Nosocomial infections: cockroaches as possible vectors of drug-resistant Klebsiella.

The possibility that hospital cockroaches may act as vectors of drug-resistant Klebsiella spp. was investigated during Nov 1985 to April 1989, at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) hospital. Klebsiella spp. (majority Klebsiella pneumoniae) were isolated from 28.3% of hospital cockroaches and 28.1% of infected wounds of patients. Most of Klebsiella isolates from patients (96.3%), and hospital cockroaches (85.9%) showed multiple drug resistance to four or more antimicrobials. Similar strains of Klebsiella spp. were encountered among patients and hospital cockroaches. These findings suggest that hospital cockroaches may act as vectors of drug-resistant Klebsiella spp. and may contribute to the epidemiology of nosocomial infections.     

Epidemiological role of arthropods detectable in health facilities.

A total of 161 arthropod specimens were collected from 55 sites in a health care facility during July and September 1990. Of the 116 bacterial isolates obtained from their body surfaces 6% were from parasites (mosquitoes), 59% from eusynanthropic arthropods (Tenebrionid beetles, flies, German cockroaches, wasps), 16% from hemisynanthropic arthropods (ants, spiders) and 19% from occasionally encountered insects (non-biting midges, moths, beetles). Most (88%) of the isolated bacteria were Gram-negative rods of the species E. coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Proteus, Serratia, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. Gram-positive cocci accounted for 13% of isolates and were primarily represented by coagulase-negative staphylococci. The highest isolation rates were from body surfaces of flies, German cockroaches, non-biting midges (Chironomids) and Tenebrionid beetles. About one third of all isolates were resistant to more than three antimicrobials using a standard disc diffusion assay. The presence of multiple resistance to antibiotics was observed in two thirds of Enterobacter isolates, namely those of Enterobacter cloacae from the body surface of Germany cockroaches, in 13% of Citrobacter spp and in 8% of Klebsiella spp as well as Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strains. Strains of Morganella and Hafnia species were very infrequent but all of them shared resistance to the antibiotics tested. In contrast, strains of Serratia spp were relatively antibiotic-sensitive. The group of isolated Gram-positive organisms was represented by two strains of Staphylococcus hominis and one strain of Enterococcus sp, all of them were multiply-resistant to antimicrobials.     

A study of 245 infected surgical wounds in Singapore.

The aims of the study were to correlate the laboratory detection rate of wound infections with the actual wound infection rate, and to analyse the bacteriology of these wounds to provide a rationale for antibiotic usage in prophylaxis and treatment of surgical wound infections. The wound infection rate in a general surgical unit was determined using the most comprehensive surveillance available to us and was correlated with the laboratory detection rate. A correlation coefficient of 0.8 was obtained, allowing a reasonable estimation of the actual wound infection rate from laboratory data. Review of the bacteriology of consecutive infected surgical wounds over a 4 year period in a university hospital, revealed that the commonest organisms cultured were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci and beta-haemolytic streptococci. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) caused 50% of all staphylococcal wound infections. All MRSA isolates were sensitive to fusidic acid and vancomycin. All the non-MRSA isolates of S. aureus were sensitive to cephalexin. Some 89% of E. coli were sensitive to gentamicin, with 93% and 100% sensitive to cefuroxime and ceftriaxone respectively. Klebsiella isolates have shown an increased resistance to aminoglycosides, with a new strain from one patient, isolated in 1990, resistant to penicillins, aminoglycosides and third generation cephalosporins. Pseudomonas spp., enterococci and beta-haemolytic streptococci did not show a change in resistance patterns over the same time period.     

儿科院内临床常见细菌耐药性监测

目的调查儿科临床常见致病菌的耐药性现状。方法药物敏感性试验采用Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法(苛养菌用浓度梯度法),耐药性数据分析采用WHONET5软件。结果2002年1月~2003年12月共收集儿科医院患者首次分离2 303株,其中革兰阳性菌占29.7%,革兰阴性菌占70.3%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS),分别占金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的9.7%与67.6%,无万古霉素耐药株;肠球菌耐万古霉素株4.1%;11.9%的肺炎链球菌对青霉素耐药;肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南的耐药率最低;产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌株的检出率分别为49.7%和63.1%。结论细菌耐药性仍是目前临床上的严重问题,应重视开展儿科抗感染治疗中耐药性监测工作,同时合理使用抗菌药物以降低耐药性和采取有效措施控制其传播也是非常重要的。     

ICU感染患者病原菌分布和耐药性分析

目的 了解重症监护病房（ICU）感染患者病原菌分行和耐药情况，为合理使用抗生素提供理论依据：方法 对本院2003年ICU病房510份标本进行培养、分离、鉴定和药敏试验。结果 从510份标本共分离出460株病原菌，其中G^＋杆菌280株，占60．9％，以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯茼、铜绿假单胞菌为主；G^＋球菌128株。占27．8％。全部为金黄色葡萄球菌、血清凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肠球菌；真菌52株．占11．3％。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和MR-SA、MRCNS的检出率分别为22．2％、367%和57．7％、40%。各类细菌对常用抗菌药物表现为严重耐药和多重耐药：在G^＋杆菌中，铜绿假单胞菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率达到20％以上；而大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为0．00％：三种G^＋球菌对万古霉素的耐药率为000％：结论 通过了解ICU病房病原菌分布和耐药情况，为临床合理使用抗菌药提供依据，从而达到控制感染、减少新的耐药菌株出现的目的。     

Increasing trend of antimicrobial drug-resistance in organisms causing bacteremia at a tertiary-care hospital: 1995 to 2000

We described the trends of drug-resistant organisms isolated in blood cultures from patients detected in a teaching hospital from 1995 to 2000. We found an increase in the number of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp, Serratia spp, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and Enterococcus spp, resistant to antibiotics commonly used to treat infections caused by these organisms. The frequency of gram-negative bacilli resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and quinolones increased during the period of study, and in 2000 more than 20% of the isolates were resistant. In contrast, the frequency of resistance to aminoglycosides and carbapenems was less than 20%. The frequency of resistant staphylococci increased exuberantly fifty fold to quinolones and five fold to oxacillin during the study period, therefore in 2000, 26.1% of S. aureus isolates and 61% of S. epidermidis were resistant to oxacillin. The frequency of resistant enterococci also increased, and in 2000, 50% were resistant to ampicillin, and 37.5% to gentamicin. The increase of drug resistant organisms isolated in blood had a direct impact in the empirical treatment of severely infected patients in our hospital. It is important to continuously supervise antibiotic use, and to adopt more strict control measures to decrease the frequency of infections caused by drug resistant organisms.     

Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Surgical Wounds in Lagos, Nigeria

The aim of the study was to determine the resistance patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates recovered from patients with surgical wounds in hospitals and also to investigate their epidemiological relatedness using molecular typing techniques. Twenty Pseudomonas sp. isolated from surgical wounds were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing by disk diffusion, plasmid profile, SDS-PAGE and PCR using the parC, gyr A gene and RAPD using the 1254 primer. The isolates showed resistance to 12 different antibiotics with six being 100% resistant. Plasmids were detected in 16 (80%) of the isolates. The RAPD-PCR using the primer 1254, SDS-PAGE classified the 20 Pseudomonas spp. into 5 and 6 types respectively. Pseudomona aeruginosa strains isolated from surgical wounds were generally resistant to a broad range of antibiotics and this is rather worrisome. The typing techniques classified the 20 isolates into 5 and 6 groups.     

某院2006—2008年临床主要病原菌分布及耐药性变迁

目的分析某院2006-2008年临床主要病原菌的分布及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性变迁。方法常规分离、培养并鉴定细菌,采用纸片扩散法对细菌进行药敏试验。结果共分离病原菌3 499株,其中革兰阳性(G~+)菌844株(24.12%),革兰阴性(G~-)菌2 655株(75.88%)。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率为60.29%(208/345);肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素仍然高度敏感,大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)株检出率分别为45.23%(403/891)和38.92%(130/334);铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率较高,分别为41.06%和34.52%,不动杆菌属细菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率相对较低,分别为15.52%和31.90%。结论该院临床分离的病原菌中,MRSA与产ESBLs菌检出率较高;加强细菌耐药性监测有助于临床医生合理选择抗菌药物,防止耐药菌株的流行与传播。     

The housefly (Musca domestica) as a carrier of pathogenic microorganisms in a hospital environment.

Houseflies have long been regarded as potential carriers of microorganisms. Since pathogenic microorganisms are widespread in the hospital environment, there is abundant opportunity for flies to become contaminated and, in turn, to contaminate the patient environment. In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and identify pathogenic bacteria, fungi and parasites from the housefly Musca domestica collected in the surgical ward of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital and also in a remote residential area located 5 km from the hospital. A total of 113 flies were collected: 65 from a surgical ward (test) and 48 from a residential area for comparison. Ten genera of bacteria were isolated from the test group of flies compared with nine from the control group. In primary isolations, it was observed that the load of bacteria carried by the test group of flies was significantly more (P less than 0.001) than for the control flies. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis and viridans streptococci were isolated only from the test flies. The isolation rate of Staphylococcus aureus was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in test houseflies than in the control houseflies. There was no significant difference in isolation of parasitic ova and cysts from test and control houseflies. Candida spp. were isolated in almost equal numbers from both groups of houseflies, yet none of these was Candida albicans. Houseflies therefore may act as vectors of potentially pathogenic bacteria in a hospital environment.     

Detection of Aeromonas caviae in the common housefly Musca domestica by culture and polymerase chain reaction.

Aeromonas caviae has been implicated in diarrhoeal disease of livestock and humans. The potential role of houseflies in the epidemiology of this pathogen was investigated by examining the prevalence of A. caviae in houseflies collected from two South Carolina farms and one restaurant. Isolation was accomplished by culture of flies in alkaline peptone water followed by identification with Aeromonas-specific PCR using novel primers (APW-PCR). All isolates cultured from houseflies were identified as A. caviae by biochemical characteristics and direct sequencing approximately 800 bp of the 16S rRNA gene. Aeromonas caviae was detected in 78% (272/349) dairy farm flies, 55% (54/99) pig farm flies and 39% (77/200) restaurant flies. Faeces from cows and pigs at the farms also were positive for A. caviae (58% and 100%, respectively). The APW PCR method provided a rapid, convenient way to identify A. caviae from faeces and houseflies that contained hundreds of bacterial species.     

Mohnarin2010年度报告:0～14岁儿童细菌耐药监测

目的 了解我国2010年＜14岁儿童细菌感染的常见病原菌及耐药性.方法 59所卫生部全国细菌耐药监测网(Mohnarin)成员单位对＜14岁儿童临床分离的细菌常规鉴定,采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)或自动化细菌鉴定系统测定细菌的耐药性,按CLSI 2010年版标准判断结果并采用WH0NET 5.4软件进行统计分析.结果 共分离11 490株细菌,其中革兰阴性菌占58.4％,革兰阳性菌占41.6％;前6位分离菌依次为大肠埃希菌占16.5％,金黄色葡萄球菌占11.8％,肺炎克雷伯菌占11.7％,表皮葡萄球菌占7.0％,铜绿假单胞菌占6.9％,肺炎链球菌占6.1％;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)比例分别为24.4％、77.6％,未检测到万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药株,非脑脊液标本中青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌(PNSP)检出率为11.0％,β-溶血链球菌对万古霉素、青霉素、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟均高度敏感,链球菌属和葡萄球菌属对大环内酯类药物的耐药率均＞70.0％;仅检出耐万古霉素粪肠球菌1株和屎肠球菌2株;大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属超广谱β-内酰胺酶( ESBLs)的检出率分别为69.9％、64.9％,肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南仍保持较高的敏感性(耐药率＜3.0％),对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药率＜12.0％;铜绿假单胞菌对多数抗菌药物耐药率＜20.0％,鲍氏不动杆菌对米诺环素、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率较低,分别为8.6％、13.3％,对美罗培南、亚胺培南耐药率为24.0％;流感嗜血菌、卡他莫拉菌β-内酰胺酶阳性率分别为43.8％、72.7％.结论 金黄色葡萄球菌、产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属感染呈上升趋势,应警惕鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性的增长.     

2010年河南省中原地区临床分离菌耐药监测分析

目的了解2010年河南省中原地区临床分离菌的分布及耐药性,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)或自动化仪器法对2010年河南省中原地区7所医院临床分离菌株进行药敏试验及ESBLs的检测,按CLSI 2008年标准判定药敏结果,并用WHONET 5.4软件进行数据分析。结果 7所医院共分离病原菌5014株,其中革兰阴性杆菌3402株占67.9%,革兰阳性菌1612株占32.1%;大肠埃希菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌(SAU)、克雷伯菌属为最常见临床分离菌,分别占20.6%、16.2%、11.4%、9.2%、9.2%;大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属和奇异变形菌中ESBLs的检出率分别为48.7%、36.2%和18.1%;葡萄球菌属中MRSA和MRSCN的检出率分别为67.4%和81.4%;SAU和CNS对青霉素、大环内酯类、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶等高度耐药,对呋喃妥因、利福平耐药率较低,未见耐万古霉素葡萄球菌;肠球菌属对万古霉素、呋喃妥因、氨苄西林、青霉素耐药率依次为0.9%、27.0%、36.0%和41.4%,庆大霉素高耐药株已达67.6%。结论该地区细菌耐药性仍呈上升趋势,定期对该地区细菌耐药性进行监测,对合理使用抗菌药物、减少耐药菌株的产生和流行有重要价值。     

铜陵地区细菌耐药性监测与分析

目的　研究铜陵地区临床分离菌对抗菌药物的耐药特征。方法　收集 2 0 0 0年 1月 1日至 2 0 0 1年12月 31日在铜陵地区 3所综合性医院临床分离的致病菌。采用Kirby -Bauer法进行药敏试验 ,按照美国临床实验标准委员会 2 0 0 0年判断标准分析结果。结果　 2年共收集致病菌 2 4 5 9株 ,包括革兰阳性球菌 911株(37.0 % ) ,革兰阴性杆菌 14 75株 (6 0 .0 % ) ;致病菌以表皮葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、克雷伯氏菌属多见。有 79.9%的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和 5 0 .3%的金黄色葡萄球菌耐苯唑西林 ,对其它药物耐药率亦高。铜绿假单胞菌、克雷伯氏菌属、肠杆菌属、不动杆菌对第三代头孢菌素和氟喹诺酮类的耐药性均有显著增高。结论　合理用药和控制滥用是当务之急     

2008—2010年某院临床主要病原菌分布及耐药性变迁

目的探讨某院临床近年主要病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法收集该院2008年1月-2010年12月分离自门诊及住院患者的病原菌资料,对其构成及耐药性作统计分析。结果共分离病原菌7 008株,其中革兰阴性菌3 961株（56.52％）,革兰阳性菌1 582株（22.57％）,真菌1 465株（20.91％）;居前3位的病原菌依次为白假丝酵母菌（1 015株,15.00%）、铜绿假单胞菌（906株,12.93%）、大肠埃希菌（874株,12.47%）。2008-2010年,金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林株总检出率为85.07％(678/797),凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林株总检出率为73.17％(150/205);大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β 内酰胺酶株的总检出率分别为64.19％（561/874）、46.31％（301/650）。金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁敏感,对复方磺胺甲口恶唑敏感率（68.42％～74.51%）较高,对其余抗菌药物敏感率均＜30%;凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁敏感;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南敏感率（95.52％～100.00％）最高,大肠埃希菌对第三代头孢菌素头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢哌酮和氟喹诺酮类环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星敏感率均＜30％。3年铜绿假单胞菌对头孢他啶和美罗培南的敏感率均较高,分别为60.31%~85.83%、59.38%~73.23%。结论该院分离的主要病原菌对常用抗菌药物耐药性普遍较高,应加强监控,合理使用抗菌药物,有效预防和控制医院感染的发生。     

肿瘤患者临床常见病原菌的分布及耐药特征

目的探讨肿瘤患者临床常见病原菌的分布及耐药特征. 方法通过对2000年1月～2001年12月肿瘤住院患者临床各类标本中分离的1 280株病原菌,并按美国国家临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)标准进行药敏试验. 结果肿瘤患者感染病原菌前5位依次为铜绿假单胞菌(21.5%)、大肠埃希菌(19.0%)、不动杆菌属(10.5%)、克雷伯菌属(10.2%)、肠杆菌属(10.1%);甲氧西林耐药株分别占金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的71.8%、80.6%,未发现万古霉素耐药株;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的检出率分别为34.6%和35.6%,产ESBLs菌株对抗菌药物的敏感性显著降低. 结论肿瘤患者临床常见病原菌主要是革兰阴性杆菌,且对常用抗菌药物耐药率较高,并有多重耐药,应加强细菌耐药性监测工作,合理使用抗生素,降低肿瘤患者医院感染的发生率.     

血液病科2011-2013年临床标本分离病原菌及耐药性分析

目的分析血液病科近3年临床送检标本病原菌分布及耐药情况。方法收集2011年1月—2013年12月血液病科住院患者送检标本分离菌株,使用K-B法或自动化仪器法进行药敏检测,抗菌药物药敏结果判定依照美国临床试验标准化委员会(CLSI)2011年版指南,应用WHONET5.6软件进行数据统计分析。结果 2011—2013年血液病科临床送检标本共分离病原菌462株,其中革兰阳性球菌161株,革兰阴性杆菌279株,真菌22株。葡萄球菌属中耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRSCN)及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的检出率为81.37%和62.50%。葡萄球菌属及肠球菌属细菌对利奈唑胺耐药率分别为1.69%及3.57%,葡萄球菌属细菌对替考拉宁耐药率为3.39%,未检出对万古霉素耐药的革兰阳性球菌。肠杆菌科中大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素高度敏感(敏感率为97.56%~98.88%);而非发酵革兰阴性杆菌铜绿假单胞菌及鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药明显(耐药率为38.71%~64.00%)。结论血液病科主要细菌耐药现象较重,应根据血液病科细菌分布的特点及药敏结果,有针对性地合理应用抗菌药物,加强医院感染控制措施,降低细菌耐药率。     

ICU血流感染的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解ICU血培养分离病原菌的分布及耐药性.方法 回顾性调查2006年1月-2010年1月医院ICU临床血培养病原菌分布特点和耐药性.结果 结果血培养阳性率为18.3％,共获得临床分离病原菌217株,47.9％为革兰阴性杆菌,其中肠杆菌科细菌70株,占32.3％,革兰阳性菌占37.4％,真菌占14.7％;最常见的分离病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,分别占15.6％、13.8％、9.7％;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs检出率分别为47.1％和42.8％,肠杆菌科细菌未发现碳青霉烯类耐药菌株,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)检出率分别为73.3％和78.8％;未发现耐万古霉素葡萄球菌属和肠球菌属.结论 ICU血流感染以革兰阴性菌为主,真菌性感染呈上升趋势;血培养分离株耐药现象普遍.     

2010年医院细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解医院2010年临床分离菌对各类抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)检测临床分离菌对各类抗菌药物的敏感性.结果 临床分离1541株细菌中革兰阴性菌占73.5％,革兰阳性菌占26.5％,金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林株分别占78.7％和86.2％,其耐药率显著高于甲氧西林敏感株,但仍有61.9％的MRSA对磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶敏感,87.0％的MRCNS对利福平敏感;肠球菌属中屎肠球菌的检出率为52.1％,首次高于粪肠球菌检出率的25.5％,未发现耐万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺葡萄球菌和肠球菌,大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属细菌中产ESBLs株检出率分别为53.8％和43.1％,产ESBLs株的耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs株,未发现碳青霉烯类耐药株,不动杆菌属对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦较敏感,对亚胺培南、美罗培南的耐药率分别为52.4％、60.2％;铜绿假单胞菌对两者的耐药率分别为9.6％、9.1％;米诺环素对嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌和洋葱伯克霍尔德菌有良好的抗菌活性,敏感率均＞95.0％;出现7株泛耐药的铜绿单胞菌和5株泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌.结论 凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中甲氧西林耐药株的检出率高,不动杆菌属对两种碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率均＞50.0％,并出现部分泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌,应引起重视,及早采取预防控制措施.     

老年科患者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解某院老年科2013年临床分离病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床用药提供参考。方法对2013年1—12月老年科患者送检临床标本中分离的病原菌分布及耐药情况进行统计分析。结果 1 896株病原菌中,革兰阴性(G-)菌1 289株(占67.99%),革兰阳性(G+)菌493株(占26.00%),真菌114株(占6.01%);其中,居前4位的病原菌分别是肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检出率分别为53.26%、31.10%;金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌耐甲氧西林检出率分别为22.47%、80.00%,肠球菌耐万古霉素检出率为3.10%。肺炎克雷伯菌、肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、厄他培南均高度敏感。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为79.48%,对美罗培南的耐药率为80.35%,对铜绿假单胞菌耐药率最低的是阿米卡星(10.70%)。G+球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺敏感性高。结论老年患者病原菌以G-菌为主,耐药情况严重,开展细菌耐药性监测,对指导临床合理使用抗菌药物,控制细菌耐药有重要意义。     

大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌烧伤创面分离株的耐药性分析

目的 了解烧伤创面大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌感染株的耐药性.方法 药敏试验采用K-B法,ESBLs检测采用纸片协同确证法.结果 158株大肠埃希菌共检出产ESBLs菌51株,检出率为32.3％;53株肺炎克雷伯菌共检出产ESBLs菌21株,检出率为39.6％大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的药敏结果相仿,对氨苄西林和磺胺甲恶唑/甲氧苄啶耐药率高达75.3％～83.0％,喹诺酮类药物耐药率为41.5％～47.2％,三代头孢耐药率为39.9％～50.9％;未发现亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药株,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率处较低水平;产酶株的耐药率高于非产酶株.结论 烧伤创面感染的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率严重,临床应提高标本送检率,根据细菌培养、药敏试验和ESBLs检测的结果,合理选用或调整治疗用药,控制耐药菌的产生和播散.