癫痫住院患者抗癫痫药物和病因及发作形式的回顾性研究

目的了解癫痫住院患者病因、发作形式及抗癫痫药使用情况。方法收集癫痫住院患者5563例,分析其病因、发作形式及抗癫痫药物的种类、数量及使用频度。结果病因不明(40.80%),脑外伤(13.64%)、海马硬化(11.52%)、脑卒中(5.24%)、神经系统感染(4.98%)、围生期损害(5.28%)等为常见病因,发作形式以部分性发作最常见(45.43%),抗癫痫药物以传统药物卡马西平和丙戊酸为主,卡马西平和丙戊酸平均使用率分别为36.88%和30.80%,新型抗癫痫药物拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦使用频度呈上升趋势,拉莫三嗪从16.16%上升到28.44%,左乙拉西坦从0.61%上升到20.87%,奥卡西平和托吡酯的使用频度变化不明显,分别稳定在15.07%和9.42%左右。结论癫痫病因复杂,发作形式多样,抗癫痫药物种类繁多,新型抗癫痫药物在临床中越来越多的被使用。     

癫(癎)性精神障碍患者临床用药调查

目的:了解癫性精神障碍患者临床药物使用情况。方法:对89例癫性精神障碍患者使用抗癫药和抗精神病药情况进行分析。结果:在癫性精神障碍治疗中,抗癫药以卡马西平使用频度最高达65.2%,抗癫药不良反应发生率为15.7%,抗精神病药不良反应以锥体外系反应居首位。结论:在癫性精神障碍治疗中,应合理使用抗癫药与抗精神病药。     

酒精所致精神障碍196例临床用药分析

目的 了解酒精所致精神障碍患临床药物使用情况。方法 对我院196例酒精所致精神障碍患临床使用抗焦虑及镇静催眠药、抗精神病药物、心境稳定剂、维生素类药物的分布，频度及副反应进行分析。结果 在酒精所致精神障碍治疗中，抗精神病药物以奋乃静的使用频率最高，占72．26％，心境稳定剂以卡马西平使用频率最高，占89．66％。本组资料中，药物副作用发生频率为35．20％，以锥体外系副反应居首位。结论 治疗酒精所致精神障碍常用苯二氮革类替代，同时合并中、小剂量的抗精神病药或心境稳定剂，还要补充B族维生素和维生素C，更要注意药物引起的副作用。     

66例癫痫性精神障碍的临床分析

目的:探讨癫痫性精神障碍的临床表现及治疗。方法:对66例癫痫性精神障碍患者临床资料进行回顾性研究。结果:癫痫性精神障碍症状以类精神分裂症为主,经卡马西平合并氟哌啶醇治疗痊愈59.10%,显著24.24%,好转13.63%,无效3.03%。结论:癫痫性精神障碍时癫痫发作减少,规范治疗癫痫性精神障碍效果显著。     

卡马西平治疗新诊断部分性发作癫痫患者的预后

癫痫是神经科常见疾病,其中约2/3为部分性发作患者.多数癫痫患者预后良好,但仍有30％～40％的患者经适当抗癫痫药物(AEDs)治疗后仍有发作,成为耐药性癫痫[1-3].既往有关癫痫患者预后的研究,观察对象大多是所有发作类型癫痫患者,很少有针对部分性发作癫痫患者的研究;有研究发现部分性较全面性发作癫痫患者预后差,易发展为耐药性癫痫[4-6].卡马西平是公认治疗部分性发作癫痫的首选药物,新诊断部分性发作癫痫患者初次给予卡马西平治疗效果如何?对卡马西平初次治疗效果差的患者再次给予其他AEDs治疗,其预后如何?     

抗癫痫药物对癫痫患者甲状腺激素水平影响的研究

目的 研究癫痫患者甲状腺激素水平和抗癫痫药物对其影响以及与疗效之间的关系。方法 测定已确诊的45例未服用过抗癫痫药物的癫痫患者血清甲状腺激素水平并与30例健康对照组进行比较。再经卡马西平、苯妥英钠、丙戊酸钠三种抗癫痫药物分组单药治疗3个月、6个月、年后观察甲状腺激素水平的变化及与疗效之间的关系。结果 未服用抗癫痫药物的新诊断癫痫患者游离甲状腺素（FT4）水平显著低于健康对照组,经苯妥英钠、卡马西平分别治疗3个月、6个月、1年后T4、FT4、FT3显著低于治疗前水平,TSH无显著性变化。经丙戊酸钠治疗后的不同时间段各甲状腺激素水平与治疗前比较无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。甲状腺激素水平的变化与化疗效之间似无相关性。结论 癫痫的反复发作虽未经抗癫痫药物治疗已存在FT4水平的降低。苯妥英钠、卡马西平可明显造成癫痫患者的亚临床甲状腺功能降低（T4、FT4、FT3下降）,丙戊酸钠对患者甲状腺激素水平无显著影响。甲状腺激素水平的变化与疗效之间无相关性。     

卡马西平导致过敏性药疹1例并文献复习

卡马西平是治疗部分性发作性癫痫及神经性疼痛的常用药物,但随着其被广泛应用,药疹的发生率也相应增加,而且部分是重症药疹[1].资料显示,在重症药疹中,使用卡马西平者占20%左右[2].但是卡马西平导致药疹的发生机制目前还是众说纷纭.     

卡马西平联合丙戊酸钠治疗早期癫痫的效果观察

目的观察卡马西平联合丙戊酸钠治疗早期癫痫的临床效果。方法选取我院神经内科2010-01—2012-06收治的早期癫痫患者90例,随机分成3组,每组30例,分别采取卡马西平单药治疗,丙戊酸钠单药治疗以及卡马西平联合丙戊酸钠治疗;对所有患者在治疗开始后随访半年,比较3组有效率及不良反应。结果卡马西平组总有效率66.67%,丙戊酸钠组60.67%,联合用药组93.33%,联合用药组较其他2组整体有效率均明显增高(P0.05)。3组并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与单药卡马西平或者丙戊酸钠用药治疗相比,卡马西平联合丙戊酸钠治疗癫痫具有很好的效果,且不良反应发生率与单药治疗无明显差别,可作为癫痫临床治疗的常规方案。     

正确应用抗癫(癎)药物治疗

癫痫是一种常见的神经系统疾病，目前癫痫的治疗主要是依靠西药治疗，包括传统抗癫痫药物（如卡马西平、丙戊酸等）和新型抗癫痫药物（如托吡酯、奥卡西平等）。如何针对每一例患者选用合理、有效的抗癫痫药物是广大医生和患者最为关注的问题。近年来一些国际权威组织相继发表了癫痫治疗指南，如何正确解读指南并灵活应用于实践，     

不同抗癫痫药物对新诊断癫痫患者一年保留率的回顾性研究

目的 比较几种一线抗癫痫药物单一治疗对新诊断癫痫患者的保留率.方法 我们利用门诊随访的方式,对284名新诊断癫痫患者首次使用单一抗癫痫药物治疗进行回顾性研究,采用多样本率的卡方分割法,对单一抗癫痫药的一年保留率进行分析.结果 最常见的一线抗癫痫药为丙戊酸钠(70例,24.6%),拉莫三嗪(59例,20.7%),卡马西平(56例,19.7%),奥卡西平(48例,16.9%),托吡酯(35例,12.3%).一年保留率依次为拉莫三嗪(93.2%),奥卡西平(72.9%),托吡酯(65.7%),卡马西平(62.5%),丙戊酸钠(65.7%).拉莫三嗪的一年保留率,与奥卡西平相比较,无统计学差异(P=0.08),与卡马西平(P=0.00089)、丙戊酸钠(P=0.00027)和托吡酯(P=0.018)相比,具有统计学差异.其他药物之间无明显统计学差异(P=0.315).结论 拉莫三嗪治疗新诊断癫痫患者的一年保留率最高.深入研究新诊断癫痫患者的首次抗癫痫药物保留率,将对我国癫痫患者的临床治疗提供更详细、准确的指导.     

Psicosis epiléptica periictal,una causa de psicosis reversible

Introduction

Epileptic psychoses are categorised as peri-ictal and interictal according to their relationship with the occurrence of seizures. There is a close temporal relationship between peri-ictal psychosis and seizures, and psychosis may present before (preictal), during (ictal) or after seizures (postictal). Epileptic psychoses usually have acute initial and final phases, with a short symptom duration and complete remission with a risk of recurrence. There is no temporal relationship between interictal or chronic psychosis and epileptic seizures. Another type of epileptic psychosis is related to the response to epilepsy treatment: epileptic psychosis caused by the phenomenon of forced normalisation (alternative psychosis), which includes epileptic psychosis secondary to epilepsy surgery. Although combination treatment with antiepileptic and neuroleptic drugs is now widely used to manage this condition, there are no standard treatment guidelines for epileptic psychosis.

Clinical cases

We present 5 cases of peri-ictal epileptic psychosis in which we observed an excellent response to treatment with levetiracetam. Good control was achieved over both seizures and psychotic episodes. Levetiracetam was used in association with neuroleptic drugs with no adverse effects, and our patients did not require high doses of the latter.

Conclusions

Categorising psychotic states associated with epilepsy according to their temporal relationship with seizures is clinically and prognostically useful because it provides important information regarding disease treatment and progression. The treatment of peri-ictal or acute mental disorders is based on epileptic seizure control, while the treatment of interictal or chronic disorders has more in common with managing disorders which are purely psychiatric in origin. In addition to improving the patient's quality of life and reducing disability, achieving strict control over seizures may also prevent the development of interictal psychosis. For this reason, we believe that establishing a treatment protocol for such cases is necessary.     

Carbamazepine in the treatment of epilepsy in people with intellectual disability

Carbamazepine is a major antiepileptic drug which is primarily used to treat epileptic patients suffering from partial seizures with or without secondary generalization, but which also has applications in those suffering from primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Besides its antiepileptic effect, carbamazepine is also indicated in the treatment of trigeminal and occipital neuralgia, and in manic depressive disorders. Because of its minimal unwanted effects on cognition and behaviour, carbamazepine is an excellent drug for the treatment of people with intellectual disability and epilepsy. Carbamazepine is still one of the most commonly prescribed medications in the treatment of epileptic disorders.     

Polytherapy in epilepsy: the experimental evidence

Monotherapy is recommended preferentially among newly diagnosed epileptic patients. In monotherapy-resistant patients polytherapy may be necessary. Two antiepileptic drugs may produce antagonistic, additive, and supra-additive (synergistic) anticonvulsant effects. The drug combination providing the supra-additive effect seems of clinical significance. However, when the supra-additive anticonvulsant efficacy is also associated by a distinct increase in toxicity, the protective index may be not affected or even lowered. Synergistic interactions have been shown for the combinations of valproate-phenytoin/ethosuximide, topiramate-carbamazepine/phenobarbital and felbamate-all major conventional antiepileptics. In contrast, the protective action of conventional antiepileptics has not been affected by felbamate at subprotective doses against maximal electroshock in mice. This is indicative that synergism is evident at only some drug ratios. Potential antiepileptic drugs, excitatory amino acid antagonists and calcium channel inhibitors, generally enhanced the protection offered by antiepileptic drugs. The experimental data may be helpful for predicting which drug combinations may prove effective in epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine-induced hypogammaglobulinemia

Carbamazepine is used to control seizures. Its common side effects are sleep disorders, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, polydipsia, irritability, ataxia, and diplopia. Involvement of the immune system is rare, and few cases of decreased immunoglobulin levels have been reported. We describe a patient with low immunoglobulin levels due to carbamazepine use who presented with recurrent urinary tract infection. Intravenous immunoglobulin was administered, and immunoglobulin levels increased to safer levels after discontinuation of carbamazepine. Previous reports describe severe infection after carbamazepine-induced hypogammaglobulinemia. Therefore, in patients using antiepileptics, particularly carbamazepine, serum immunoglobulin levels should be checked in those with recurrent infections.     

Epilepsy in the Elderly: Some Clinical and Pharmacotherapeutic Aspects

Summary: The majority of epileptic seizures and epilepsies are no longer manifested in childhood and adolescence; instead their incidence is higher at the age of 65 years or older than during the first two decades of life. After cerebrovascular disorders and dementias, epileptic seizures and epilepsies now constitute the third most frequent neurologic problem encountered in the elderly. Important clinical features of epilepsy in the elderly related to the diagnosis include the most common seizure types and causes. Special features of drug treatment for epilepsy in the elderly result not only from the physiologic changes in the elderly but also from the particular pharmacology of the respective drugs. Because elderly patients very often require other long-term medication in addition to antiepileptic therapy, drug interactions between different antiepileptic drugs and between antiepileptics and other drugs can be of major significance. Other special features of pharmacotherapy for epilepsy in the elderly include the presence of liver and kidney diseases.     

Fatal Aplastic Anemia in a Patient Treated with Carbamazepine

A case of fatal aplastic anemia due to carbamazepine treatment in an epileptic woman is reported. Despite concerns of fatal bone marrow toxicity due to carbamazepine, this is only the fourth documented and published report. Carbamazepine is a safe drug, but physicians and patients should be aware of the exceedingly rare but potentially fatal side effects, better prevented by clinical than by laboratory monitoring.     

Volumetric evidence of a left laterality effect in epileptic psychosis

We investigated anatomic alterations and lateralization effect in the mesial temporal lobe structures (amygdala and hippocampus) in epileptic psychosis MRI volumetric measurements. Patients with epileptic psychosis and normal controls were studied. Left hippocampus values were significantly smaller for patients (P<0.001). Hippocampal ratio was significantly greater for patients (P<0.01). Group (patients x normal) was the only factor explaining the statistically significant variation of left hippocampus and hippocampal ratio (P<0.001 and P<0.05). Twenty patients had hippocampal atrophy (4 on the right side, 15 on the left side, and 1 bilateral) associated with mesial temporal sclerosis. These results confirm the existence of anatomic alterations and a left laterality effect in the mesial temporal lobe structures of patients with epileptic psychosis.     

抗癫痫药血药浓度监测结果的分析

目的 探讨用药剂量、年龄、性别及合并用药对3种抗癫痫药卡马西平(CBZ)、苯妥英钠(PHT)和苯巴比妥(PB)血药浓度的影响，评价血药浓度监测对癫痫患临床用药的指导意义。方法 采用化学发光法对我院333例癫痫患用药后的血药浓度进行了578次监测，对监测结果进行分析与评价。结果 服用PHT的100例次其血药浓度达到有效范围的占32．0％，使用PB的136例次和使用CBZ的342例次该值分别为44．1％和41．5％。结论 血药浓度监测对于临床用药的科学合理化、安全有效性有重要价值。     

Postictal psychosis syndrome: a clinical entity to be recognized

INTRODUCTION: Post-ictal psychosis syndrome (PIP) belongs to the group of epileptic psychoses which, according to the most commonly used classification, is to be distinguished from ictal psychoses, on one hand, and from inter-ictal psychoses, on the other. OBJECTIVES: The present paper aims to review recent data concerning the clinical, therapeutic and pathophysiological aspects of PIP. METHODS: We report four cases of PPI, which involved four patients hospitalized at the Salpêtrière hospital between 2001 and 2005, and discuss these cases in light of the relevant literature. RESULTS: The PIP fit generally occurs in patients suffering from intractable temporal lobe epilepsy which started several years before. The psychiatric disorders suddenly take hold after a series of complex partial seizures with frequent secondarily generalized tonic clonic seizures. During the episode, EEG recordings do not show any epileptic activity. Psychiatric symptoms consist of persecutory delusive ideas, verbal and visual hallucinations, agitation, and aggressiveness. Mood disorders are variable from one patient to another and exhibit intraindividual fluctuation. In most patients given antipsychotic drugs, the short-term outcome of PIP is favorable . In the long-term, even if recurrence is the main long-term risk, progression to severe mood disorders or to poor prognosis inter-ictal psychosis is possible. Accordingly, the clinician must be aware of this syndrome in order to correctly diagnose PIP since effective treatment with antipsychotic drugs is available. CONCLUSION: The short-term prognosis of PPI is usually favorable but this syndrome can potentially develop in the long-term to more severe psychiatric disorders. It is, therefore, important to recognize PIP syndromes which respond more readily to pharmacological treatments than other types of psychoses.