Glyburide attenuates ozone‐induced pulmonary inflammation and injury by blocking the NLRP3 inflammasome

Glyburide is a classic antidiabetic drug that is dominant in inflammation regulation, but its specific role in ozone‐induced lung inflammation and injury remains unclear. In order to investigate whether glyburide prevents ozone‐induced pulmonary inflammation and its mechanism, C57BL/6 mice were intratracheally pre‐instilled with glyburide or the vehicle 1 hour before ozone (1 ppm, 3 hours) or filtered air exposure. After 24 hours, the total inflammatory cells and total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were detected. The pathological alternations in lung tissues were evaluated by HE staining. The expression of NLRP3, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and IL‐18 protein in lung tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. Western blotting was used to examine the levels of caspase‐1 p10 and active IL‐1β protein. Levels of IL‐1β and IL‐18 in BALF were measured using ELISA kits. Glyburide treatment decreased the total cells in BALF, the inflammatory score, and the mean linear intercept induced by ozone in lung tissues. In addition, glyburide inhibited the expression of NLRP3, IL‐18, and IL‐1β protein in lung tissues, and also suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation, including caspase‐1 p10, active IL‐1β protein in lung tissues, IL‐1β, and IL‐18 in BALF. These results demonstrate that glyburide effectively attenuates ozone‐induced pulmonary inflammation and injury via blocking the NLRP3 inflammasome.     

NLRP3 inflammasome activation is associated with PM2.5‐induced cardiac functional and pathological injury in mice

Growing evidences indicate that inflammation induced by PM_2.5 exposure has been considered as a major driving force for the development of cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying PM_2.5‐induced cardiac injury remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in PM_2.5‐induced cardiac functional and pathological injury in mice. In this study, BALB/c mice were intratracheally instilled with PM_2.5 suspension (4.0 mg/kg BW) for 5 days to set up a cardiac injury model, which was evaluated by electrocardiogram monitoring, HE and Masson staining. Then, the effects of PM_2.5 on the expression of α‐SMA, NLRP3, IL‐1β, and IL‐18 proteins and the activation of caspase‐1 and IL‐1β were investigated. The results showed that PM_2.5 exposure induced characteristic abnormal ECG changes such as the abnormality of heart rhythm, tachycardia, and T‐wave reduction. Inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis were observed in the heart tissues of PM_2.5‐exposed mice. Meanwhile, PM_2.5 exposure increased the expression of α‐SMA. And, NLRP3 activation‐associated proteins of NLRP3, IL‐1β, IL‐18, Cleaved caspase‐1 p10, and Cleaved IL‐1β were upregulated in heart tissue of PM_2.5‐induced mice. In summary, PM_2.5 exposure could induce cardiac functional and pathological injury, which may be associated with the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome.     

辛伐他汀对脓毒症小鼠肺损伤的保护作用

目的观察辛伐他丁对脓毒症小鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用,并探讨其可能机制。方法采用盲肠结扎穿孔术制备脓毒症小鼠模型,将72只雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分成3组:假手术组、脓毒症急性肺损伤组(脓毒症组)、脓毒症+辛伐他汀治疗组(治疗组)。治疗组给予辛伐他汀0.2μg/g,q12h腹腔注射1周;假手术组、脓毒症组给予等量安慰剂腹腔注射1周。分别于造模后6、12、24 h留取肺脏标本。HE染色观察肺组织病理学变化,免疫组化检测肺组织toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)蛋白的表达,ELISA测定肺组织匀浆中IL-1β及TNF-α的表达水平。结果与假手术组比较,造模后6、12、24 h,脓毒症组肺组织病理学评分、肺组织TLR4蛋白的表达,以及TNF-α、IL-1β水平明显升高(P<0.05);与脓毒症组相比,治疗组上述指标明显降低(P<0.05)。结论辛伐他汀通过抑制TLR4信号转导通路,减少其下游炎症介质TNF-α、IL-1β的释放,对脓毒症导致的急性肺损伤具有一定保护作用。     

白藜芦醇对脂多糖诱导的小鼠重症肺炎的保护作用

目的:探讨白藜芦醇对实验性小鼠重症肺炎的保护作用及机制.方法:建立脂多糖吸入所致的小鼠实验性急性重症肺炎模型,然后给予白藜芦醇腹腔注射给药,观察小鼠肺组织病理、肺组织湿/干质量比、支气管肺泡灌洗液中细胞分类计数变化,并检测肺组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6等炎症因子的表达差异.结果:实验性急性重症肺炎模型小鼠在接受白藜芦醇3～4 d后症状开始减轻,肺部炎症缓解.白藜芦醇治疗后,小鼠肺泡灌洗液中单核巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞及白细胞中性粒细胞计数和百分比均小于模型组,肺组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的表达均显著低于模型组.结论:白藜芦醇有一定的抗炎作用,可以缓解小鼠重症肺炎症状,其机制可能是降低炎性肺组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6等的含量,从而减轻炎症反应.     

甘氨酸对腹腔感染小鼠急性肺损伤的作用

目的 :探讨甘氨酸对腹腔感染小鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用。方法 :2 4只昆明小鼠随机分为 3组 ,每组 8只 :假手术组 ;盲肠结扎穿孔急性肺损伤组 ;甘氨酸保护组 (1.0 g/ kg)。 2 4h后测定各组动物肺系数 ,血清 TNF浓度和肺组织中丙二醛 (MDA)、髓过氧化物酶 (MPO)及还原型谷胱甘肽 (GSH)水平 ,光镜观察肺病理改变。结果 :甘氨酸可显著抑制腹腔感染小鼠急性肺损伤时的 MDA、MPO、TNF升高 ,降低肺系数 ,减轻肺组织学病变 ,但对肺 GSH无提高作用。结论 :甘氨酸对严重腹腔感染引起的急性肺损伤有防治作用。     

Adenovirus-delivered angiopoietin-1 ameliorates phosgene-induced acute lung injury via inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation

Objective: Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) is reported to have the ability to attenuate endothelial permeability and inflammation during the stress condition and is considered to play a critical role in vascular stabilization. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms involved in the protective effects of adenovirus-delivered Ang1 in phosgene-induced acute lung injury (ALI).

Methods: ALI was induced in rats by phosgene exposure at 8.33?g/m³ for 5?min, followed by an intravenous injection of adenovirus-Ang1 (Ad/Ang1). The histologic changes of the lung were evaluated with H&;E staining. The levels of cytokines in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined by ELISA. NLRP3 inflammasome activation was assessed with immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, Western blotting and TUNEL staining.

Results: Histologic analyses suggested that reduced severity in phosgene-induced ALI with Ad/Ang1 treatment. Reduced levels of IL-1β, IL-18 and IL-33 were found in both serum and BALF samples from Ad/Ang1-treated ALI rats induced by phosgene. Moreover, immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that Ad/Ang1 treatment inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Decreased mRNA and protein levels of NLRP3 and caspase-1 were found in phosgene-exposed rats treated with Ad/Ang1. In addition, TUNEL staining indicated a decrease in pyroptosis in phosgene-exposed rats treated with Ad/Ang1.

Conclusions: Ang1 exerts beneficial effects on phosgene-induced lung injury via inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Disruption of NLRP3 inflammasome activation might be served as therapeutic modality for the treatment of phosgene-induced ALI.     

Enalapril inhibits tubulointerstitial inflammation and NLRP3 inflammasome expression in BSA-overload nephropathy of rats

Aim:

Proteinuria is not only a common marker of renal disease, but also involved in renal tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of enalapril, an ACEI, against nephropathy in rats.

Methods:

Wistar rats underwent unilateral right nephrectomy, and then were treated with BSA (5 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹, ip), or BSA plus enalapril (0.5 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹, po) for 9 weeks. The renal lesions were evaluated using histology and immunohistochemistry. The expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 was analyzed using immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and Western blot.

Results:

BSA-overload resulted in severe proteinuria, which peaked at week 7, and interstitial inflammation with prominent infiltration of CD68⁺ cells (macrophages) and CD3⁺ cells (T lymphocytes), particularly of CD20⁺ cells (B lymphocytes). BSA-overload markedly increased the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 in the proximal tubular epithelial cells, and in inflammatory cells as well. Furthermore, the expression of IL-1β or IL-18 was significantly correlated with proteinuria (IL-1β: r=0.757; IL-18: r=0.834). These abnormalities in BSA-overload rats were significantly attenuated by concurrent administration of enalapril.

Conclusion:

Enalapril exerts protective effects against BSA-overload nephropathy in rats via suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome expression and tubulointerstitial inflammation.     

白藜芦醇对急性肝损伤小鼠NLRP3炎性体表达的影响

目的观察白藜芦醇对急性肝损伤(acute liver injury,ALI)小鼠Nod样受体家族3(Nod-like receptor 3,NLRP3)炎性体表达的影响,探讨白藜芦醇对ALI的保护作用及其机制。方法本实验采用四氯化碳制作ALI小鼠模型。将雄性ICR小鼠随机分成正常对照组、模型组、白藜芦醇低、中、高剂量组及阳性对照组,每组7只。白藜芦醇低、中、高剂量组及阳性对照组于造模前24 h及1 h分别腹腔注射剂量为10、20及30 mg/kg的白藜芦醇或剂量为100 mg/kg的乙酰半胱氨酸,对照组及模型组在相应时间点腹腔注射等量生理盐水,造模时模型组及各药物干预组采用腹腔注射5%四氯化碳,对照组腹腔注射等量橄榄油。采用蛋白质印迹(Western blot,WB)法测定小鼠肝组织NLRP3、凋亡相关微粒蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein contain,ASC)、炎性半胱天冬酶-1(caspase-1)蛋白,酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)法检测炎症因子白介素(interleukin,IL)-1β及IL-18,全自动生化分析仪测定小鼠肝功能,病理组织学观察肝脏损伤情况及其程度。结果模型组小鼠谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)及谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)水平高于正常对照组(P<0.01);白藜芦醇各剂量组及阳性对照组小鼠ALT及AST水平均低于模型组(P<0.01)。模型组小鼠肝脏炎症积分及损伤面积均高于正常对照组(P<0.01);白藜芦醇各剂量组及阳性对照组小鼠肝脏炎症积分及损伤面积均低于模型组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。模型组小鼠NLRP3、ASC、caspase-1、IL-1β及IL-18表达高于正常对照组(P<0.01);白藜芦醇各剂量组及阳性对照组小鼠NLRP3、ASC、caspase-1、IL-1β及IL-18表达均低于模型组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。病理组织切片显示,模型组小鼠肝细胞结构表现为胞浆疏松,小叶内坏死灶较多,坏死灶中可见中性粒细胞浸润;白藜芦醇各剂量组及阳性对照组小叶内坏死灶及中性粒细胞浸润等改变较模型组减少,肝细胞的受损面积较小。结论白藜芦醇可以显著减轻四氯化碳诱导的ALI,其机制可能与抑制NLRP3炎性体活化及其下游炎症级联反应有关。     

两种抗补体蛋白对脂多糖致急性肺损伤的保护作用比较研究

目的通过比较两种不同的补体干预方式对脂多糖(LPS)致大鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)的保护作用,进一步认识补体在LPS致ALI中的作用,并探讨补体不同成分在ALI中的作用。方法造模前将抗补体蛋白眼镜蛇毒因子(CVF)和Atrase A分别给予对应组别的大鼠,抑制补体。通过大鼠尾静脉注射LPS(5 mg.kg-1),造成ALI模型。在给予LPS后1、6、12 h采集标本,分别测定血清补体溶血活性、肺含水量、肺组织匀浆髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,取支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)测定细胞数、蛋白含量以及TNF-α和P-selectin的含量,取肺组织行病理切片检查。通过对实验结果的分析比较,评价两种抗补体蛋白对LPS致大鼠ALI的保护作用。结果在LPS致ALI的早期伴随有明显的血清补体活性下降。模型组的血清补体活性在给予LPS后的1 h内下降了47%。采用Atrase A抑制了50%补体活性的实验组其MPO、TNF-α、P-selectin水平未上调。完全去除补体活性的CVF组其MPO活力在1 h时与正常对照组相当,在6、12 h时则上升至与模型组相当,而TNF-α和P-selectin水平则介于模型组和正常组之间。病理切片检查表明两种抗补体蛋白均能有效减轻肺组织病理损伤,其中Atrase A明显优于CVF。结论补体明确参与了LPS致ALI的病理过程。采用抗补体干预能减轻ALI炎症和相关病理损伤,但两种抗补体蛋白的保护作用有明显区别。采用CVF完全去除补体C3、C5-C9仅在ALI早期有明显的保护作用,而仅部分抑制了补体活性的Atrase A则明显优于CVF,提示Atrase A作用的补体成分可能在ALI中具有重要作用。     

双调蛋白对小鼠呼吸机相关性肺损伤的保护作用及机制研究

目的 研究上皮生长因子双调蛋白(Amphiregulin,Areg)对呼吸机相关性肺损伤(ventilator-associated lung injury,VALI)肺组织的保护作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法 将C57BL/6小鼠根据随机数字表法随机分为8组: ①对照组(Control组),每只腹腔注射磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS) 200 μL,维持正常呼吸;②Areg组,腹腔注射重组小鼠Areg蛋白(rmAreg),维持正常呼吸;③PBS+VALI组,腹腔注射PBS,30min后行机械通气;④Areg+VALI组,腹腔注射rmAreg,30 min后行机械通气;⑤DMSO+VALI组;⑥DMSO+Areg+VALI组,每只腹腔注射二甲基亚砜(dimethylsulfoxide,DMSO)100 μL,30 min后腹腔注射PBS或rmAreg,再经30 min后行机械通气;⑦AG1478+Areg+VALI组与⑧Perifosine+Areg+VALI组,每只腹腔注射AG1478 1 mg或Perifosine 1 mg,30 min后腹腔注射rmAreg,再经30 min后行机械通气。 小鼠通过大潮气量机械通气(潮气量12 mL/kg,频率90次/分,通气4 h)制作VALI模型。机械通气24 h后行肺组织HE染色并观察病理学变化,检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中总蛋白、免疫球蛋白M(Immunoglobulin M,IgM)、肿瘤坏死因子α-(Tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α)与白细胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)的浓度;机械通气6 h后检测肺组织中上皮生长因子受体(Epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)与蛋白激酶B(AKT)的磷酸化水平。结果 与0 h组[(62.0±19.4) pg/mL]相比,VALI小鼠在机械通气结束3、6、12、24 h后BALF中的Areg浓度有明显升高,其中在6 h升高最为显著[(231.8±58.7) pg/mL]。与Control组相比,PBS+VALI组小鼠的肺组织肺泡壁增厚,炎症反应显著增加,而在Areg+VALI组中这些病理损伤均有明显减轻。与Control组相比,PBS+VALI组小鼠BALF中总蛋白、IgM、TNF-α与IL-6均有显著升高,而相较于PBS+VALI组,Areg+VALI组中这些指标有明显降低。rmAreg显著提高了VALI小鼠肺组织中EGFR与AKT的磷酸化水平。AG1478与Perifosine均明显抑制了rmAreg对VALI肺组织的作用效果。结论 小鼠发生VALI后肺组织中Areg的表达量显著增加。Areg通过EGFR-AKT信号通路减轻肺组织病理学变化、渗透性与炎症反应,因此在VALI中具有明显的保护作用。     

Protective effects of pravastatin in murine lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury

1. The present study was designed to determine whether pravastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, could attenuate acute lung injury (ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BALB/c mice. 2. Acute lung injury was induced successfully by intratracheal administraiton of LPS (3 microg/g) in BALB/c mice. Pravastatin (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to mice 24 h prior to and then again concomitant with LPS exposure. 3. Challenge with LPS alone produced a significant increase in lung index and the wet/dry weight ratio compared with control animals. Pulmonary microvascular leakage, as indicated by albumin content in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and extravasation of Evans blue dye albumin into lung tissue, was apparently increased in LPS-exposed mice. Lipopolysaccharide exposure also produced a significant lung inflammatory response, reflected by myeloperoxidase activity and inflammatory cell counts in BALF. Furthermore, histological examination showed that mice exposed to LPS also exhibited prominent inflammatory cell infiltration and occasional alveolar haemorrhage. 4. Pravastatin (3, 10 or 30 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a significant reduction in multiple indices of LPS-induced pulmonary vascular leak and inflammatory cell infiltration into lung tissue. Elevated tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels in lung tissue homogenates of ALI mice were significantly decreased after administration of 10 or 30 mg/kg pravastatin. 5. These findings confirm significant protection by pravastatin against LPS-induced lung vascular leak and inflammation and implicate a potential role for statins in the management of ALI. The inhibitory effect of pravastatin was associated with its effect in decreasing TNF-alpha.     

Protective effects of naringin against paraquat-induced acute lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis in mice

The present study evaluates protective effects of naringin against paraquat (PQ)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Survival probability against PQ intoxication was tested by a single intraperitoneal injection of PQ. Results showed that survival rates of mice exposed to PQ only (50 mg/kg within 7 days) were much lower than that in mice daily treatment with NAC or naringin. Moreover, protection against PQ-induced ALI was tested by daily pretreatment mice with saline, NAC or naringin for 3 days before PQ (30 mg/kg, i.p.). Results showed that increase in leukocytes infiltration and overexpressions of TNF-α and TGF-β1 caused by 8 h of PQ exposure were dose-dependently ameliorated by naringin. Furthermore, protection against PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis was tested by pretreatment mice with PQ (20 mg/kg, i.p.), and then daily administration with saline, NAC or naringin for prolonged 21 days. Results showed that naringin of 60 and 120 mg/kg significantly reduced PQ-induced upregulations of TNF-α, TGF-β1, MMP-9 and TIMP-1, levels of pulmonary malonaldehyde and hydroxyproline, as well as pulmonary fibrosis deposition, while increased activities of SOD, GSH-Px and HO-1. These results indicated that naringin had effective protection against PQ-induced ALI and pulmonary fibrosis.     

Protective effects of intranasal curcumin on paraquot induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice

Paraquot (PQ) is widely and commonly used as herbicide and has been reported to be hazardous as it causes lung injury. However, molecular mechanism underlying lung toxicity caused by PQ has not been elucidated. Curcumin, a known anti-inflammatory molecule derived from rhizomes of Curcuma longa has variety of pharmacological activities including free-radical scavenging properties but the protective effects of curcumin on PQ-induced acute lung injury (ALI) have not been studied. In this study, we aimed to study the effects of curcumin on ALI caused by PQ in male parke's strain mice which were challenged acutely by PQ (50 mg/kg, i.p.) with or without curcumin an hour before (5 mg/kg, i.n.) PQ intoxication. Lung specimens and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were isolated for pathological and biochemical analysis after 48 h of PQ exposure. Curcumin administration has significantly enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities. Lung wet/dry weight ratio, malondialdehyde (MDA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) content, total cell number and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in BALF as well as neutrophil infiltration were attenuated by curcumin. Pathological studies also revealed that intranasal curcumin alleviate PQ-induced pulmonary damage and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO). These results suggest that intranasal curcumin may directly target lungs and curcumin inhalers may prove to be effective in PQ-induced ALI treatment in near future.     

维药毛菊苣提取物对小鼠四氮化碳急性肝损伤的保护作用

<正>菊苣根是菊科植物毛菊苣(Cichorium glandulosum boiss)的根,菊苣别名苦苣、法国苦苣、蓝苣等,学名Cichorium inty-bus L是菊科菊苣属的两年生或多年生宿根植物,其嫩叶、叶球或根可食用或药用[1],具有开通阻滞、利尿、消肿、清热、营养胃肝等之功效。国家药材标准《维吾尔药志》上有记载:"菊苣可入药,味微苦、咸,性凉。维吾尔医临床广泛应用于     

芸香苷对实验性急性胰腺炎肺损伤的保护作用及机制

目的探讨芸香苷(rutoside,Ru)对实验性急性胰腺炎(AP)肺损伤的保护作用及机制。方法牛磺胆酸钠(STC)逆行胆胰管注射诱发大鼠AP模型后,立即按Ru15、30、60mg.kg-1.h-13个剂量持续静脉输注6h,观察AP大鼠动脉血气分析、肺湿重/干重比值、肺组织病理学、肺TNF-α、ICAM-1、NF-κB表达的变化。结果60mg.kg-1剂量组可升高AP大鼠降低的动脉PO2;Ru30、60mg.kg-1剂量组可降低肺湿/干重比值,同时可以改善肺病理损伤情况;Ru15、30、60mg.kg-1剂量组均可降低肺TNF-α、ICAM-1、NF-κB的表达。结论静脉输注Ru对实验性AP胰外肺损伤具有一定的保护作用,其发挥保护作用的机制可能与降低TNF-α、ICAM-1、NF-κB的表达有关。     

水黄皮根乙酸乙酯萃取物对大鼠乙醇型胃黏膜损伤的保护作用(英文)

目的研究水黄皮根乙酸乙酯萃取物(PREA)对乙醇致胃黏膜损伤的治疗作用。方法建立乙醇致大鼠胃黏膜损伤模型,通过观察胃组织病理学改变、计算胃黏膜损伤指数、检测胃黏膜组织一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性评价PREA对乙醇型胃黏膜损伤的保护作用。采用幽门结扎模型,观察PREA对大鼠胃液分泌和胃黏液分泌的影响。结果与模型组比较,PREA可剂量依赖性地降低乙醇所致胃黏膜损伤指数,明显改善胃黏膜损伤的病理变化,抑制乙醇引起的胃黏膜MDA含量升高及NO水平和SOD活性降低,并显著减少胃酸分泌、抑制游离胃酸酸度和总酸度,对胃蛋白酶活性没有明显影响。另外,可显著抑制幽门结扎模型大鼠胃腔游离黏液以及胃壁结合黏液的分泌。结论PREA对乙醇型胃黏膜损伤具有明显的保护作用,提示PREA可能成为预防或治疗乙醇所致胃损伤的药物。     

百香果乙酸乙酯提取物预防化学性肝损伤和免疫性肝损伤的研究

目的：探讨百香果乙酸乙酯提取物对化学性肝损伤和免疫性肝损伤是否具有预防作用。方法：将适应性喂养的小鼠随机分为6组：空白对照组、模型对照组、阳性（联苯双酯）对照组（150 mg·kg^-1）、百香果乙酸乙酯提取物低剂量值（15 mg·kg^-1）、中剂量值（30 mg·kg^-1）、高剂量组（60 mg·kg^-1）,给药14 d后,除空白对照组外,其余各组腹腔注射1%四氯化碳或尾静脉注射ConA15 mg·kg^-1。动物模型构造成功后,小鼠禁食不禁水过夜,小鼠眼眶取血,并且颈椎脱臼处死,解剖小鼠取肝脏,测定血清和肝匀浆中的相关生化指标,并做肝脏的组织病理学检查。结果：百香果乙酸乙酯提取物可以预防肝损伤小鼠血清中的ALT、AST水平的升高,升高肝脏抗氧化系统中抗氧化酶CAT、SOD、GSH-Px的活性及其含量,降低过氧化产物MDA、TG的含量。肝脏组织病理学结果表明：百香果乙酸乙酯提取物对小鼠的肝脏有保护作用。结论：百香果乙酸乙酯提取物对化学性肝损伤以及免疫性肝损伤具有预防作用。     

银杏叶提取物注射液对脂多糖致大鼠急性肺损伤肺组织的保护作用

目的 观察银杏叶提取物注射液（GBE）对脂多糖（LPS）致大鼠急性肺损伤（ALI）肺组织的保护作用及其可能机制。方法 24只健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、LPS组和GBE组,每组8只。尾静脉注射LPS建立ALI模型,光镜下观察大鼠肺组织形态学改变;检测肺组织中超氧化物歧化酶活性（SOD）和丙二醛（MDA）含量及血清中白细胞介素-6（IL-6）的表达变化。结果 与对照组相比,LPS组肺组织中SOD活性降低、MDA含量增加、血清中IL-6含量增加（P<0.05）;应用GBE后,肺组织SOD活性升高、MDA含量减少、血清中IL-6含量减少（P<0.05）。结论 GBE可有效减轻ALI肺组织的炎症反应,其机制可能与其提高大鼠抗氧化能力、升高血清中IL-6的含量有关。     

四君子汤对无水乙醇诱导的小鼠急性胃肠黏膜损伤的保护作用

目的 研究四君子汤对乙醇诱导的小鼠急性胃肠黏膜损伤的保护作用。方法 将60只小鼠随机分为6组：对照组、模型组、奥美拉唑（阳性药,4 mg·kg^-1）组和四君子汤低、中、高剂量（4、6、8 g·kg^-1）组,每组10只,连续ig给药14 d后,在造模前全部小鼠禁食禁水24 h,末次给药1 h后,除对照组外,其余各组小鼠每只ig无水乙醇10 mL·kg^-1诱发急性胃肠黏膜损伤。造模1 h后,脱颈椎处死小鼠后开腹,取出胃及十二指肠,观察胃黏膜的损伤情况并拍照,分析小鼠胃黏膜损伤分数、治疗指数;HE染色观察胃及十二指肠黏膜病理组织学变化;试剂盒法检测血清丙二醛（MDA）、总超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）水平; Westernblotting法检测胃肠组织白细胞介素-1β （IL-1β）、白细胞介素-10 （IL-10）和肿瘤坏死因子-α （TNF-α）蛋白表达水平。结果 胃黏膜损伤评价结果显示,与对照组比较,模型组小鼠胃黏膜有明显出血带;与模型组比较,各用药组小鼠胃黏膜损伤有不同程度的改善,损伤分数均显著降低（P＜0.05、0.001） ,四君子汤高剂量组治疗效果最好,治疗指数达到72.54%,与阳性药奥美拉唑治疗效果相当。HE染色结果显示,模型组小鼠胃及十二指肠腺体排列紊乱,黏膜上皮细胞大量坏死、脱落,四君子汤发挥明显改善作用。与模型组比较,四君子汤中、高剂量组以及奥美拉唑组小鼠血清中MDA水平显著下降（P＜0.001）、SOD活性显著升高（P＜0.05、0.001）,胃及十二指肠组织IL-1β、TNF-α蛋白表达显著下降（P＜0.05、0.01、0.001）,IL-10蛋白表达显著增加（P＜0.01）。结论 四君子汤可能通过抑制炎症和抗氧化应激反应对乙醇诱导的小鼠急性胃肠黏膜损伤发挥保护作用。     

Protective effects and mechanisms of mogroside V on LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice

Context: Mogroside V, a compound isolated from Momordica grosvenori Swingle, which belongs to the Cucurbitaceae, is a traditional Chinese medicine reported to have anti-inflammatory potential in murine macrophages and a murine ear edema model.

Objective: To investigate the effects and mechanisms of action of this compound in a model of acute lung injury (ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS).

Materials and methods: Female BALB/c mice were treated with commercial mogroside V (2.5, 5 and 10?mg/kg) for 1?h prior to intranasal injection of LPS (10?μg in 50?μl). After 12?h, airway inflammation in the ALI model was determined by the wet/dry weight (W/D) ratio, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of lung tissue, leukocyte recruitment and cytokine levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Additionally, lung tissue was examined by histology and western blotting to investigate the changes in pathology and the signalling in the presence and absence of mogroside V.

Results: Mogroside V at 5 and 10?mg/kg inhibited airway inflammation induced by LPS as measured by the decrease in the histological changes (44 and 67.3% reduction in lung injury score, respectively), a 28.9 and 55.3% reduction in lung MPO activity, and inflammatory cell counts, interleukin-1β (IL‐1β, 382 and 280?pg/ml, respectively), IL-6 (378 and 232?pg/ml, respectively) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, 12.5 and 7.8?ng/ml, respectively) levels in the BALF. Additionally, mogroside V treatment reduced the activation of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and the nuclear factor (NF)-κB.

Discussions and conclusions: Together, these data suggest that mogroside V has the potential to protect against LPS-induced airway inflammation in a model of ALI.