Improvement of otoendoscopic surgery for epitympanic cholesteatoma invading the mastoid

Background: In recent years, the otoendoscopic surgery for epitympanic cholesteatoma has achieved great development, but it still has some disadvantages.

Objective: This work aims to improve otoendoscopic surgery for epitympanic cholesteatoma invading the mastoid to retain the normal structure of the middle ear as much as possible.

Methods: We classified the patients according to the lesion scope and applied different strategies of using the combination of otoendoscope and microscope. The surgery was improved and the recurrence and residual of middle ear cholesteatoma after operation were observed preliminarily.

Results: Forty-six patients with middle ear cholesteatoma accepted surgical treatment, including 10 cases of independent otoendoscopic surgery, 29 cases of otoendoscope–microscope combined surgery, and seven cases of microscopic surgery assisted with an otoendoscope. All cases were treated with canal-up cholesteatoma surgery. The postoperative recurrent rate was 4/46.

Conclusion: We improved existing otoendoscopic surgery to reduce or avoid bony defects of the acoustic meatus, and then decreased the proportion of canal-down surgery.     

颞下窝进路TypeB技术在颞骨岩部胆脂瘤治疗中的应用

目的探讨颞下窝径路TypeB技术在颞骨岩部巨大迷路型胆脂瘤切除中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2015年8月~2017年4月北京协和医院耳鼻咽喉科收治的5例巨大迷路型颞骨岩部胆脂瘤患者的临床资料，5例患者中曾行开放式乳突根治1例，岩骨次全切除（保留听囊）1例，开放式乳突根治后再行岩骨次全切除（保留听囊）1例，入院后5例患者均接受颞下窝径路TypeB手术切除。结果5例患者均手术完整切除，显微镜下术腔无死角，检查无胆脂瘤残留。所有患者颈内动脉均有不同程度胆脂瘤包绕，均沿胆脂瘤基质与颈内动脉壁的间隙分离干净。术后均行MR+DWI随诊1~2.5年，未见复发。5例患者术后术侧均全聋。1例面神经完整者术后H B II级；2例舌下神经-面神经吻合患者,其中1例术后1年H B III级，另1例术后随访1年H B IV级；2例头痛患者术后症状均消失。5例患者术后1个月均可正常饮食。结论颞下窝径路TypeB技术可以安全、彻底切除复杂的巨大迷路型岩部胆脂瘤，未引起严重并发症。但早期反复手术失败影响对相关功能的保留和重建。     

Cholesteatoma surgery with the canal wall up technique combined with mastoid obliteration: results from primary surgery in 230 consecutive cases

Objective: To evaluate the canal wall up (CWU) technique combined with mastoid obliteration used in cholesteatoma surgery from the aspects of safety and function.

Study design: Retrospective chart review. Information was extracted from a medical database and complementary data from patient files and audiograms were collected and recorded retrospectively.

Setting: A tertiary-stage hospital and a secondary-stage hospital. Surgeons of various levels of experience.

Method: Data from a consecutive group of 230 primary operations for cholesteatoma surgery using CWU with obliteration employing the combined approach tympanoplasty (CAT) technique, from January 1994 to December 2009 were analyzed.

Results: In 90% of the ears, the anatomy was normalized with an intact ear drum.

The frequency of residual cholesteatoma was 1% and the frequency of recurrent cholesteatoma 8%. Hearing was improved one year postoperatively and remained improved three years postoperatively. No patient suffered a total hearing loss.

Conclusions: CWU procedure comprising CAT with obliteration of the mastoid is a safe surgical method with a low frequency of residual and recurrent disease and a good hearing preservation.     

Petrous bone cholesteatoma: our experience of 51 patients with emphasis on cochlea preservation and use of endoscope

Background: Petrous bone cholesteatoma (PBC) is a rare but local aggressive lesion which can lead to severe complications. Surgery is the mainstay for its treatment.

Objectives: To analyse the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes in a series of patients with PBC, paying special attention to cochlea preservation and use of endoscope.

Materials and methods: Retrospective study of 51 patients with PBC who underwent surgery at our centre.

Results: Hearing loss (72.5%) and facial paralysis (58.8%) were the two most common symptoms. According to Sanna’s classification, supralabyrinthine subtype (51.0%) was the most common subtype, followed by the massive subtype (33.3%). In most patients, PBC was radically removed using subtotal petrosectomy (80.4%). Endoscope was used for assistance in six cases. Various managements of facial nerve were used in different cases. Hearing rehabilitation was not emphasized (44 postoperative dead ear); however, cochlea was preserved as far as possible (45.3%). Recurrence was identified in five patients by MRI with diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) sequence. No recurrence was detected in patients underwent surgery with endoscope assistance.

Conclusions and significance: radical excision and functional reconstruction constitute the framework of PBC surgery. Cochlea preservation is critical for possible cochlear implantation in the future. Use of endoscope has the potential to enhance surgical precision and reduce recurrence.     

Canal wall-down procedure with soft posterior meatal wall reconstruction in acquired cholesteatoma: focus on postoperative middle ear status*

Objectives: We reviewed surgical results of canal wall-down tympanoplasty (CWDT) with soft posterior meatal wall reconstruction (SWR) for acquired cholesteatoma (AC), and identified factors associated with surgical outcomes.

Methods: Results from 119 ears with AC (pars flaccida, n?=?99; pars tensa, n?=?20) that underwent CWDT with SWR were retrospectively reviewed. We defined postoperative balloon-like retraction (PBR) with web formation, which needed reoperation to clean accumulated cerumen, as postoperative deep retraction pocket (PDRP).

Results: Residual cholesteatoma was found in 11 ears (9.2%). Seven residual cholesteatomas were treated with outpatient operation. Seven ears (5.9%) showed PDRP. A transcanal approach was applied to all PDRPs. Postoperative mastoid reaeration was observed in 57 ears (47.9%). No factors significantly associated with residual cholesteatoma or PDRP were identified. The frequency of postoperative mastoid reaeration was significantly higher among cases with young age (<50 years), stage I cholesteatoma, or type I ossiculoplasty.

Conclusion: CWDT with SWR showed low rates of residual cholesteatoma or postoperative deep retraction pocket (PDRP). Most residual cholesteatomas and PDRPs could be dealt with using a minimally invasive procedure. Young age, stage I cholesteatoma, and type I ossiculoplasty were associated with postoperative mastoid reaeration. This procedure seems fully feasible for surgical treatment of AC.     

Endoscopic tympanoplasty in the treatment of chronic otitis media: our experience

Conclusion: The endoscopy ensures good surgical exposure of hidden areas, frequently sites of residual cholesteatoma. Also, the minimally invasive endoscopic approach is more respectful of anatomy and functionality of the middle ear, restoring and preserving mastoid mucosa, with faster healing time.

Objectives: To investigate the benefits that the systematic use of endoscopy in middle ear surgery has made.

Study design: Retrospective cohort studies.

Method: Two groups of patients were surgically treated for inflammatory diseases of the middle ear. The first group refers to the Pre-Endoscopic period, the second one to the Endoscopic Period. This study analyzed the type of surgical approach (Transcanalar vs Retroauricolar) in all cases treated and the differences in incidence of residual disease in the cases treated for cholesteatoma.

Results: The oto-endoscopy led to a significant increase (p?p?相似文献   

Identification of risk factors for residual cholesteatoma in children and adults: a retrospective study on 110 cases of revision surgery

IntroductionResidual disease after cholesteatoma removal is still a challenge for the otorhinolaryngologist. Scheduled “second-look” surgery and, more recently, radiological screenings are used to identify residual cholesteatoma as early as possible. However, these procedures are cost-intensive and are accompanied by discomfort and risks for the patient.ObjectiveTo identify anamnestic, clinical, and surgery-related risk factors for residual cholesteatoma.MethodsThe charts of 108 patients, including children as well as adults, having undergone a second-look or revision surgery after initial cholesteatoma removal at a tertiary referral hospital, were analyzed retrospectively.ResultsGender, age, mastoid pneumatization, prior ventilation tube insertion, congenital cholesteatoma, erosion of ossicles, atticotomy, resection of chorda tympani, different reconstruction materials, and postoperative otorrhea did not emerge as statistically significant risk factors for residual disease. However, prior adenoid removal, cholesteatoma growth to the sinus tympani and to the antrum and mastoid, canal-wall-up 2 ways approach, and postoperative retraction and perforation were associated with a statistically higher rate of residual disease. A type A tympanogram as well as canal-wall-down plus reconstruction 2 ways approach for extended epitympanic and for extended epitympanic and mesotympanic cholesteatomas were associated with statistically lower rates of residual disease. A score including the postoperative retraction or perforation of the tympanic membrane, the quality of the postoperative tympanogram and the intraoperative extension of the cholesteatoma to the sinus tympani and/or the antrum was elaborated and proved to be suitable for predicting residual cholesteatoma with acceptable sensitivity and high specificity.ConclusionCholesteatoma extension to the sinus tympani, antrum and mastoid makes a residual disease more likely. The canal-wall-down plus reconstruction 2 ways approach seems safe with similar rates of residual cholesteatoma and without the known disadvantages of canal-wall-down surgery. The described score can be useful for identifying patients who need a postoperative radiological control and a second-look surgery.     

Practical analysis of pars flaccida cholesteatoma with classification and staging system proposed by Japan Otological Society: a comparative study

Abstract

Background: The Japan Otology Society (JOS) proposed the classification and staging system for middle ear cholesteatoma. However, there was little analysis of the pathology of cholesteatoma using this staging system.

Aims/objectives: To analyze the pathology of pars flaccida cholesteatoma using the staging system by JOS.

Material and methods: A total of 183 cases of fresh pars flaccida cholesteatoma treated between January 2009 and December 2015 were included. We used the staging system recommended by JOS (2015). The association of the following variables in each stage of pars flaccida cholesteatoma was examined: age, gender, preoperative hearing level, staging, statuses of mastoid cell growth and stapes, tympanic sinus invasion.

Results: Stage II disease showed the highest degree of progression, and peak incidence was observed in the third and fourth decades of life. Stage III significantly increased after the age of 40 years. The progression of the disease stage was significantly associated with deterioration of hearing level. Cholesteatoma invasion to tympanic sinus was recognized in 14.2% of cases. The state of the stapes is increasingly likely be to fracture as stage progresses.

Conclusions: The JOS Staging System appropriately reflects the disease state, and it was found to be clinically meaningful in this study.     

Limitations of non-echo planar diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (non-EPI MRI) in cholesteatoma surveillance after ossicular chain reconstruction. A prospective study

ObjectiveNon-echo planar diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging is a reliable surveillance tool of residual cholesteatoma nowadays. It is not known whether the material of the ossicular chain prosthesis modifies the sensitivity and specificity of MRI in these cases. The aim of the study was to compare the sensitivity, specificity and a localization-specific accuracy of non-EPI DW MRI sequences for residual cholesteatoma in the following 3 subgroups: patients with titanium ossicular prosthesis (group T), with autologous cortical bone columella (group A) or without any reconstruction (group WR) of hearing bones.MethodsThis prospective study covered 28 cases with cholesteatoma of the middle ear undergone second-look surgery, who had preoperative PROPELLER DW-MRI. Surgical findings were compared to the results of the DWI-MRI.ResultsThe overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were: 0.76-0.8-0.76-0.8. Group T, group A and group WR sensitivity was 0.83-0.6-1, specificity: 0.75-0.75-0.85, PPV: 0.83-0.75-0.66, NPV: 0.75-0.6-1. Overall accuracy was 0.78. Size of missed cholesteatoma was 2-4 mm (mean: 2.66±1.15).ConclusionsVarious materials are suitable for ossicular chain reconstruction. The poor detectability of residual or recurrent cholesteatoma in the middle ears reconstructed with autologous bony prosthesis may still claim second-look surgery instead of the usage of non- EPI DWI sequences independently in these patients.     

Expression of PTHrP and RANKL in acquired middle ear cholesteatoma epithelium

Abstract

Background: Regarded as the most important clinical characteristic of middle ear cholesteatoma, the exact mechanism of bone resorption in cholesteatoma still remains unknown.

Objectives: To investigate protein expression of PTHrP and RANKL in acquired middle ear cholesteatoma epithelium and analyze their functional roles in the etiopathogenesis of bone resorption in middle ear cholesteatoma.

Material and methods: A total of 22 patients who underwent surgical treatment for middle ear cholesteatoma were recruited in the study. Protein expression of PTHrP and RANKL in middle ear cholesteatoma and normal postauricular skin was investigated by immunohistochemical staining. Correlations between bone resorption degree and expression of PTHrP and RANKL were also analyzed.

Results: Protein expression of PTHrP and RANKL in cholesteatoma epithelium significantly increased when compared with normal postauricular skin epithelium. In cholesteatoma epithelium, a significantly positive association was observed between PTHrP and RANKL expression. Meanwhile, obviously positive correlations between protein expression of PTHrP and RANKL and bone resorption degree were discovered.

Conclusions and significance: The increased protein expression of PTHrP and RANKL in cholesteatoma epithelium, and their associations with the degree of bone resorption, revealing that PTHrP might promote bone resorption process in middle ear cholesteatoma through RANKL signaling pathway.     

Surgical outcomes of simultaneous cochlear implantation with subtotal petrosectomy

ObjectiveTo evaluate the surgical outcomes of simultaneous cochlear implantation (CI) with subtotal petrosectomy (SP).MethodsMedical records of thirty-one patients (31 ears) who underwent simultaneous CI with SP in two tertiary referral centers for management of profound hearing loss secondary to chronic suppurative otitis media, cholesteatoma, previous open cavity, temporal bone fracture, and temporal bone irradiation were retrospectively analyzed. Pre and postoperative speech performances and related complications requiring surgical correction were evaluated.ResultsSignificant improvement in postoperative speech performance was observed in all 31 patients compared to preoperative result. Of the 31 patients, complications occurred in three patients (9.6%). One patient exhibited the breakdown of blind sac closure of the external auditory canal and two others exhibited the migration of the receiver-stimulator cochlear implant. The migrations occurred despite tie-down fixation of the device to the skull. The migrated devices were repositioned using revision surgery.ConclusionsSimultaneous CI with SP is an effective and safe surgical method with relatively low complication incidence. However, particular attention should be paid to prevent certain complications. The receiver-stimulator may be predisposed to migrate to abnormal position because it can be placed with lack of tight subperiosteal support at a more superior or posterior location of the skull where the skull curvature changes abruptly than can conventional CI using limited mastoidectomy and posterior tympanotomy approach.     

Mastoid obliteration with S53P4 bioactive glass in cholesteatoma surgery

Conclusion: Evaluation of the follow-up of 67 patients shows that S53P4 bioactive glass (BAG) granules are safe and effective as obliteration material in cholesteatoma surgery.

Objectives: To investigate the safety and efficacy of mastoid obliteration using S53P4?BAG in cholesteatoma surgery. Clinical outcomes were infection control (Merchant’s grading), cholesteatoma recidivism, and audiometric performance.

Methods: Retrospective follow-up study at the Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Eighteen young (age <17 years) and 49 adult (age ≥17 years) patients treated for cholesteatoma underwent tympanomastoidectomy with mastoid obliteration using S53P4?BAG in the period 2012–2015. Outcome was monitored with clinical otoscopy, otorrhea incidence measurement (Merchant’s grading), DW-MRI, and audiographic performance analyses (pure tone average and air bone gap).

Results: During the follow-up period (mean?=?22 months; range?=?12–54 months) cholesteatoma recidivism was observed in 6% of the patients (four ears), mostly in young patients (three ears). An acceptably dry ear (Merchant grade 0–1) was achieved in 96% of all cases. The remaining 4% of cases scored a Merchant grade 2. Overall, both air conduction thresholds and air bone gap were slightly lowered when comparing post-operative values to pre-operative values and significantly in the case of ossicular reconstruction. In none of the patients (0%) did post-operative wound infections occur.     

Influence of surgical technique on residual cholesteatoma location and prevalence

ObjectiveCompared to canal wall up (CWU) tympanoplasty, canal wall reconstruction (CWR) allows better visualization of cholesteatoma extension. The canal wall up approach provides good functional outcomes, but with higher rates of residual cholesteatoma. The aim of this study was to compare residual cholesteatoma prevalence and location between the two approaches.MethodSubjects were adult patients with residual cholesteatoma following CWU or CWR surgery between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2015. During this period, 94 patients underwent CWU and 71 CWR; 22 presented with residual cholesteatoma: 16 after CWU (R-CWU group) and 6 after CWR (R-CWR group).ResultsThere was no significant inter-group difference in residual cholesteatoma prevalence: 17% after CWU, 8.4% after CWR. Locations comprised: 13 (81%) in the attic, 9 (56%) in the tympanic cavity and 4 (25%) in the mastoid in the R-CWU group, and 6 (100%) in the attic in the R-CWR group. There were significantly fewer tympanic cavity locations after CWR compared to CWU (P = 0.046).ConclusionResidual cholesteatoma prevalence did not significantly differ between the CWU and CWR approaches. The most frequent location was the attic; significantly more locations were in the tympanic cavity with the CWU approach. These findings are important for surgeons and neuro-radiologists during follow-up.     

Nationwide survey of middle ear cholesteatoma surgery cases in Japan: Results from the Japan Otological society registry using the JOS staging and classification system

ObjectiveThis study was aimed to determine the characteristics of middle ear cholesteatoma and to investigate short-term outcomes regarding the rates of residual and recurrent cholesteatoma and the postoperative hearing results in Japan, via a nationwide survey using staging and classification criteria for middle ear cholesteatoma, as proposed by the Japan Otological Society (JOS).MethodsThe first-round survey was conducted in 2016. The target was patients with middle ear cholesteatoma who were surgically treated in Japan between January and December 2015. Medical information on the patients was anonymized. The questionnaire entries were age, sex, cholesteatoma classification and stage, preoperative hearing level, mastoid development, status of the stapes, and surgical method. There were a total of 1,787 registered patients from 74 facilities from all over Japan. The second survey was conducted in January 2018 and received 1,456 responses from 49 facilities in Japan. Of the 1,456 cases, 1,060 were conducted in the postoperative hearing survey and 1,084 in the residual recurrence survey.ResultsThe most common cholesteatoma type was pars flaccida cholesteatoma (63.3%), followed by pars tensa cholesteatoma (13.0%), congenital cholesteatoma (12.9%), and cholesteatoma secondary to chronic tensa perforation (5.6%). Cholesteatoma of uncertain origin accounted for 5.0% (90 cases). Stage II was predominant in pars flaccida and pars tensa cholesteatoma, which frequently involves the mastoid, whereas about half of cases of cholesteatoma secondary to chronic tensa perforation and congenital cholesteatoma were classified as stage I. One hundred fifty-two of 1,084 cases (14.0%) had recurrent cholesteatoma, residual cholesteatoma, or both following first surgeries. The postoperative rates of hearing success rate was 63.3%.ConclusionWe were able to clarify not only the current epidemiological status of middle ear cholesteatoma but also the current trends of cholesteatoma surgery in Japan. The development of a staging system by the JOS Committee serving an epidemiological database for international or time-dependent comparison. It is possible to use this staging system with reasonable reliability.     

Micronucleus frequency in acquired middle ear cholesteatoma

Objective—To determine the micronucleus (MN) frequency of acquired cholesteatoma tissue using an MN assay.

Material and Methods—Eighteen patients were diagnosed as having chronic otitis media with acquired cholesteatoma and were divided into primary and secondary acquired cholesteatoma groups. Cholesteatoma tissue and normal tissue specimens from the external ear canal skin were taken from the patients during surgical operations. MN frequencies of cholesteatoma and control samples were determined according to standard criteria.

Results—The MN frequencies of the cholesteatoma and control tissues were 0.54%±0.31% and 0.24%±0.11%, respectively (p<0.01). MN frequencies for the primary and secondary acquired cholesteatoma groups were 0.63%±0.36% and 0.46%±0.26%, respectively (p>0.05). MN frequencies in cholesteatoma patients without and with complications were 0.42%±0.19% and 0.85%±0.37%, respectively (p<0.05).

Conclusion—MN frequencies were found to be increased in cholesteatoma tissues when compared with external ear canal skin. The MN frequency in five cases with complications was higher than in cases without complications. These results indicate that there could be associations between MN frequency and acquired cholesteatoma and between MN frequency and complications.     

A quantitative study of the suppression of the development of the mastoid air cells by the presence of congenital cholesteatoma

Background: The mastoid air cells are considered to develop better in children with congenital cholesteatoma but only a few quantitative studies have examined.

Aims/objectives: The present study was undertaken in order to clarify the relationships between the development of the mastoid air cells in children with congenital cholesteatoma and clinical factors.

Materials and methods: Mastoid air cell development was evaluated in 53 children with congenital cholesteatoma. The sizes of the mastoid air cells were measured on computed tomography scans of the temporal bone, and clinical factors, including age, the extent of invasion, and whether it was located close to the eustachian tube were evaluated.

Results: The cross-sectional area of the mastoid air cells was significantly smaller on the affected side than on the unaffected side, especially in the older patients. The cases involving invasion into the mastoid portion also had smaller mastoid cells. Whether the cholesteatoma was located close to the eustachian tube had no effect.

Conclusions and significance: The mastoid air cells on the affected side were less well developed. Our findings indicate that a high age and the presence of cholesteatoma in the mastoid region might be associated with suppressed mastoid pneumatization.     

Transmastoid implantability of an active transcutaneous bone conduction implant in adults with regard to the underlying pathology: a radiological simulation study

Objectives: To compare the feasibility of transmastoid implantation of an active transcutaneous bone conduction device (BCD) in the most important pathologies of the temporal bone and the impact of implant lifts in adulthood.

Methods: First, clinical predominant pathologies for implantation of this BCD were evaluated by a literature review. Then, high-resolution CT of 240 temporal bones with neuro-otologic diseases (NOD), chronic otitis media (COM), or cholesteatoma, respectively, were investigated regarding their implantability, using a radiological simulation program.

Results: Chronic inflammatory diseases (CID) of the temporal bone with or without cholesteatoma account for most adults scheduled for an active BCD. Complete implantation was possible in almost all cases with NOD as well as COM, requiring an implant lift in 50% of COM and 20% of NOD (p?=?.025) cases. In contrast, in subjects with cholesteatoma, implantation required an additional tool in 92% of cases, leading to 59% implantability rate in these temporal bones.

Conclusion: Adult subjects with CID of the temporal bone show more limiting anatomical conditions for transmastoid placement of an active transcutaneous BCD than those with single-sided deafness. Implant lifts increase the implantability significantly in subjects with COM and particularly in those with cholesteatoma.