多囊卵巢综合症的辨证论治

多囊卵巢综合症(PCOS)是以性腺轴失调为主的全身性神经—内分泌-代谢网络失控的特异性疾病,其中涉及中枢与周围乃至卵巢局部的因素,涉及卵巢轴与肾上腺轴的关系,主要与神经系统、内分泌系统及代谢系统失调的有关。其临床表现为卵巢多囊性改变,HA和LH/FSH比值升高,月经异常、肥胖及不孕等,并伴有随年龄增长而日益明显的胰岛素抵抗,高脂血症、糖尿病、高血压、冠心病等代谢并发症。中医对于多囊卵巢无相关记载,但根据其临床特点,可以归属于月经先期、月经先后不定期、月经后期、月经过少、闭经、不孕。正常月经的来朝,有赖于“肾气———…     

瘦素与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗及2型糖尿病

瘦素是肥胖基因(ob基因)的蛋白质产物,由成熟脂肪细胞分泌,作为脂肪组织和中枢神经系统问网络联系的外周信号.可作用于中枢神经系统,影响摄食行为和调整自主神经系统活动,它在摄食、能量平衡.内分泌功能.免疫功能.红细胞生成.骨骼和大脑发育方面有重要的调节功能[1].瘦素与胰岛素都是调节能量代谢的主要激素,研究表明瘦素代谢紊乱是2型糖尿病发生的一个重要因素.瘦素含量过高或过低均会导致2型糖尿病的发生[2],2型糖尿病发病前期多有代谢综合征的表现,而肥胖、胰岛素抵抗是代谢综合征的重要特征,本文分别阐述瘦素与代谢综合征各组成部分的相关性,对瘦素与2型糖尿病的发生发展及治疗方面的关系作一综述.     

脂肪组织区域免疫异常在代谢性疾病中的作用研究进展

肥胖是由多种炎性因子诱导产生的一种全身性的慢性低度炎症状态。在肥胖过程中,脂肪组织内稳态平衡被打破,巨噬细胞数量增加。极化的巨噬细胞在肥胖状态下的脂肪组织微环境中,与脂肪细胞相互作用引起脂肪组织的慢性炎症。脂肪组织区域免疫异常引起的慢性炎症是肥胖胰岛素抵抗的始动因素,巨噬细胞募集/极化及脂肪前体细胞巨噬样变是脂肪组织区域免疫异常的中心环节,通过炎症信号通路与胰岛素信号通路之间的交叉对话抑制胰岛素信号通路关键分子,引起胰岛素抵抗。这种免疫异常为肥胖、2型糖尿病等代谢性疾病及心血管疾病治疗提供了新的靶点,为肥胖及糖尿病的治疗提供思路。     

摄食的神经及内分泌调节

摄食的神经调控和激素调节拓展了我们对于能量稳态的认识。中枢神经系统接受中枢和外周的多种内分泌信号,调节摄食和能量消耗,以维持能量代谢平衡。神经系统和内分泌系统相互作用,共同调控机体的摄食行为。本文综述了神经及内分泌系统对于摄食行为的调控机制,望有助于肥胖、代谢性疾病以及其他营养性疾病的研究和治疗。     

关注儿童中枢听觉处理障碍的诊断

听觉中枢接收和综合外周传来的声音信息产生听觉。听觉中枢系统运用听觉信息的效率及效能异常会导致儿童听觉信号接收不良及言语发育障碍。中枢听觉信息处理中存在一项或一项以上的异常诊断为中枢听觉处理障碍。本文总结了近年来儿童中枢听觉处理障碍的诊断程序和各种检测方法 ,为临床发现和诊断这类疾病提供指导。     

针灸调节瘦素在单纯性肥胖中的作用机制研究进展

单纯性肥胖是一种病因复杂的代谢性疾病,瘦素及瘦素抵抗与单纯性肥胖的发生发展密切相关。研究表明,针灸可通过改善瘦素抵抗、促进瘦素受体基因表达、抑制NPY基因表达、激活瘦素信号通路等途径良性调节瘦素,达到减肥目的。本文从瘦素的生物学效应、瘦素与肥胖、针灸调节瘦素对肥胖的作用机制几方面做简要综述,以期为单纯性肥胖的针灸治疗提供新思路。     

莱菔硫烷对代谢性疾病的调控作用研究进展

近年来,肥胖和糖尿病等代谢性疾病成为威胁我国居民健康的主要公共卫生问题。代谢性疾病的发展过程中,高血脂、胰岛素抵抗和高血糖等代谢紊乱相互交织,导致代谢性疾病的病因及发病机制极为复杂。莱菔硫烷是一种主要存在于绿花椰菜中的植物化学物,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤和抑菌等多种生物学功能。近期研究显示,莱菔硫烷对代谢性疾病如肥胖症、糖尿病及其多种并发症具有重要的调控作用,未来可能为代谢性疾病的防控提供新靶点。本文从调节脂肪细胞分化、脂质代谢、胰岛素分泌、葡萄糖代谢和抗氧化损伤等方面对莱菔硫烷改善肥胖、糖尿病及其并发症的作用机制进行综述。     

内脂素与肥胖相关性疾病的研究

脂肪组织不仅能调节能量储存与营养平衡,而且还是活跃的内分泌器官,可分泌多种脂肪细胞因子,如瘦素、抵抗素、脂联索、网膜素等,这些脂肪因子具有广泛的内分泌及心血管活性作用.肥胖时随着脂肪的堆积以及脂肪细胞体积的增大,脂肪因子分泌失调,可引起多种代谢紊乱,如高脂血症、胰岛素抵抗、糖尿病、代谢综合征等.内脂素(visfatin)是新近发现的主要由内脏脂肪组织分泌的一种脂肪细胞因子,具有类胰岛素活性,降低血糖、调节糖脂代谢、参与炎性反应及免疫应答等多种生物学功能.现有研究表明,vifatin可能与冠心病、高血压、糖尿病等一系列肥胖相关性疾病密切相关.本文简述visfatin生物学效应及其在肥胖及肥胖相关性疾病中的研究进展.     

脂肪因子表达对胰岛素抵抗及代谢综合征的影响

脂肪组织分泌的多种脂肪细胞因子,如肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白介素(IL)-6、瘦素、脂联素等均可介导或参与慢性炎症反应,导致胰岛素抵抗,进而发展为代谢综合征。在肥胖、炎症-胰岛素抵抗-代谢综合征这一病理生理过程中,脂肪细胞的内分泌调节功能障碍扮演了重要角色。本文综述目前已知的部分脂肪因子与胰岛素抵抗的关系,旨在为肥胖症、糖尿病及代谢综合征发病机制的研究和治疗策略提供线索。     

代谢综合征患者血管内皮功能障碍的检测

代谢综合征(MS)是伴有胰岛素抵抗的一组疾病的总称.它包括糖耐量异常、高血压、脂质代谢紊乱、中心性肥胖、微量白蛋白尿等代谢方面的异常,这些异常都是心血管病的危险因素.血管内皮功能失调构成上述疾病的病理基础.近年来,血管内皮细胞功能与代谢综合征的关系正逐渐受到重视.本研究对代谢综合征患者采用高分辨率超声技术检测其内皮舒张功能,同时测定内皮分泌因子的含量,并对二者关系进行研究,以进一步了解代谢综合征患者的本质.     

Degraded and undegraded carrageenans and experimental gastric and duodenal ulceration

The prevention of histamine-induced gastric and duodenal ulceration in the guinea-pig has been examined using a series of undegraded and degraded carrageenans. Undegraded carrageenans were active at lower doses than degraded carrageenans. The high viscosity of the undegraded carrageenans in solution prevented their use in larger doses. Degradation of carrageenan without serious loss of sulphate, gives a product which allows the dose to be increased to an extent that its effect more than offsets the slight loss in activity caused by the degradation. No single feature of carrageenan structure can be related to anti-ulcer activity although degradation, and hence reduction of molecular size, generally reduces activity. Sulphate contents over 30% have little apparent effect on activity; κ-carrageenans were not consistently different in anti-ulcer activity from Λ-carrageenans. This contrasts with the antipeptic activity of carrageenans where κ-carrageenans are less active than their Λ-counter-parts. As with antipeptic activity, the degree of anti-ulcer activity is probably determined by a combination of structural features which includes molecular size and polyanionic properties.     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Alcohol and Substance Use and Abuse in Women and Children

No abstract available for this article.     

Glucosidase and fucosidase inhibitors and Advances in nucleosides and nucleotides.

The American Chemical Society Symposium "Glucosidase and fucosidase inhibitors" took place on 1 April 1998 and was organized by Professors Zbigniew J Witczak (UConn, School of Pharmacy, CT, USA), Kuniaki Tatsuta (Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan) and Waldemar Priebe, MD (Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, USA). Professor Witczak provided introductory remarks including the status of existing glucosidase inhibitors, and chaired the morning session, which consisted of six lectures. The symposium was well received, and was particularly attractive for those interested in networking, as attendance was about sixty. In addition, some participants and attendees presented posters on the subject during the regular poster session organized by the Division of Carbohydrate Chemistry.