中药艾灸对腹膜透析患者腹膜转运功能的影响

目的：观察中药艾灸对低腹膜转运CAPD患者腹膜转运功能的影响。方法：低腹膜转运CAPD患者32例随机分为两组,治疗组（中药艾灸）与对照组各16例,观察治疗前后透析液溶质浓度与血液溶质浓度（D/P）比值、腹膜溶质清除指数（KT/V、CCr）的变化。结果：治疗组治疗后葡萄糖（D/D0）比值降低（P〈0.05）,肌酐、尿素氮D/P比值提高（P〈0.05）,腹膜溶质清除指数（KT/V、CCr）明显增加,优于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：中药艾灸可有效地提高透析效能,对低腹膜转运CAPD患者腹膜的转运功能具有较好的改善作用。     

静脉滴注PGEl对腹膜透析溶质转运的影响

目的 探讨前列腺素El(PGE1)对腹膜透析患者腹膜溶质转的影响。方法 对正在进行CAPD的尿毒症患者,静脉滴注PGEl治疗;通过腹膜平衡试验观察肌酐D／P值,腹透液中葡萄糖、蛋白质的变化,并测定尿素清除指数(KT／V值)。结果 PGEl治疗后,患者肌酐D／P值明显提高,透析液的葡萄糖浓度明显降低而蛋白质丢失无明显差异;同时,患者透析KT／V和残余肾KT／V也明显改善。结论 静脉滴注PGE1有助于改善腹膜透析患者腹膜溶质转运功能,同时对残余肾功能增加有一定的作用。     

残余肾功能对腹膜透析患者营养状况影响的临床研究

目的：前瞻性观察长期持续性非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）患的营养状况,探讨残余肾功能对营养状况的影响。方法：采用常规处方透析,留取尿液、腹透液,并抽血检测生化、血脂及蛋白营养指标,计算残余肾功能（RRF）、KT／V值、肌酐清除率（Ccr)、单位透析剂量（PV／S）及蛋白质分解率（PCR）,评估每日蛋白质摄入量（DPI)。结果：RRF与KT／V、Ccr及残余尿量呈正相关,（分别r=0.56、0．83及0．80）,与透析时间、透析超滤量呈负相关（分别r=-0.41、0．33）,与PV／S无关。A组（RRF＜3ml/min)患Ccr、KT／V及血浆前白蛋白（PA）、视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）、转铁蛋白（Tf)明显低于B组（RRF≥3ml/min),但PCR高于B组。然而,A、B两组间Alb、TG及TC却无明显差别。结论：RRF与腹膜透析充分性密切相关,并影响腹透患的营养状况,根据RRF下降程度及时调整透析剂量及方案,是预防CAPD患营养不良发生的最主要手段。     

不同腹膜转运特性对血钙、血磷及PTH的影响

目的研究无尿持续非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）患者腹膜转运功能对骨矿物质代谢的影响。方法选择159例无尿CAPD患者,根据腹膜平衡试验将患者分为2组：低转运特性组87例,高转运特性组72例。检测两组患者血钙、血磷、甲状旁腺激素等生化指标,测定腹膜尿素清除指数（KT／V）及肌酐清除率（CCr）。结果与低转运特性患者相比,高转运特性患者血钙、血磷和甲状旁腺激素水平明显偏低,而KT／V、CCr偏高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。多元逐步回归分析显示,CCr与血钙、血磷呈负相关（P〈0．05）,Kt／V与血钙呈负相关关系（P〈0．05）,而D／Pcr与血钙、血磷、甲状旁腺激素无明显相关性。结论低腹膜转运特性患者易出现高磷血症和高甲状旁腺激素;腹摸转运特性能影响血钙、血磷、甲状旁腺激素水平,但之间未见显著相关性。     

高血脂对腹膜透析患者的残余肾功能影响

目的：观察高血脂对连续性不卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）患者的残余肾功能（RRF）的作用。方法：定期监测共72例CAPD患者血脂成分及残余肾功能,根据血脂的变化将患者分为胆固醇（TC）增高组、三酰甘油（TG）增高组及二者均增高组与TC、TG正常组,比较各组残余肾功能变化。结果：CAPD治疗初期残余肾功能无明显变化（P〉0.05）。第12月时,TC增高组RRF较同组透析初月时下降（P〈0.05）。TG增高组及TC、TG均增高组的RRF分别与透析初月时同组RRF比较显著下降（P〈0.001）。第18月时3个血脂增高组RRF与TC、TG组比较均有下降（P〈0.05）。RRF下降数值与TC（r=0.234,P〈0.05）、TG（r=0.528,P〈0.05）均呈正相关。结论：CAPD患者的RRF随着透析时间的延长而降低。高血脂与RRF改变值有正相关性。     

中药艾灸改善腹膜透析患者营养不良的临床研究

目的：观察中药艾灸对高腹膜转运CAPD患者腹膜营养不良的影响.方法：高腹膜转运CAPD患者26例随机分为两组,治疗组（中药艾灸）与对照组各13例,观察治疗前后透析超滤量（UF）、C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）、血清白蛋白（Alb）、前白蛋白（Pre-A）及中医症状计分和改良定量主观整体评估法（MQSGA）评分的变化.结果：治疗组治疗后24 h总超滤量明显增加,hs-CRP、IL-6明显下降,Alb及Pre-A明显增加,中医症状计分和MQSGA评分增加,优于对照组（P〈0.05）.结论：中药艾灸可以有效提高透析超滤量,减轻高腹膜转运CAPD患者的微炎症状态,改善营养不良.     

不同腹膜通透性对CAPD患者左心室结构的影响

目的：探讨不同腹膜通透性对持续不卧床腹膜透析患者左心室结构的影响。方法：收集2013年~2014年间在山西医科大学第一医院维持性腹膜透析患者45例,根据腹膜平衡试验（PET）分为两组：腹膜高通透性组和腹膜低通透性组。随访1年,监测患者生化指标、KT/V,采用心脏超声测量室间隔厚度（IVST）、左心室后壁厚度（LVPWT）、左心室舒张末内径（LVDd）,并根据Reichek公式计算左心室心肌重量指数（LVMI）,最后进行统计学分析。结果：（1）腹膜透析患者随访12月后LVMI与CRP及腹膜通透性呈正相关（P〈0.05）,与Hb、Alb、RRF、KT/V呈负相关（P〈0.05）;（2）与腹膜低通透性的患者比较,腹膜高通透性的患者血红蛋白、白蛋白、RRF、KT/V明显降低（P〈0.05）,CRP、LVMI明显升高（P〈0.05）。结论：高通透性的腹膜透析患者LVMI高于低通透性的腹膜透析患者,可能与营养不良、微炎症、透析不充分、残余肾功能下降有关系,提示我们应该对腹膜高通透性患者进行早期干预。     

腹膜透析剂量与残余肾功能及透析质量的关系研究

目的观察慢性肾脏病5期患者应用非透析治疗、不同腹膜透析剂量治疗对肾功能的影响。方法选取慢性肾脏病5期的非糖尿病肾病患者,采用非透析保守治疗者20例,腹膜透析剂量4升／天者26例、6升／天者35例及8升／天者43例。随访观察1年,检查各项指标及肾功能的变化。结果随访1年后,非透析患者血压的控制较4升／天腹膜透析组差（P〈0．05）,血清白蛋白水平、血钙水平低于4升／天透析组,血磷及甲状旁腺素水平高于不同剂量透析组。各组尿量及残余肾功能均有不同程度的下降,其中腹膜透析各组尿量、肾功能及非透析组肾功能均较观察前具有统计学差异（P〈0．05）,而各组之间肾功能下降的幅度未见显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论慢性肾脏病5期患者早期的腹膜透析治疗对患者钙磷代谢、蛋白质营养改善及血压的控制优于非透析治疗。腹膜透析治疗对残余肾功能的保护与非透析治疗相比未见明显优势,不同的透析剂量在1年的观察期内未显示对肾功能的影响。     

持续非卧床腹膜透析患者血清肌酐水平的影响因素分析

目的：探讨影响持续非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）患者血清肌酐水平的因素。方法：选取北京大学第三医院腹透中心200名临床情况稳定的CAPD患者为研究对象。同时收集患者人口学特征、血清肌酐（Scr）及其他生化资料,评估腹膜透析充分性,采用简单相关及多元回归分析探讨影响Scr水平的因素。结果：所有患者平均年龄（61.02±14.81）岁,平均Scr（893±293）μmol/L;简单相关分析显示Scr水平与年龄、总尿素清除指数（TKt/V）、残肾尿素清除指数（RKt/V）、总肌酐清除率（Tccr）及残肾肌酐清除率（Rccr）呈负相关,而与透析剂量、体质指数（BMI）、透析龄呈正相关,差异均具有统计学意义;逐步多元回归分析提示在矫正透析剂量、透析龄及糖尿病等因素后,性别、年龄、Tccr、RKt/V、透析液肌酐浓度/血肌酐浓度（D/PCr）及BMI是影响Scr水平的独立因素（R2=0.659,P〈0.05）。结论：本研究提示在剂量、透析龄及糖尿病等因素后,性别、年龄、营养状况、残余肾功能及腹膜转运功能仍能独立地影响CAPD患者血清肌酐水平。     

扶肾颗粒改善腹膜透析患者营养不良的临床研究

目的：观察具有健脾益肾、和中降浊、活血化瘀功效的扶肾颗粒对慢性肾衰竭腹膜透析患者营养不良的疗效.方法：102例长程CAPD患者随机分为治疗组52例,对照组50例.对照组为基础治疗,治疗组为基础治疗加用扶肾颗粒.结果：扶肾颗粒能明显改善慢性肾衰竭腹膜透析营养不良患者的营养状况,能改善患者食欲,降低主症评分及SGA评分（P＜0.05）,升高血清白蛋白、血红蛋白水平（P＜0.05）.结论：扶肾颗粒能有效改善慢性肾衰竭腹膜透析营养不良患者的营养状况.     

Impact of Residual Renal Function on Dialysis Adequacy in Paediatric CAPD Patients

This study was designed to determine the impact of residual renal function (RRF) on dialysis adequacy indices and clinical outcome parameters in paediatric CAPD patients. Seventeen children on CAPD were included. Residual renal function was described by residual diuresis (UO: urine output), residual renal solute clearances [RR.KT/V (residual renal KT/V), RR.Ccr (residual renal creatinine clearance) and GFR (glomerular filtration rate)]. Pearson's correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression analysis were used in statistical analysis. Mean W.KT/V (weekly KT/V) vas 1.97±0.6 and mean T.Ccr (total Ccr) was 56±32 L/week/1.73 m². Both of these indices were found to be strongly correlated with RRF (GFR, UO, RR.KT/V and RR.Ccr) (p<0.001), but not with peritoneal solute clearances. W.KT/V was found to be influenced essentially by RR.KT/V (p<0.001) and also dialysate fill volume (DV) (p<0.01). T.Ccr was influenced primarily by RR.Ccr (p<0.001) and serum cr levels (p<0.05). In addition significant positive correlations were detected between serum albumin, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Htc) levels and residual diuresis (p<0.05) and a significant negative correlation was found between mean blood pressure and residual diuresis (p<0.05). It was concluded that the mean values of W.KT/V and T.Ccr were heavily influenced by RRF. Almost all variations in W.KT/V and T.Ccr represented changes in RRF. In addition, anaemia, hypertension and hypoalbuminaemia, which are known as clinical criteria of inadequate dialysis, were found to be influenced by residual diuresis. Thus one of the goals of paediatric nephrologists must be the preservation of renal reserve. Since the rate of decline in RRF was significantly lower in CAPD, it should be the first choice of long-term maintenance dialytic therapy for children who have residual renal reserve.     

The impact of residual renal function and total body water volume on achieving adequate dialysis in CAPD.

AIMS: The objective is to evaluate the impact of residual renal function (RRF) and total body water (TBW) on achieving adequate dialysis. METHODS: Sixty three CAPD patients performing four 2 liter exchanges daily were evaluated for RRF, total weekly Kt/V (TWKt/V), total weekly creatinine clearance (TWCC) and TBW. RESULTS: In patients with residual renal function (N = 41), TWKt/V and TWCC were 2.2 +/- 0.8 and 77.4 +/- 24.5 L, respectively. In patients without RRF (N = 22), TWKt/V was 1.6 +/- 0.4 and TWCC 42.6 +/- 9.2 L. TBW correlated negatively with TWKt/V in the group without RRF (r = -0.75, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: It is not possible for larger patients without RRF treated with CAPD (2L x 4 exchanges) to achieve the acceptable targets for TWKt/V and TWCC due to TBW.     

小剂量日间非卧床腹膜透析对残肾功能较好的糖尿病终末期肾病患者的疗效

目的　研究小剂量日间非卧床腹膜透析（DAPD）和小剂量持续非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）对残肾功能较好的糖尿病终末期肾病（ESRD）患者的疗效。 方法 病情稳定、残肾功能较好（rGFR≥5 ml/min,且尿量≥750 ml/d）的40例糖尿病ESRD患者入选。按数字随机法分为小剂量DAPD组20例和小剂量CAPD组20例。DAPD组透析处方为1.5 L或2 L,3次/d,每次留腹3～4 h,夜间干腹。CAPD组透析处方为1.5～2 Ｌ,3次/d,或1.5 L,4次/d,夜间留腹。在研究开始及6个月后,分别计算两组腹膜尿素氮清除率（Kt/V）、残肾Kt/V、每周总Ｋt/V、Ccr、rGFR等指标;测定24 h尿蛋白量、24 h腹透液蛋白、血清白蛋白、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白及胰岛素剂量;用改良主观综合性营养评估法（SGA）评估患者营养状况。 结果 共35例患者完成研究。两组患者年龄、性别、体质量指数、透析龄、透析液肌酐/血肌酐（D/Pcr）等基线值差异无统计学意义。6个月后,CAPD组胰岛素剂量和24 h腹透液丢失蛋白明显高于DAPD组,分别为（33.6±10.9） U/d 比（20.6±6.2） U/d（P < 0.05）和（11.13±4.95） g比（5.66±2.88） g（P < 0.01）,而血清白蛋白明显低于DAPD组[（29.7±4.2） 比（36.5±3.9） g/L,P < 0.05]。DAPD组与CAPD组相比,24 h净超滤量为（554±187） ml比（309±177） ml,24 h尿量为（1090±361） ml比（750±258） ml,rGFR为（8.21±2.40） ml/min比（4.88±2.11） ml/min,DAPD组均显著高于CAPD组（均P < 0.05）。 结论 对于残肾功能较好的糖尿病ESRD患者,小剂量DAPD较小剂量CAPD能更好地控制血糖,改善营养状态及保护残肾功能。     

A novel association between residual renal function and left ventricular hypertrophy in peritoneal dialysis patients

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and dialysis adequacy are both important predictors for mortality in dialysis patients. This study evaluated the association between residual renal function (RRF) and the severity of LVH in endstage renal failure (ESRF) patients undergoing long-term continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). METHODS: A cross-section study was performed with left ventricular mass index (LVMi), determined in 158 non-diabetic CAPD patients using echocardiography and its relationship with residual glomerular filtration rate (GFR), peritoneal dialysis (PD) and total weekly urea clearance (Kt/V) and other known risk factors for LVH was evaluated. RESULTS: Twelve patients had no LVH (group I). The remaining 146 patients were stratified [group II (lowest), III and IV (highest)] according to the LVMi (median 207 g/m2; range 103 to 512 g/m2). Across the four groups of patients with increasing LVMi, there was significant decline in GFR (2.27 +/- 1.98 vs. 1.49 +/- 1.58 vs. 1.61 +/- 1.91 vs. 0.80 +/- 1.42 mL/min/1.73 m2; P = 0.011) and total weekly Kt/V (1.98 +/- 0.44 vs. 1.96 +/- 0.38 vs. 1.92 +/- 0.42 vs. 1.71 +/- 0.42; P = 0.037); however, PD Kt/V was similar for all four groups. Patients with better-preserved residual GFR not only had significantly higher total Kt/V, but were less anemic and hypoalbuminemic and had a trend toward lower systolic blood pressure and arterial pulse pressure. Multiple regression analysis showed that other than age, gender, body weight, arterial pulse pressure, hemoglobin and serum albumin, known factors for LVH, residual GFR (estimated mean -7.94; 95% confidence interval -15.13 to -0.74; P = 0.031) was also independently associated with LVMi. CONCLUSIONS: Other than anemia, hypoalbuminemia and arterial pulse pressure, this study demonstrates an important, novel association between the degree of RRF and severity of LVH in ESRF patients undergoing long-term CAPD. Prospective studies are needed to define if indeed there is a cause-effect relationship between this association, to evaluate if a decline in residual GFR is independently associated with an increase in LVMi, and to determine whether treatment directed at preserving RRF will reduce the severity of LVH, improve cardiac performance and hence survival of these patients.     

Importance of residual renal function in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: its influence on different parameters of renal replacement treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of residual renal function (RRF) on different parameters of the renal substitutive treatment offered by peritoneal dialysis. METHODS: We analyzed the impact of RRF on dialysis dose, nutrition parameters, anemia and phosphocalcic metabolism in 37 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Analytical controls were done every 6 months after an initial assessment at the end of the first month of treatment. Multiple lineal regression models were used as the statistical method to analyze the influence of RRF on different theoretically dependent factors. RRF was calculated as a mean of creatinine and urea clearances. Three observations per patient were used: one at the end of the first month of treatment; a final one at the end of follow-up (mean time 24.2 +/- 11.4 months), and at a mean time between them (13.4 +/- 6.7 months), with a final number of 111 observations. RESULTS: Dialysis dose: RRF was the most important factor in terms of creatinine clearance (r(2) = 0.94; beta = 0.999), KT/V (r(2) = 0. 68; beta = 0.819) and beta(2)-microglobulin levels (r(2) = 0.46; beta = -0.489). Nutrition parameters: RRF was a determinant factor for normalized protein catabolic rate (r(2) = 0.53; beta = 0.471), percent lean body mass (r(2) = 0.45; beta = 0.446) and albumin levels (r(2) = 0.25; beta = 0.229). Anemia: RRF was the most important factor when studying hemoglobin levels (r(2) = 0.28; beta = 0.407). Phosphocalcic metabolism: Between the analyzed factors, RRF was the only one which reached significance on serum phosphate levels (r(2) = 0.19; beta = -0.594). RRF did not show any relationship with either calcium or PTH levels. CONCLUSIONS: Independent of other factors, RRF in CAPD is positively and directly related to dialysis dose, beta(2)-microglobulin levels, nutrition parameters (albumin, normalized protein catabolic rate and percent lean body mass, hemoglobin and serum phosphate levels.     

A longitudinal, five year survey of urea kinetic parameters in CAPD patients.

This study reports on the five years' evolution of the KT/V urea index and protein catabolic rate (PCR) in 16 CAPD patients who were treated with a constant daily dialysis dose. Total KT/V urea index decreased with time from a value of 0.96 +/- 0.06 at the start to 0.55 +/- 0.05 at five years of treatment. This decline was due to the opposite changes of two important parameters affecting the index. First, the contribution of the residual urinary KT/V gradually decreased from 28.6% at the start to 8 to 9% after four years. Second, the distribution volume of urea calculated as a constant fraction of body weight gradually increased. The body weight increased from 58.2 +/- 2.79 kg at start to 70.6 +/- 3.33 kg at five years. Peritoneal urea clearances and ultrafiltration rates remained stable. In 12 patients with stable body weight between 24 and 48 months, PCR decreased from 0.98 +/- 0.05 to 0.87 +/- 0.05 g/kg/day. A positive correlation between KT/V urea and PCR and a negative correlation between KT/V urea and number of hospitalization days, peritonitis rates and peripheral nerve conductivity was found. The same negative correlation was found when only the KT/V urea index obtained during the first year of treatment was considered. In conclusion, the KT/V urea index decreases in CAPD patients primarily because residual renal function decreases and body weight increases, while the peritoneal clearing for urea is maintained. The index correlates with some clinical parameters, and may have some prognostic value.     

Validation of cystatin C-based equations for evaluation of residual renal function among patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Objective To validate cystatin (Cys C)-based equations for evaluation of residual renal function （RRF） in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Methods Fifty patients on CAPD from our department were enrolled in the study. Eight patients with residual urine volume ≤100 ml/d and 42 patients with residual urine volume ＞100 ml/d were enrolled into anuria group and non-anuric group respectively. The clinical and laboratory status of each group were compared and equations (Hoek’s, Yang’s and abbreviated MDRD equations) were validated in the non-anuric group by comparing with the arithmetic average of residual renal creatinine clearance rate and residual renal urea clearance rate which was considered as the golden standard for RRF. Results (1) Anuric group had significantly higher serum Cys C than the non-anuric group [(7.73±1.13) mg/L vs (6.46±1.15) mg/L, t＝2.39, P＝0.02)]. (2) RRF estimated by each equation was correlated well with measured RRF (r＝0.56, 0.56 and 0.39, all P＜0.05). (3) Yang’s equation [0.10 ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1] was least biased, followed by Hoek’s equation [-0.73 ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1] and abbreviated MDRD equation [3.15 ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1]. (4) The precision of Yang’s equation was equivalent to that of Hoek’s equation and both of them were better than abbreviated MDRD equation [6.2 and 6.1 vs 8.4 ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1]. (5) 50% accuracy according to Yang’s equation and Hoek’s equation revealed an elevated results in comparison to that according to abbreviated MDRD equation (59.5% and 54.8% vs 23.8%, respectively, all P＜0.01). Conclusions Serum Cys C-based prediction equations are better than the abbreviated MDRD equation in bias, precision and 50% accuracy. For patients undergoing CAPD, the use of Cys C-based equation to estimate RRF may be a clinically acceptable alternative.