month-old infant

We report an infant whose clinical condition deteriorated acutely at 1 month of age because of a subarachnoid hemorrhage with an intracerebellar hematoma. Computed tomographic angiography revealed an aneurysm of the left posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Because of the critical condition of the child and her very young age, the decision to perform surgery was based solely on the computed tomographic angiography findings.     

Intracranial aneurysms causing spontaneous acute subdural hematoma

Acute subdural hematoma is an uncommon presentation of the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. We report two cases of intracranial aneurysms causing spontaneous acute subdural hematoma.     

Acute subdural hematoma without subarachnoid hemorrhage following rupture of a distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysm: a case report]

Acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) without subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage following rupture of an intracranial aneurysm is rare. Only 34 cases of pure ASDH resulting from rupture of an intracranial aneurysm, and 5 cases of pure ASDH secondary to rupture of an anterior cerebral artery (ACA) aneurysm, have been reported in the literature. We report a case of a patient with a ruptured distal ACA aneurysm who presented pure ASDH on CT. A 63-year-old woman was admitted with the acute onset of severe headache, nausea, and dizziness. CT showed a right convexity and interhemispheric ASDH in the absence of subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage. Cerebrospinal fluid was clear by lumbar puncture. However, we still suspected a ruptured intracranial aneurysm as the diagnosis. Angiography was performed and demonstrated a right distal ACA aneurysm with a daughter aneurysm. Evacuation of the subdural hematoma, with the clipping of the aneurysm was performed. Intraoperatively, adhesion between the dome of aneurysm and the falx cerebri was observed. The patient was discharged from the hospital without neurological deficits.     

颅内假性动脉瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨颅内假性动脉瘤的诊断和手术方法。方法回顾性分析16例手术治疗的颅内假性动脉瘤病人的临床及影像学特点．其中创伤性9例，感染性7例。结果出院时临床状况优良11例，轻残3例，死亡2例（其中1例为创伤性，术后发生脑梗死）。对12例行3个月。5年门诊随访，均未发生再出血。结论颅内假性动脉瘤是颅内动脉瘤中特殊且较复杂的类型，其诊断和处理策略与一般动脉瘤不同。提高对颅内假性动脉瘤的认识，以及有效应用神经外科技术，可以降低假性动脉瘤的手术风险，改善预后。     

脑底异常血管网病合并颅内动脉瘤的外科治疗分析

目的 探讨脑底异常血管网病合并颅内动脉瘤的外科治疗方式及其疗效。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2019年12月收治的18例脑底异常血管网病合并颅内动脉瘤的临床资料。根据病人的具体情况选择个体化治疗方案。结果 10例非血流相关性破裂动脉瘤中,5例行动脉瘤夹闭+颞肌贴敷术,4例行动脉瘤栓塞术,1例行动脉瘤栓塞+二期单侧颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉（STA-MCA）分流术;3例烟雾血管破裂出血中,1例行血肿清除+脑室外引流术,1例保守治疗,1例行STA-MCA分流术;5例未出血病人中,1例行STA-MCA分流+动脉瘤夹闭术,2例行STA-MCA分流术,2例行动脉瘤栓塞+STA-MCA分流术。围手术期死亡1例;存活17位出院后随访1～5年,1例保守治疗2年因再出血死亡;1例发生颅内再出血。16例存活病人末次随访改良Rankin量表评分0分10例,1分3例,2分2例,4分1例（再出血病人）。结论 脑底异常血管网病合并颅内动脉瘤的病人,可以根据是否有出血症状及所合并的是否为血流相关性动脉瘤,采取相应的手术方式。存在血流相关性动脉瘤,但没有颅内出血的病人,可以行单纯STA-MCA分流术,而不需要处理动脉瘤...     

Hunt-HessⅣ、Ⅴ级颅内动脉瘤手术治疗的分析

目的总结Hunt-HessⅣ、Ⅴ级颅内动脉瘤手术治疗的经验。方法2000年1月至2012年2月手术治疗216例Hunt-HessⅣ、Ⅴ级颅内动脉瘤,其中Ⅳ级192例,Ⅴ级24例。手术夹闭动脉瘤,同时清除颅内血肿,并酌情行去骨瓣减压术。结果术后6个月按GOS评分,Hunt-HessⅣ级192例患者中,预后良好38例,轻残56例,重残60例,植物生存15例,死亡23例;死亡率12.0%。Hunt-HessⅤ级24例患者中,重残5例,植物生存4例,死亡15例;死亡率62.5%。结论对于合并颅内血肿的Hunt-HessⅣ级动脉瘤患者应积极手术治疗。Hunt-HessⅤ级患者手术疗效极差,应该待临床症状稳定后再行治疗。     

A Dural Arteriovenous Fistula of the Anterior Cranial Fossa Angiographically Mimicking an Anterior Ethmoidal Artery Aneurysm

Venous aneurysm or varix at the venous side of the fistula commonly exist in dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) of the anterior cranial fossa, which may be initially mistaken with aneurysm on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, but always identified by angiography. We report a very unusual case of anterior cranial fossa DAVF angiographically mimicking an anterior ethmoidal artery aneurysm, which was ultimately corrected by surgery. A 41‐year‐old male presented with right frontal intraparenchymal hematoma with intraventricular extension. Angiography revealed a vascular lesion adjacent to the anterior fossa mimicking an anterior ethmoidal artery aneurysm, which was surgically proven to be a partially thrombosed venous varix of drainaging vein originated from the cribriform plate. A diagnosis of anterior cranial fossa DAVF was made, and venous varix was excised. Follow‐up angiography after the operation revealed complete disappearance of the lesion. Our case illustrates a unique occasion that a proximal venous varix without obvious outflow angiographically in DAVF might be mistaken with an aneurysm.     

Comparative bioinformatics analysis between proteomes of rabbit aneurysm model and human intracranial aneurysm with label-free quantitative proteomics

AimsThis study aimed to find critical proteins involved in the development of intracranial aneurysm by comparing proteomes of rabbit aneurysm model and human aneurysms.MethodsFive human intracranial aneurysm samples and 5 superficial temporal artery samples, and 4 rabbit aneurysm samples and 4 control samples were collected for protein mass spectrometry. Four human intracranial aneurysm samples and 4 superficial temporal artery samples, and 6 rabbit aneurysm samples and 6 control samples were used for immunochemistry.ResultsProteomic analysis revealed 180 significantly differentially expressed proteins in human intracranial aneurysms and 716 significantly differentially expressed proteins in rabbit aneurysms. Among them, 57 proteins were differentially expressed in both species, in which 24 were increased and 33 were decreased in aneurysms compared to the control groups. Proteins were involved in focal adhesion and extracellular matrix‐receptor interaction pathways. We found that COL4A2, MYLK, VCL, and TAGLN may be related to aneurysm development.ConclusionProteomics analysis provided fundamental insights into the pathogenesis of aneurysm. Proteins related to focal adhesion and extracellular matrix‐receptor interaction pathways play an important role in the occurrence and development of intracranial aneurysm.