周围神经损伤后再生的表观遗传学调控机制研究进展

周围神经损伤反应及影响再生的表观遗传学机制尚未被阐明。本文着眼于表观遗传学调控机制，从DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、非编码RNA等方面对周围神经损伤后再生的表观遗传学调控机制进行综述，为优化周围神经损伤后再生的临床治疗提供基础知识。     

小泛素样修饰蛋白对周围神经损伤后再生作用的研究进展

周围神经损伤一般是指周围神经干或其分支受到外力作用而引起的损伤,多表现为所支配区域运动方面,感觉方面及营养方面的障碍.周围神经有一定再生能力,但其修复过程很缓慢,另外显微外科技术虽已经产生了极大的飞跃,但其治愈率仍不理想,周围神经损伤仍在严重影响着人们的日常生活[1,2].因此,研究加速周围神经损伤后再生的分子机制仍是...     

周围神经损伤后轴突再生微环境的研究进展

周围神经损伤后,轴突再生的微环境发生复杂变化,有促进机制、抑制机制及促进和抑制双重作用。本文总结轴突再生微环境对轴突再生的不同作用与影响的研究进展。     

中药对周围神经再生的促进效应

周围神经损伤是目前临床上常见的创伤并发症。促进周围神经损伤后的再生,恢复其功能已日益成为研究的重点。在促进周围神经损伤修复的药物研究中,神经生长因子及神经营养因子的替代物与诱生剂是热点之一,但进展不大,亦认识到周围神经损伤后的修复与再生是多因子、多因素参与的生理过程,补充单一因子对神经再生的作用非常有限。而中医虽没有单独对周围神经损伤进行描述,但其损伤后的症状属于祖国医学中的痿症和痹症,且中药正是一种多因素复合物,有可能提供更多、比例更接近神经生理需求与生长活性因子的环境,有其独特优势,已逐渐成为新的研究热点,并具有重要的临床意义。目前对其中药的研究集中在对单药、传统方剂及自拟方剂的研究上,在临床和基础各个领域都取得一定进展。     

中药对周围神经再生的促进效应

周围神经损伤是目前临床上常见的创伤并发症。促进周围神经损伤后的再生，恢复其功能已日益成为研究的重点。在促进周围神经损伤修复的药物研究中，神经生长因子及神经营养因子的替代物与诱生剂是热点之一，但进展不大，亦认识到周围神经损伤后的修复与再生是多因子、多因素参与的生理过程，补充单一因子对神经再生的作用非常有限。而中医虽没有单独对周围神经损伤进行描述，但其损伤后的症状属于祖国医学中的瘘症和痹症，且中药正是一种多因素复合物，有可能提供更多、比例更接近神经生理需求与生长活性因子的环境，有其独特优势，已逐渐成为新的研究热点，并具有重要的临床意义。目前对其中药的研究集中在对单药、传统方剂及自拟方剂的研究上，在临床和基础各个领域都取得一定进展。     

生物活性因子在周围神经损伤修复中的应用

神经生长因子（ＮＧＦ）、睫状神经营养因子（ＣＮＴＦ）、成纤维细胞生长因子（ＦＧＦ）和胰岛素样生长因子（ＩＧＦ）是具有多种生物效应的多肽或蛋白质,都有神经营养作用,并可促进外周神经损伤后的再生和修复。本文对这４种因子的研究状况和在周围神经损伤后再生修复中的应用进行了综述。     

生物活性因子在周围神经损伤修复中的应用

神经生长因子（ＮＧＦ）、睫状神经营养因子（ＣＮＴＦ）、成纤维细胞生长因子（ＦＧＦ）和胰岛素样生长因子（ＩＧＦ）是具有多种生物效应的多肽或蛋白质,都有神经营养作用,并可促进外周神经损伤后的再生和修复。本对这４种因子的研究状况和在周围神经损伤后再生修复中的应用进行了综述。     

电刺激对周围神经再生的影响

周围神经损伤是创伤中常见的并发症，促进周围神经损伤后的再生，恢复其功能已日益成为研究的重点。本文就周围神经损伤的病理变化、周围神经成功再生的条件、电刺激促进周围神经再生的实验及临床研究、电刺激促进周围神经再生的机理进行了综述。目前关于电刺激促进周围神经再生的效应已逐渐得到认可，但电刺激治疗周围神经损伤仍存在着很多未知领域，还需要进一步更深入的研究。     

周围神经再生及其影响因素

周围神经损伤的形态结构重建和功能恢复,是相当复杂的生物学问题之一,其影响因素众多。此文概述了周围神经损伤后的再生过程;着重综述了雪旺细胞、神经营养因子以及神经基质各种成分对周围神经再生和功能恢复的影响。     

周围神经再生及其影响因素

周围神经损伤的形态结构重建和功能恢复，是相当复杂的生物学问题之一，其影响因素众多。此概述了周围神经损伤后的再生过程；着重综述了雪旺细胞、神经营养因子以及神经基质各种万分对周围神经再生和功能恢复的影响。     

Identification of critical growth factors for peripheral nerve regeneration

Growth factors are essential for the repair and regeneration of tissues and organs, including injured peripheral nerves. However, the expression changes of growth factors during peripheral nerve regeneration have not been fully elucidated. To obtain a global view of alternations of growth factors during the regeneration process, we explored previously achieved sequencing data of rat sciatic nerve stumps at 0 h, 1 d, 4 d, 7 d, and 14 d after nerve crush injury and screened differentially expressed upstream growth factors using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) bioinformatic software. Differentially expressed growth factors were then subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Enrichment of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Regulatory networks of the differentially expressed growth factors in axon growth-related biological processes were constructed. Pivotal growth factors involved in axon growth were identified and validated by qRT-PCR. Our current study identified differentially expressed growth factors in the injured nerve stumps after peripheral nerve injury, discovered key growth factors for axon growth and nerve regeneration, and might facilitate the discovery of potential therapeutic targets of peripheral nerve injury.

Growth factors are essential for the repair and regeneration of tissues and organs, including injured peripheral nerves.     

电疗法对周围神经损伤修复的研究进展

近年来,周围神经损伤的修复和再生有了若干进展。本文分别从低频电疗法与直流电疗法、中频电疗法、高频电疗法（超短波、分米波与毫米波）等角度探讨国内外学者在电疗法对周围神经损伤修复方面的研究及进展。 由于周围神经对不同程度的损伤有不同的病理过程和不同的再生方式,因此,周围神经损伤后,电疗法的选择应按照神经恢复的不同阶段要求来调整治疗方法。但其作用机制仍有待进一步深入研究。     

坐骨神经损伤后脊髓肝细胞生长因子mRNA及蛋白的表达

目的 研究坐骨神经损伤后再生过程中脊髓肝细胞生长因子（HGF）mRNA和蛋白的表达及经时变化规律，探讨周围神经损伤的机制。方法 采用原位杂交及免疫组化技术检测坐骨神经损伤后再生过程中脊髓HGF的mRNA及蛋白的表达。结果 大鼠坐骨神经损伤模型损伤侧的神经细胞胞质颗粒阳性染色强于未损伤侧；神经损伤后第3，7和14天，感觉。运动和副交感神经元内杂交信号明显增强，以第7天的变化最为显著。HGF蛋白的表达均于坐骨神经损伤后第1周开始增强，第2周时达峰值，然后下降。结论 周围神经损伤后，内源性HGF mRNA和蛋白表达增强，对神经元具有保护作用。     

The advances in nerve tissue engineering: From fabrication of nerve conduit to in vivo nerve regeneration assays

Peripheral nerve damage is a common clinical complication of traumatic injury occurring after accident, tumorous outgrowth, or surgical side effects. Although the new methods and biomaterials have been improved recently, regeneration of peripheral nerve gaps is still a challenge. These injuries affect the quality of life of the patients negatively. In the recent years, many efforts have been made to develop innovative nerve tissue engineering approaches aiming to improve peripheral nerve treatment following nerve injuries. Herein, we will not only outline what we know about the peripheral nerve regeneration but also offer our insight regarding the types of nerve conduits, their fabrication process, and factors associated with conduits as well as types of animal and nerve models for evaluating conduit function. Finally, nerve regeneration in a rat sciatic nerve injury model by nerve conduits has been considered, and the main aspects that may affect the preclinical outcome have been discussed.     

The Effect of Low-Intensity Ultrasound on Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor Expression in a Rat Sciatic Nerve Crushed Injury Model

Low-intensity ultrasound (LIU) can improve nerve regeneration and functional recovery after peripheral nerve crush injury, but the underlying mechanism is not clear. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of LIU on rat sciatic crush injury and to investigate a possible molecular mechanism. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent left sciatic nerve crush surgery and were then randomized into two groups: a treatment group that received LIU every other d, and a control group that received sham exposure. Compared with rats in the control group, rats in the treatment group had higher sciatic nerve function indexes, compound muscle action potentials, wet weight ratios of the target muscle and mRNA expression of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) in the crushed nerve and ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia. Our findings suggest that LIU might promote injured nerve regeneration by stimulating BDNF release.     

超声对鼠周围神经损伤后肌肉神经再支配作用的研究

为探讨超声有否促进周围神经再生及肌肉神经再支配的作用，我们对大鼠腓神经实行钳夹损伤造模并进行超声治疗４天。通过测量趾长伸肌收缩张力曲线及对神经、肌肉标本进行光镜、电镜和组织化学检查，结果表明超声能促进周围神经再生及肌肉神经再支配。     

Functional collagen conduits combined with human mesenchymal stem cells promote regeneration after sciatic nerve transection in dogs

Numerous studies have focused on the development of novel and innovative approaches for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury using artificial nerve guide conduits. In this study, we attempted to bridge 3.5‐cm defects of the sciatic nerve with a longitudinally oriented collagen conduit (LOCC) loaded with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC‐MSCs). The LOCC contains a bundle of longitudinally aligned collagenous fibres enclosed in a hollow collagen tube. Our previous studies showed that an LOCC combined with neurotrophic factors enhances peripheral nerve regeneration. However, it remained unknown whether an LOCC seeded with hUC‐MSCs could also promote regeneration. In this study, using various histological and electrophysiological analyses, we found that an LOCC provides mechanical support to newly growing nerves and functions as a structural scaffold for cells, thereby stimulating sciatic nerve regeneration. The LOCC and hUC‐MSCs synergistically promoted regeneration and improved the functional recovery in a dog model of sciatic nerve injury. Therefore, the combined use of an LOCC and hUC‐MSCs might have therapeutic potential for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.     

A role for apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein A-I, and low density lipoprotein receptors in cholesterol transport during regeneration and remyelination of the rat sciatic nerve.

Recent work has demonstrated that apo E secretion and accumulation increase in the regenerating peripheral nerve. The fact that apoE, in conjunction with apoA-I and LDL receptors, participates in a well-established lipid transfer system raised the possibility that apoE is also involved in lipid transport in the injured nerve. In the present study of the crushed rat sciatic nerve, a combination of techniques was used to trace the cellular associations of apoE, apoA-I, and the LDL receptor during nerve repair and to determine the distribution of lipid at each stage. After a crush injury, as axons died and Schwann cells reabsorbed myelin, resident and monocyte-derived macrophages produced large quantities of apoE distal to the injury site. As axons regenerated in the first week, their tips contained a high concentration of LDL receptors. After axon regeneration, apoE and apoA-I began to accumulate distal to the injury site and macrophages became increasingly cholesterol-loaded. As remyelination began in the second and third weeks after injury, Schwann cells exhausted their cholesterol stores, then displayed increased LDL receptors. Depletion of macrophage cholesterol stores followed over the next several weeks. During this stage of regeneration, apoE and apoA-I were present in the extracellular matrix as components of cholesterol-rich lipoproteins. Our results demonstrate that the regenerating peripheral nerve possesses the components of a cholesterol transfer mechanism, and the sequence of events suggests that this mechanism supplies the cholesterol required for rapid membrane biogenesis during axon regeneration and remyelination.     

细胞生长因子在神经康复与神经可塑性中的研究进展北大核心CSCD

细胞生长因子是一类具有刺激细胞生长分裂活性的多肽类因子,具有广泛的生物学作用。细胞生长因子不仅调控机体生长发育等正常生理功能,还在神经损伤等病理过程中调节神经康复及神经可塑性,具体表现为促进神经元存活;促进神经再生,调节突触可塑性;促进细胞分化与血管再生,调节微环境;促进神经纤维髓鞘形成,改善神经传导。本文旨在探讨细胞生长因子在神经康复与神经可塑性中的作用机制和应用,以期提供细胞生长因子在康复领域的研究进展和在临床神经康复治疗中的应用前景。